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EEE 509 (Digital Signal Processor)

The document provides an overview of integrated circuit modules for digital signal processing (DSP), detailing the components and functioning of a DSP system, including input transducers, amplifiers, filters, and converters. It explains the roles of Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) and Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC), their configurations, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as key concepts like resolution and step size. Additionally, it describes various methods for constructing DACs and ADCs, highlighting their applications in converting between analog and digital signals.

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27 views9 pages

EEE 509 (Digital Signal Processor)

The document provides an overview of integrated circuit modules for digital signal processing (DSP), detailing the components and functioning of a DSP system, including input transducers, amplifiers, filters, and converters. It explains the roles of Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) and Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC), their configurations, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as key concepts like resolution and step size. Additionally, it describes various methods for constructing DACs and ADCs, highlighting their applications in converting between analog and digital signals.

Uploaded by

drakekendrick40
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MODULES FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

The main parts of this DSP system are: Input transducer, Signal conditioner
or Amplifier, Anti-Aliasing filter, Analog-to-Digital Converter, Digital signal
processor, Digital-to-Analog Converter, Smoothing filter, Amplifier, Output
transducer.

How the DSP System work:

The input transducer makes a connection between the electronic system


and the physical world. It is a device that converts physical quantity to electrical
quantity or signal. From example, a microphone converts sound energy to
electrical energy.

The transducer generates a very low magnitude or weak signal that cannot
be analyzed properly. So, here we need an amplifier that can amplify the weak
signal from the transducer into a high amplitude signal. The next block is the
filter, it filters the amplified signal by removing the unwanted noise signals.
Analog-to-Digital (ADC) Converter, converts the analog signal into digital signal.
Therefore, the digital signal is fed to the Digital Signal Processor, so the processor
can process the signal. After completion of processing, the processed digital
signal is converted into an analog signal by a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC).
The smoothing filter, filters the analog.

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)

DAC is used to convert digital quantity to analog quantity. DAC converter


produces an output of current or voltage proportional to digital quantity (binary
word) applied to the input. Today microcomputers are widely used for industrial
control. The output of the microcomputer is a digital quantity. In many
applications the digital output of the microcomputer has to be converted into
analog quantity, which is used for the control of relay, small motor, actuator etc.
In communication system, digital transmitter is faster and convenient but the
digital signals have to be converted back to analog signals at the receiving
terminal. DAC converters are also used as a part of the circuitry several ADC
converters.

There are several ways of making a digital to analog converter.

1. -Binary weighted resistor DAC.

2. R-2R Ladder network

3. Serial DAC converter.

4. BCD DAC

5. Bipolar DAC.

DAC RESOLUTION

The resolution of a DAC is given by the number of bit. lt depicts the


number of output levels a DAC can generate. The general formula for resolution
is

Resolution = 2N

where N represents the number of bits. For a 4-bit DAC, the resolution will be 16.

STEP SIZE:
It is the smallest change that a DAC can produce in the O/P, or it is the
difference b/w two consecutive voltage levels of the DAC.

The resolution and step size are inversely related to each other. Increasing
the resolution decreases the step size b/w the O/P levels, which leads to smooth
and precise analog O/P.

FULL-SCALE O/P VOLTAGE (FSO)

This is the maximum voltage we can attain from a DAC


𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
FSO=(2*N-1) x 2∗𝑁

BINARY WEIGHTED RESISTOR DAC (Summing Op-Amp)

The configuration uses a summing amplifier whose O/P voltage is


proportional to the sum of the voltages applied at the I/P.

Figure 1: Summary amplifier binary weighted DAC (Summer cct)

An n-input summing amplifier is illustrated above. The output of the circuit


can be obtained by superposition theorem. Thus, output due to V1 acting alone is
Therefore, the resultant output

Vo = V01 + V02 + …+Von

and

Summing amplifiers are widely used in digital-to-analog converter (DAC)


applications and for generating mathematical functions.

Example:

Program an op-amp to solve the algebraic equation, y=bx - c.

Solution:

Disadvantages of the Binary Weighted DAC

1. The binary weighted DAC has quite a large gap between LSB and MSB
resistors values and requires a very precise value of resistors.

2. The stability of the device is resistor dependent.


3. It is difficult to maintain an accurate resistance ratio with temperature
variation

Advantages:

1. It has a simple assembly

2. It has a fast conversion speed.

3. Simple conversion circuit

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION [DAC]

Digital computers and microprocessors are digital information processing


systems, but information quite often is in analog form (e.g speech, music and
video signals). To process this type of information with sophisticated digital
techniques, the information first must be converted from analog to digital form. A
device that accomplishes this known as analog-to-digital converter (ADC or A/D
converter. Since many types electronic equipment are inherently analog devices
(e.g stereo amplifiers, radio and television receivers), there are many occasions
when it is necessary to transform digital information into analog information. This
can be accomplished with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D/A converter).

The circuit below is an example of a simple DAC. The input to the circuit is
the 3-bit binary number A2 , A1 , A0 , where the variables A0 , A1 and A2 each takes
on the value 0v or 1v.

Summing currents of the inverting input of the operational amplifier (first


op-amp),
If we set R1 = Rf and R2 =R. Then we have

V2 = 4A2 + 2A1 + A0

Under this circumstance, when the input is A2, A1, A0 = 000, the output is
V2 = 0v, while when the output is A2, A1, A0 = 111, the output is A2 = 7v.

Extending the circuit shown above to implement a DAC with more than
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
three input bits requires additional input resistors 8 , 16, 32, and so on.

The truth table for the 3-bit DAC above and its corresponding analog
output voltages are shown below.
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION [ADC]

This is the conversion of physical result from physical system into digital
form. There are a number of approaches that can be taken for the construction of
an analog-to-digital converter [ADC]. One technique incorporates a DAC as
shown below.

Fig: An ADC that employs DAC.

For this device, an analog input voltage is applied to one of the inputs of a
voltage comparator. The output of the DAC is applied to the other input of the
comparator. As long as the DAC output voltage is less than the analog input
voltage, the comparator output is high (logic 1) and clock pulses are applied to
the binary counter. However, when the count of the binary counter is high
enough such that the value of the DAC output exceeds the analog input, the
comparator output is low (logic 0), so additional clock pulses are not applied to
the counter. Therefore, the counter stops counting and the resulting n-bit output
is MSB,----LSB.

A faster method of analog-to-digital conversion is illustrated below. For


this circuit, a reference (constant) voltage Vr is divided among the comparator
inputs as indicated. The analog input is applied to each comparator as shown.

Fig: A 2-bit parallel comparator ADC.

When the analog voltage exceeds Vr/4, the output of comparator C1 is 1,


otherwise it is 0. Similarly, when the analog voltage exceeds Vr/2, the output of C2
is 1, otherwise it is 0. And when the analog voltage exceeds 3Vr/4, the output of
C3 is 1, otherwise it is 0. The output of the comparators are encoded to give the
desired digital output B1B0. The truth table for the encoder is given below.
The ADC shown above is a parallel comparator ADC. In particular, it is a 2-
bit ADC. For a 3-bit parallel comparator ADC, 23-1=7 comparators are required. In
general, 2n-1 comparators are needed for an n-bit parallel comparator ADC.

Various types of ADCs and DACs are available in IC form.

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