COMMUNICATION SCIENCE (SPEECH)

Unit 1

Definitions Of Speech, Language, Communication, And Their

Components
Definition of Speech

Van Riper defined speech, as the audible manifestation of language.

Ralph W. Fasold: "Speech is the systematic, rule-governed, vocalized use of a human language.
“

Ray D. Kent: "Speech is the process of producing vocalized language using a highly sophisticated
motor system. This motor system involves the coordination of various anatomical structures to
produce specific patterns of sound."

Carolyn B. Bowen: "Speech is the dynamic, coordinated motor act resulting in an acoustic signal
that can be heard."
Jean Berko Gleason: "Speech is the way we use our articulatory apparatus to turn thoughts and
ideas into sound sequences that convey meaning to others."

Definition of Language

According to Sapir, Language is a purely human and noninstinctive method of communicating

ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.
Henry Sweet, stated: “Language is the expression of ideas by means of speech-sounds combined
into words. Words are combined into sentences, this combination answering to that of ideas into
thoughts.”
Noam Chomsky: "Language is a mental faculty that enables humans to generate a potentially
infinite number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of elements."
Jean Berko Gleason: "Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used to express
communicable thoughts and feelings."
Gillian Brown and George Yule: "Language is a set of systematic and arbitrary symbols used for
communication, consisting of sounds, gestures, or written symbols that convey meaning
Definition of Communication
T.A. Subba Rao in his book “Manual on Developing Communication Skill in Mentally Retarded
Persons” defined communication as –

 “Communication is mainly an active and intentional two-way process of exchange of

messages”
Paul Watzlawick, Janet Beavin Bavelas, and Don D. Jackson: "Communication is a process of
creating and sharing meaning through the use of symbols. “
David Berlo: "Communication is the process of transmitting information and common
understanding from one person to another. “
Raymond S. Ross: "Communication is the process of conveying or transmitting information,
thoughts, ideas, emotions, and attitudes from one person to another."

Difference Between Speech Language And Communication

Speech: Speech refers to the physical act of producing sounds to communicate with others. It
involves the coordination of various organs, such as the tongue, lips, vocal cords, and diaphragm,
to produce articulate sounds and words. Speech is an essential component of verbal communication
and allows individuals to convey their thoughts, feelings, and ideas audibly. Any difficulties or
disorders in speech production may result in speech impediments, such as lisps or stutters.
Language: Language is a complex and structured system of communication that involves the use
of symbols, words, and grammar to convey meaning. It includes both spoken (oral) language and
written language. Language encompasses a vast range of components, such as vocabulary (words
and their meanings), syntax (grammar rules for constructing sentences), semantics (meaning of
words and sentences), and pragmatics (the appropriate use of language in different social contexts).
Language enables us to understand and express thoughts, share information, and engage in
meaningful interactions with others.
Communication: Communication, in a broader sense, refers to the process of exchanging
information, ideas, and feelings between individuals. It goes beyond just language and speech.
Communication can be verbal (spoken or written) or non-verbal, which includes body language,
facial expressions, gestures, and even the use of visual aids. Effective communication involves not
only conveying information accurately but also understanding and interpreting the messages
received from others.

Speech Language Communication

Speech refers to the physical act Language is a complex and Communication, in a
of producing sounds to structured system of broader sense, refers to the
communicate with others. communication that involves the process of exchanging
use of symbols, words, and information, ideas, and
grammar to convey meaning. feelings between
individuals

It involves the coordination of It includes both spoken (oral) It goes beyond just
various organs, such as the language and written language. language and speech.
tongue, lips, vocal cords, and
diaphragm, to produce articulate
sounds and words

Speech is an essential Language encompasses a vast . Communication can be

component of verbal range of components, such as verbal (spoken or written)
communication and allows vocabulary (words and their or non-verbal, which
individuals to convey their meanings), syntax (grammar includes body language,
thoughts, feelings, and ideas rules for constructing sentences), facial expressions,
audibly. semantics (meaning of words and gestures, and even the use
sentences), and pragmatics (the of visual aids.
appropriate use of language in
different social contexts).

Any difficulties or disorders in Language enables us to Effective communication

speech production may result in understand and express thoughts, involves not only
speech impediments, such as share information, and engage in conveying information
lisps or stutters. meaningful interactions with accurately but also
others. understanding and
interpreting the messages
received from others.
 Similarities Between Communication, Speech, And Language
 • All the three are dynamic forms of interaction which involves responsive partnership of
sender and receiver
 • It requires a medium to interact

For eg: action, signing, speaking

 • Interaction develops in a social context to achieve social ends

 • Varies based on social, cultural, cognitive, and personal

 Competence

Components Of Speech Language And Communication

COMPONENTS OF SPEECH

1. Phonetics

2. Phonology

3. Articulation

4. Prosody

5. Fluency
Phonetics: Phonetics deals with the physical production, perception, and classification of speech
sounds (phonemes). It focuses on studying the properties and characteristics of individual sounds,
including their articulation, acoustic properties, and auditory perception.
Phonology: Phonology explores the organization and patterns of sounds in a particular language
or languages. It examines how phonemes combine to form meaningful units (morphemes) and how
these units are structured within words and sentences.
Phonology deals with the abstract, cognitive aspects of speech sounds, focusing on how speech
sounds function within a particular language's sound system to convey meaning
Phonology analyzes how speech sounds function as distinctive units (phonemes) in a language. It
involves identifying which sound contrasts are significant for distinguishing words and
understanding the rules governing sound patterns.
Articulation: Articulation refers to the physical movements and coordination of the speech organs
(tongue, lips, teeth, etc.) To produce specific speech sounds. It involves the precise positioning and
timing required for accurate sound production.
Prosody: Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, intonation, and melody of speech. It encompasses
the variations in pitch, volume, tempo, and emphasis that convey additional meaning, such as
emotional expression, emphasis, or linguistic distinctions.

 Intonation: Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech. It helps convey different
types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative) and nuances of meaning. For
example, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence often indicates a question.
 Stress: Stress involves emphasizing certain syllables or words in a sentence. Stressed
syllables are typically louder, longer, and have a higher pitch. Stress patterns can change
the meaning of a sentence or help distinguish between words that might otherwise sound
similar.

 Rhythm: Rhythm refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in speech.
Languages have different rhythmic patterns, and these patterns affect the timing and flow
of speech.
Fluency: Fluency relates to the smoothness and flow of speech. It involves the ability to produce
speech effortlessly, without interruptions, hesitations, or disfluencies (e.g., stutters or repetitions).

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE
These components are form, content, and use. Form involves three sub-components of syntax,
morphology, and phonology. Content involves semantics and use involves pragmatics.
Form with reference to language refers to the rule-based structure humans employ to formulate
language, ranging from phonemes to sentences, and comprises phonology, morphology, and syntax
Phonology
Phonology focuses on the organization and patterns of those sounds within a language. It deals
with phonemes (distinct units of sound) and their combinations.
For example, the word “that” contains three phonemes the “th” represents one phoneme /th/, the
“a” maps to the short a sound /ă/, and the “t” to its basic sound /t

Morphology
Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how they are formed. It examines
morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language. Morphology explores the ways
in which morphemes can be combined to create words, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root word.
Affixes are bound such as prefixes and suffixes o

Roots can stand alone (e.g., car, teach, tall)

o Affixes are bound such as prefixes and suffixes and when attached to root words change the
o Meaning of the words (e.g., cars, teacher, tallest)

There are two types of morphemes free and bound. Free morphemes can stand only. Examples
include many words such as boy, small, and sad. These morphemes do not need any help to make
sense. Bound morphemes must be connected to a larger word to make sense. Examples include
prefixes and suffixes such as un-, non-, -ly, -s.
Syntax
Syntax refers to the rules and principles governing the arrangement of words to form meaningful
phrases, clauses, and sentences. It involves the study of sentence structure, word order, and
grammatical relationships between words.

For example, if I say “He went to town.” It is acceptable, however, if I say, “town to went he” it
does not work because of the syntax of English.

There are certain common rules of syntax. A sentence must contain a noun phrase and a verb
phrase. Using our previous example “He went to town” contains a noun phrase “He” and a verb
phrase “went to town.” Another example would be the “The big dog ran to the house.” The noun
phrase for this example is “The big dog” and the verb phrase is “ran to the house.”

Semantics
Semantics deals with the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It examines how words and
expressions convey meaning and how meaning is interpreted in different contexts. Semantics also
explores the relationships between words and their referents.

Pragmatics
Pragmatics focuses on the study of how language is used in context to achieve communicative
goals. It explores the role of context, speaker intentions, and social factors in interpreting meaning
and understanding implied messages
COMMUNICATION AND ITS COMPONENTS
Communication is the process of transmitting information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings
from one individual or group to another. It plays a vital role in human interaction and is essential
for social, professional, and personal relationships. Language, on the other hand, is a system of
communication that utilizes symbols, such as words, sounds, or gestures, to convey meaning.
Language is a crucial tool for communication, enabling individuals to express their thoughts, share
information, and understand one another.

The relationship between communication and language is intertwined. Language is the

medium through which communication occurs. It provides the structure and framework for
expressing ideas and conveying messages. Communication, on the other hand, encompasses the
broader process of exchanging information, which can occur through various means, including
verbal and nonverbal communication.

Communication is typically a proactive and deliberate activity. As a result, people may switch
roles. The speaker transmits information (a message) and the listener voluntarily accepts it.
Additionally, it is possible to communicate without consciously trying. For instance, expressions
of displeasure that we wish to conceal can be seen in the eyes, body language, tone, etc. Different
forms of transmission are available for the message. Instead, we communicate using all available
sensory modalities
The modes of communication encompass different channels through which messages are
transmitted. These modes can be broadly categorized into verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual
communication.

SPEECH AS OVERLAID FUNCTION

Speech as an Overlaid Function: According to Sapir, 1921 physiologically, speech is an overlaid
function, or to be more precise, a group of overlaid functions. It gets what service it can out of
organs and functions, nervous and muscular, that have come into being and are maintained for very
different ends than its own.

The systems responsible for speech production in Humans are:

1. Respiratory system
2. Phonatory system
3. Resonatory system
4. Articulatory system
The structures meant for sucking, biting, chewing and swallowing are used for the production of
speech cords. The vocal cords in the throat meant to protect the lungs from the foreign bodies are
used for production of voice. The exhaled air from the lungs is used to vibrate the vocal cords to
produce voice. The voice is produced just like a balloon producing sounds when its mouth is
stretched. In this way the structure meant for breathing and eating is used for production of voice
and speech. However, the brain is the master control. The speech is a coordinated activity of
respiration, phonation and articulation.

Accordingly, speech is said to be secondary or overlaid function of these structures.

The Role of Lungs in Speech Production

The lungs play a crucial role in respiration for life and the secondary function is speech production
by providing the necessary airflow. When we speak, air is expelled from the lungs and passes
through the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound.
The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle located beneath the lungs, contracts and relaxes to control
the flow of air.

It acts as the power source, providing the necessary breath support for speech.

The Importance of the Larynx in Speech

The larynx’s primary function is to protect the airway by acting as a valve. Larynx acts as a
protective mechanism, closing off the airway during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from
entering the lungs.
It is often referred to as the voice box, is located at the top of the trachea. It houses the vocal cords,
which are responsible for producing sound during speech.

The Function of the Velum in Speech Articulation

The primary function of the velum, also known as the soft palate, is to separate the oral cavity
(mouth) from the nasal cavity.
During speech, the velum plays a crucial role in determining whether air is directed through the
oral or nasal cavity. When we produce nasal sounds like “m” or “n,” the velum lowers, allowing
air to pass through the nose. For oral sounds, such as “b” or “p,” the velum remains raised, directing
the airflow solely through the mouth.

The Tongue’s Contribution to Speech Formation

The tongue plays a primary role in oral functions related to eating, drinking, speaking, and
maintaining oral hygiene.
The tongue is a versatile organ that assists in shaping speech sounds. It is responsible for
articulating various consonants and vowels by changing its position within the oral cavity. The tip,
blade, and back of the tongue are all involved in different sound formations. By altering the shape,
placement, and movement of the tongue, we can produce a wide range of speech sounds.

How Teeth Influence Speech Sounds

The primary function of the teeth is to chew & bite.

Teeth also play a crucial role in speech articulation by influencing the airflow and creating certain
speech sounds. The upper and lower teeth act as articulatory landmarks for sounds like “th,” “s,”
and “z.” The tongue interacts with the teeth to produce these specific sounds, and any misalignment
or dental issues can affect speech clarity.

The Role of Lips in Shaping Speech

The primary function of the lips is to facilitate eating and drinking.
Secondly, lips are essential in shaping speech sounds, particularly consonants and rounding
vowels. They control the airflow and create specific articulatory positions that contribute to the
formation of sounds like “p,” “b,” “m,” and “o.” The position and movement of the lips
significantly impact speech intelligibility.

SPEECH CHAIN
The Speech Chain Model: The process of speech communication involves a series of actions
connecting the speaker’s and the listener’s brains. This series of occurrences will be referred to as
the speech chain. The different forms in which a spoken message exists in its progress from the

Speakers Listeners Speaker

Speaker encodes motor Sound waves ears decodes
ideas activity ideas

mind of the speaker to the mind of the listener.

  By a complex, and still rather mysterious process called encoding, a speaker converts an
idea in his mind into a stream of sounds; moving his lips, tongue, and jaws in swift, precise
gestures, he transmits information in orderly audible segments.
 Encoding is the process of converting an idea into an audible or visual signal
 When a listener decodes the signal back into an idea in his mind-the same idea, it is hoped,
that the speaker intended-an act of oral communication is completed

Linguistic level of Speech Chain

Words, which are arranged into sentences, are the foundation of speech creation. A word like “cat”
comprises three of these segments since words are made up of syllables, which are created from
phonemes (or segments). Discrete, binary features can be used to categorize the segments. Thus,
/p/, /t/, and /k/ share the property of being voiceless, but /b/, /d/, /g/ are voiced, etc.
These six consonants all share the feature of being stop consonants. Therefore, language is
represented digitally at this level. The word groups are arranged in accordance with syntactic
constraints.

Physiological Level of Speech Chain

Words are made up of segments and features that include instructions for the articulators—the
tongue, lips, larynx, etc.—on how to produce the sounds contained in the words. These directions
specify how the various articulators are to be moved and coordinated by the muscles, and for a
particular feature, there may be specific directions that rely on the context in which it appears. The
articulators can only move so quickly before hitting a limit. Understanding the transition from the
discrete language representation to the continuous articulator movements is a major issue.

Auditory Level of Speech Chain

Together with the passage of air from the lungs, the movements of the articulators create sound
sources, which are then filtered by articulator-shaped acoustic cavities. Acoustics, source-filter
theory, and signal processing are all ideas that are used in the physics of sound creation. The part
of speech that may be heard the easiest is the sound that comes from a speaker’s lips. Both
continuous and quantal elements can be heard in the sound. This sound strikes the listener’s ear,
where it causes the eardrum to mechanically vibrate.

Auditory Physiological Level of Speech Chain

Physiology of the hearing the sound is transformed into mechanical motion, passes through some
frequency analysis in the ear, and then is transformed into electrical activity in the auditory nerve
and higher brain centers in a series of steps. To determine the intended word order at the language
level, the listener must decode this sound. Identification or estimation of the segments and features
underlying the sound pattern are probably necessary for decoding.

• Normal Development Of Speech & Language

Language acquisition starts very early in life probably starting from birth and moves on through
stages of reflexive crying babbling and finally into acquisition of fully fledged language.
1. Pre-speech vocalaziation
2. First words
3. Combining words

Pre-speech vocalization refers to the utterances of words by the child before first stage .
During pre-speech vocalization consists of
o Reflexive utterances , o Babbling o Adding intonation to babbling

Months/years 1 Stages
 0-1 Reflexive stage

1-4 Cooing stage

4-6 months Marginal babbling

6-8 months Reduplicated babbling

8-10 Variegated babbling:

10-12 Jargon

1-1.5 years First word

Cooing sounds are comfort sounds that is mostly front vowels, i, e, and back sounds k ,g .
Babbling refers to child’s production of chains and series of syllables in a single breath .A syllable
/ka/ is a combination of consonant and vowel

o Marginal babbling: p, b ,t,d etc

o Canonical babbling stage is dived in two stages
Reduplicated stage and variegated stage.
o Reduplicated: syllables are duplicated in strings for repetitive syllables: eg / da-
da-da/ o Variegated babbling: babbling the strings of syllables or more
variegated. The consonants and vowels change from one syllable to another .It
includes greater combination / ga-bada/
Jargon: it means a syllable strings and infant produces with adult like intonation pattern.
 Prerequisites for Normal Speech and Language Development:
The following skills and capacities are essential for individuals. In order to achieve normal speech
and language development. One must have brain, nervous system that is neuromotor abilities,
functional vocal tracts, adequate movement of articulators for the development of speech as well
as language.

1. Sensory abilities
2. Motor skills
3. Speech Production Mechanism
4. Speech Processing Skill
5. Stimulating Environment
 6. Means of Communication

Sensory Abilities
It’s important to have good hearing and vision if you want to learn how to communicate verbally
and in writing.

Motor skills
Motor skills range from the ability to produce speech sounds to the ability to form manual and
signs as a means of communication. One of the most intricate motor functions used by the brain to
express thoughts and emotions is speech. Motor acts also include writing, signing, miming,
gesticulating, and other language expressions. Expression in both speech and non speaking modes
may be hampered by insufficient motor skills.

Speech Production Mechanism

In order to produce speech, the speech production mechanism must be adequately functioning.
Speech and language development are delayed if the movements of the mechanism’s structures,
such as the lips, tongue, and throat, are impaired. This causes the creation of sounds to be improper.

Speech Processing Skill

Processing abilities: A person may be able to hear, see, and produce speech sounds, yet they may
still be unable to communicate. Receiving sensory information and using it for expression are
necessary for communication. Individuals should be able to process information in a number of
ways in order to communicate meaning and infer meaning from sensory input (such as what is
heard). A person needs to be able to do the following in order to receive sensory input:
• Pay attention to stimuli (what is heard, seen, or felt);
• Assign meaning to what is heard (word association with meaning);
• Store in memory and recall what was heard or seen; • Recognize
different symbols or sounds of his language.
• Arrive at judgments and answers through logic and reasoning •
Generalize ideas and concepts to various situations.

Stimulating Environment
Language learning doesn’t happen in a bubble; it takes place in a social and environmental setting.
As listed below, at least three environmental factors are essential for fostering language
acquisition: Language derives from both people and their surroundings.
First, important aspect is an emotionally caring relationship with a caregiver/parent, who provides
rewards for the child’s attempts to communicate. A Child while enjoying interaction continues to
listen and use language. The individual must know that by saying or doing something, she can
affect the behavior of another person in specific ways. The individual must have some appreciation
of cause and effect. At a more sophisticated level, the individual needs to learn to converse with
other people, starting from the caregiver. A Child must learn to take turns in conversation, to
understand what other person knows, etc., which are the rules for a good conversation. Appropriate
usage of language is encouraged by the caregivers and as a result, child acquires language.
Second, important aspect of a stimulating environment is atleast one speech mode/ person using
simple but well formed language patterns. A Child tries to speak like(imitate) an adult while
producing sounds, words, intonations etc. Speaking to a child, adults are known to simplify their
language like by speaking in simple sentences, and slowly so that child can easily understand and
pick up language

Third, important aspect of a stimulating environment is providing opportunities to communicate

or help the child to have something to say. In order to be able to communicate in an environment,
the child should find preferences or felt needs. They will be to comment on objects, events, people
and their relationships, i.e., knowledge and understanding of various aspects of the world. Having
the ideas will allow the child to interact.
Here, the child needs to have a reason for communication. If there is nothing in the environment
which he wants or if he does not enjoy interaction, then there is no reason to communicate. If a
child is not given an opportunity to communicate, he is certainly not going to use language.
Similarly, we should stimulate a child so that he gets interested in the happenings in the
environment and finds a need to communicate. During such an interaction language is acquired.

Means of Communication
A child needs a way to express his wants, needs, feelings, etc. Speech, manual communication, or
sign language are all possible. The youngster must possess the processing abilities listed above
when dealing with any other.

Factors Affecting Speech and Language Development

Speech and language development is a multifaceted process influenced by various factors. Early
communication skills, hearing abilities, cognitive skills, social interactions, motor skills, and
environmental factors all contribute to the acquisition and progression of speech and language
skills in children. Understanding these prerequisites can help parents, caregivers, and educators
create a supportive environment that fosters optimal speech and language development.

 Biological factors, normal vocal

 Normal neurons
 Normal auditory
 Cognitive factors: normal intellectual capacity and cognitive development
 Emotional factors: adequate emotion health
 Social factors: nurturing and stimulating environment
 Emotionally positive relationship

Cultural and Linguistic issues in Communication

The culture shapes the way of communication & its issues more than we may understand.
 In certain nations casual chitchat is energized, & individuals wouldn’t fret trusting that
somebody will complete their visit before being served, while in different nations this is
disapproved of & casual banter isn’t done in broad daylight (Ang, 1990). The language is
must needed for maintaining a communication & its issues in maintaining a communication
is huge because without language a communication have no meaning. So, the language
should be standard and must be understandable to other person with whom the
communication is going to be maintained. While there are some hindrances to
communicate with proper language, then there are different sign and symbols are used to
make the communication. There have several Cultural and Linguistic Issues in
Communication in real world practice.

 Literature Review of Cultural and Linguistic Issues in Communication

The way of using language & its issues is a significant perspective in our everyday life
since it empowers us to impart. The successful the way of communication & its issues is
made conceivable with the assistance of the way of using language & its issues. The way
of using language & its issues & the way of communication & its issues are so firmly
related that they are nearly the equivalent. In the event that we utilized a lexicon to discover
elective words for the way of using language & its issues the top option is ‘verbal the way
of communication & its issues ‘, ‘words ‘, ‘discourse ‘ & ‘talking ‘. Consider the
accompanying meanings of the way of using language & its issues found in word references
& early on reading material (Cultural and Linguistic Issues in Communication):

 The language & its issues is an arrangement of self-assertive, vocal images which grant all
individuals in a given the means of culture & its issues, or other individuals who have taken
in the arrangement of that the means of culture & its issues, to impart or associate

 The language & its issues is an arrangement of the way of communication & its issues by
sound, working through the organs of discourse & hearing, among individuals from a given
network, & utilizing vocal images having subjective ordinary implications (Philipsen,
1997)

 The culture is the norms of a nations and it has also a great impact in communication.
Culture defines the proper way of communication to be maintained with them. English
culture have different forms of communication whereas Arabian culture has another forms
of communication. So, cultural differences also make the communication differences.

1. The culture & its issues are either high-setting or low-setting

 Each part of worldwide the way of communication & its issues is impacted by the means
of culture & its issues contrasts. Indeed, even the decision of medium used to impart may
have the means of culture & its issues as of suggestion. For instance, to notify the different
industries from different countries are largely depend on their electronic sustainability with
 innovation & the issues of marinating communication with the standard culture in this
regard. Unquestionably the United States, Canada, the UK & Germany epitomize this
pattern. Be that as it may, Japan, which approaches the most recent innovations, still
depends more on eye to eye the way of communication & its issuess is really need to
maintain properly. So, cultural matters have set the standard of high setting communication
or low setting communication that could be varied by cultures.

 He culture & its issues are either consecutive or synchronic

 Some the means of culture & its issues consider time consecutively – as a straight ware to
“spend,” “spare,” or “waste.” Other the means of culture & its issues view time
synchronically – as a consistent stream to be knowledgeable about the occasion, & as a
power that can’t be contained or controlled.

1. The culture & its issues are either emotional or unbiased

 In overall business dealing, reason and feeling both accept a vocation. Which of these
overpowers depends on whether brimming with inclination (speedily exhibiting
sentiments) or truly fair-minded in this approach. People from unprejudiced the methods
for culture and its angle don’t transmit notions, anyway keep it intentionally controlled and
checked. In the methods for culture and its perspective with high impact, people show their
suppositions obviously by laughing, with the behavior of smiling, and even do grimacing,
and finally do glaring.
 It’s straightforward for people from unprejudiced the methods for culture and its
perspective to relate with emotional consequences to maintain the communication from
cultural background. In the present overall business organize, there is no single most ideal
approach to manage to talk with one another. The best approach to apply the cross-the
methods for culture and its angle accomplishment and it could be easy to develop an
appreciation of good cultural prospective for maintaining communication. (Martin, 2009)

 Reasons for culture Barriers

 The way of using language & its issues
 English is the international language to communicate each other, there are otter language
on which people have no basic knowledge to communicate each other. In that case, the
language like English is the globally accepted. While people cannot talk in proper language
appropriately then it can cause different mistaken assumptions & then it may create the
barriers to communicate with the way of communication & its issues.
 Different methods for culture and its angle have developed their own method for utilizing
language and its viewpoint as a bit of their inheritance. People are available to conferring
on its own and the one of a kind the method for utilizing language and its angle while the
need to endeavor to adjust new the method for utilizing language and its viewpoints. (Ekbal
Al-Jabbari, 2011)
 Signs & Symbols (Semantics)
 Non-verbal the way of communication & its issues can’t be depended upon in the way of
communication & its issues between individuals from various the means of culture & its
issues as that is likewise unique like the way of using language & its issues. Signs, images
& signals changes in various the means of culture & its issues.
 Generalizations & Prejudices
 Stereotyping facts in the language is the path toward making the picture of whole methods
for culture and its angle, overgeneralizing all people having a spot with the proportional
the method for culture and the viewpoint as having equivalent characteristics and
orchestrating people in like way. It is a feeling about particular social events and is
generally negative.
 Stereotyping facts ought to be conceivable dependent on various things like nationality,
religion, race, age, ethnicity, sex, and so forward.
 For example, students from Asia culture and talking in the common language are in the
fact of stereotyped positive speculation. Regardless, there is furthermore the methods for
culture and the angle speculation shockingly following the particular religion as being
severe like the religion of Islam and is in the fact of negative stereotyping.
 Conduct & Beliefs
 The means of culture & its issues contrasts causes conduct & character contrasts like body
the way of using language & its issues, thinking, the way of communication & its issues,
habitual facts, norms facts and its standards, & so forth which prompts way of
communication & its issues. (Hartley, 2002)
 For instance, in some the means of culture & its issues eye to eye connection is significant
while in some it is discourteous & insolent.
 For example, generally, individuals who put stock in god can adapt to their lows of life
effectively than nonbelievers yet agnostics are progressively dedicated consistently which
identifies with their conduct & the way of communication & its issues. (Putte, 2005)
 Ethnocentrism
 Ethnocentrism causes obstructions in the way of communication & its issues where
Ethnocentrism is the tools of organizing towards partitioning the means of culture & its
issues as “us” & “them”.
 For instance, the books in schools use reference of their own the means of culture & its
issues to depict other the means of culture & its issues by either demonstrating basic things
or contrasts.
 Religion
 Like ethnocentrism & stereotyping, religion likewise upsets the way of communication &
its issues as it makes a particular picture of individuals who pursue different religions.
Individuals think that its hard to converse with individuals who pursue various religions.
Strict perspectives impact how individuals consider others. It makes contrasts in
assessments.
 For instance, in Pakistan, the Christians need to support their privileges as the dominant
part is of Islam & the Christians are separated. There is likewise an absence of the way of
communication & its issues between these strict gatherings.
 Reasons for using language & its Barriers
 Distinction in using language & its issues
 Distinction in the way of using language & its issues is the most evident boundary to the
way of communication & its issues as two individuals talking two diverse the way of using
language & its issuess can’t speak with one another.
 The pronunciations & tongue (utilization of expressions) of individuals having a place with
better places contrasts regardless of whether their way of using language & its issues is
same. In spite of the fact that the way of using language & its issuess are actually unique
forms to maintain communication with language collaboration s the translation system
would be convenient for better communication in terms of language distinction.(Hertzbg,
2002)
 For example, if a German talks with a person from London, they don’t see most of the
words various says regardless of the way that both of them convey in English. The word
hard and fast can be used on the other hand in Germany anyway they are assorted in
England.
 For example, the truncation “the short term to express one actuality is LOL” used in the
method for utilizing the proper language and its viewpoint used to mean the expression of
Lots of Love beforehand, which changed to express another form of Laugh Out Loud. If
an individual express its language for communication by saying LOL, the ensuing
individual can unravel the centrality in any way they need or from their perception. People
use both the shortenings as demonstrated by the particular condition and need.
 Utilization of Jargons & Slang
 Language is full of different forms of words that could be utilized in the way of
communication & its issues. It may be distinguished as per different forms of callings,
claim to fame & so very specialized arena or field of an individual.
 For instance, specialized words utilized by specialists & legal advisors are very unique. On
the off chance that they start talking, the two won’t get what the other is discussing.
 Choices of the word in communication
 The decisions of choosing word utilized in delineating anything might be considered before
presenting. The words that could be utilized by the specific people to display the
synchronization on something that might be taken as a joke which is viewed as antagonistic
in nature.
 Words with two various types’ repercussions, homophones, and homographs would
dependably be maintained a strategic distance from as it may not send the urge perfect
significance and could be deciphered in any capacity. Hence, the messages would not be
sent exactly as expected which goes about like the sort of the strategy for using language
and its perspective obstacle in the strategies for correspondence and its point of view.
 No Clear Speech
 People who talk fragile or in a little voice can’t be fathomed. The sender may state
something while the beneficiary may appreciate something else. Regardless of the way that
talking fundamental the method for utilizing language and its angle, people may experience
issues understanding the criticalness of the message and the reactions. This may similarly
be an explanation behind obstacle in the method for correspondence and its angle.
 Spelling mess up
 Sentence structure and spelling transforms into an obstruction in the method for
correspondence and its viewpoint as people from different bits of the world can be using it
differently even in a particular word. So additionally, language and spelling stumbles make
a titanic the method for correspondence and its perspective obstacle in made the exit from
correspondence and its angle.
 For example, an individual submits a blunder of forming done as wear. The spelling and
sentence structure checker of the PC doesn’t stamp it as misguided as wear is in like manner
a correct word. Regardless, the word can change the whole hugeness of the sentence or
make the sentence not sensible. (Hertzbg, 2002)
 Capability and Linguistic Ability
 A couple of individuals have low language in a particular the method for utilizing language
and its perspective while some astoundingly high. Despite the way that capability and
guidance assembles the need to adjust new words, it most likely won’t be the fundamental
clarification. People can utilize language by scrutinizing and with their own bit of leeway
too. Language is also less if an individual uses the method for utilizing language and its
angle as their casual the method for utilizing language and its viewpoint.

References

• Manual on Developing Communication Skill in Mentally Retarded Persons T.A. Subba Rao [Book]
• Speech Science Primer (Sixth Edition) Lawrence J. Raphael, Gloria J. Borden, Katherine S. Harris [Book]
• Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders: The Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice. Davik .K
Brown