Language ▪ The sentence "She gave her dog a bath"

• Can only be called if it has system of rules, a has a different meaning from "She gave
sound system, and a vocabulary. her dog to a bath."
• When people use language, they can d. Sound System (Phonology)
understand each other because they belong to • set of sound used in a language.
the same speech community. • including pronunciation rules and patterns. It
defines how sounds function in a language.
Elements of a LANGUAGE • Set of rules governing the communication as
a. Syntax well as the set of sounds.
• Order or arrangement of words and phrases to • The English words "cat" and "cut" differ in
convey meaning. vowel sounds.
• Example: e. Phonemes
▪ Correct syntax: "The boy eats an apple." ➢ smallest unit of sounds that distinguish
▪ Incorrect syntax: "Eats the boy an apple." meaning.
b. Morphology. ➢ Example:
• Morphology deals with the structure and • /p/ vs. /b/ – "Pat" vs. "Bat"
formation of words. It explains how words • /t/ vs. /d/ – "Ten" vs. "Den"
change form to express different meanings • /s/ vs. /z/ – "Sip" vs. "Zip"
• Word formation rules f. Vocabulary
• Nag iiba an meaning san words. • Collection of words as well as the associated
• Example. Go, went. meanings
• Girl (singular) Girls. (plural) • Building block for expressing our thoughts and
• Happy, unhappy ideas.
c. Semantics. • Vocabulary is the set of words in a language
• the meaning conveyed by words and sentences.
along with their meanings. It is the foundation
• Example:
for communication.
▪ (1) Bat= an animal
▪ (2) Bat = a baseball bat
CHARACTERISTICS OF A LANGUAGE govern how words, phrases, and sentences are
formed and understood. These rules make
1. Language is systemic. communication in any language predictable,
- it is composed of interconnectedness language understandable, and efficient. The systematic
system. nature of language ensures that speakers of the same
- Language follows a structured system composed of language can communicate clearly and share
sounds (phonology), words (morphology), sentence meaning.
construction (syntax), and meaning (semantics). 4. Language is social
This structure ensures that language is organized and - tool for communication between people.
predictable, allowing effective communication. For - people convey ideas, express emotions and
example, in English, the subject-verb-object (SVO) even relationship.
pattern is a systemic rule: "The dog chased the ball." 5. Language is Arbitrary
- No Inherent Connection Between Words and
2. Language is symbolic Their Meanings:
- allows us to think, imagine and connect. - The sounds or forms of words don't have any
- Language is symbolic because it uses symbols— direct connection to the things they represent.
words, sounds, or gestures—that represent ideas, - For example, the word "dog" in English refers to a
objects, actions, or concepts without directly domesticated animal, but the sound "dog" doesn’t
resembling them. resemble or have any inherent connection to the
- A "rose" might symbolize love or romance in Western actual animal.
cultures but could have entirely different symbolic
meanings elsewhere. 6. Language is cultural
- Language reflects the culture, values, and traditions of the
3. Language is systematic people who speak it. It is a tool for transmitting cultural
- Set of language system of how we combine knowledge and maintaining social identity.
sounds, words, phrases in order to conevy • Example: Bugtong-bugtong. Alamat
information. Certain words or expressions may have meanings or significance
- Follows Order, rules and pattern because it that are tied to a particular culture, such as words for family or
follows a structured and organized set of rules that respect.
 Note: Animals do not have languages.
7. Language is Dynamic The Nature of Language
- • Language is constantly evolving. New words, expressions,
and meanings are created over time, and old ones may fall out of 1. Language Acquisition
use. Changes in society, technology, and culture influence
language. - Language acquisition refers to the natural process by which
• Example: New terms like "selfie" and "hashtag" have emerged humans acquire language, primarily during childhood. It is
due to changes in technology and social media. innate and subconscious, governed by biological and cognitive
mechanisms.
8. Language is variation
- because it exists in diverse forms and changes - Critical age range 2-9 yrs old for language acqisition.
depending on factors such as geography, culture,
social context, time, and individual use. This 2.Language Learning
variation is a natural characteristic of language, - Language learning refers to the conscious process of
reflecting its adaptability to different situations and acquiring a second language (L2) after the first
speakers. language (L1) has been established. It involves formal
instruction and deliberate effort, often occurring in
9. Language is meaningful classroom settings.
- primary medium that we used to communicate to
other people.
What went wrong?
10. Language is human.
Different communication process
- Language is human because it is a unique and
Aristotle's Communication Model
defining characteristic of human beings. While
Berlo's Communication Model
animals may communicate using signals, gestures, or Laswell's Communication Model
sounds, humans have developed complex systems Shannon-Weaver's Communication Model
of language that allow for abstract thought,
creativity, and the expression of emotions, ideas,
and culture.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES c. Non-verbal Communication
➢ Communication is a process of exchanging verbal ➢ Involves the use of the following to
and or non-verbal information between two or more convey or emphasize a message of
people who can be either the speaker or the information.
reciever or messages. ✓ Without Voice
➢ Communication is used to meet the purpose of a ✓ Body Language
person. This purpose could be to inform, to ✓ Personal Space of Distance
persuade, to entertain. ✓ Personal Appearance
➢ Communication can be in the form of written, d. Visuals
verbal, non-verbal, and visuals. ➢ Involve the use of images, graphs,
charts, logos, and maps.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLE
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
a. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION ➢ Communication can be intended or unintended.
➢ Involves texts or words encoded and ➢ Communication is a complex process process that
transmitted through memos, letter, requires you to: (7 STEPS FOR ACHIEVING
reports, on-line, chat, short message EFFECTING COMMUNICATION)
service, journals, and other written 1. Know your audience
documents. 2. Determine your purpose
b. VERBAL COMMUNICATION 3. Identify your topic
➢ Involves an exhange of information 4. Expect objections
through face-to-face, audio, and/or 5. Extablish credibility with your audience
video call or conferencing, lectures, 6. Present information clearly and objectively
meetings, radio, and television. 7. Develop a practical, useful way to seek for
feefback.
SPEAKER HAS 3 CORE ELEMENTS
Logos (Logical Appeal)
Ethos ➢ Logos refers to logical reasoning and
➢ refers to the speaker's credibility, evidence to support your arguments.
trustworthiness, and authority on the topic.

Example: Example:
"As a doctor with 20 years of experience in cardiology, I can "Studies show that students who read for 30 minutes daily
confidently say that a balanced diet and regular exercise score 20% higher on comprehension tests than those who do
significantly reduce the risk of heart disease." not. This proves that regular reading improves academic
performance."
➢ Why it works? The speaker establishes credibility by
mentioning their profession and experience, making the • Why it works? The speaker uses statistics and research
audience trust their advice. to logically support their claim, making it more
convincing.
Pathos (Emotional Appeal)
➢ Pathos is the use of emotions to connect with
the audience and inspire feelings like
empathy, excitement, or concern.

Example:
"Imagine a child going to bed hungry every night, unsure if
they will have a meal tomorrow. Your donation can change
that reality and bring hope to those in need."

• Why it works? The speaker evokes empathy and

compassion by painting a vivid emotional picture.
 Encoding
➢ The process in which the sender encodes

Encoding – proceess (pag ends with ING process)

Pag encode and decode – PERSON (sender or
reciever)

COMMUNICATION ETHICS
➢ Uphold integrity
➢ Respect diversity of perspective and privacy
➢ Observe freedom of expression effectively
➢ Promote access to communication
➢ Be openminded
➢ Develop a sense of accountability
Different Communication Models Explained with • Example:
Examples A company manager (source) writes an email (message)
about new company policies. The email (channel) is
1. Aristotle's Communication Model (Linear Model) received by employees (receiver), and their
• Explanation: understanding depends on their knowledge and attitude.
Aristotle’s model is one of the earliest communication
models, focusing on public speaking. It has three key 3. Lasswell’s Communication Model (Who, Says What, In
elements: Which Channel, To Whom, With What Effect)
o Speaker – the one delivering the message • Explanation:
o Speech – the content of the message Lasswell’s model breaks communication into five
o Audience – the receiver of the message components:
The effectiveness of communication depends on o Who? (Sender)
how well the speaker influences the audience. o Says What? (Message)
• Example: o In Which Channel? (Medium)
A teacher (speaker) gives a lecture (speech) to students o To Whom? (Receiver)
(audience) about climate change. The success of o With What Effect? (Outcome)
communication depends on how well the teacher This model is widely used in media and mass
persuades and informs the students. communication.
• Example:
2. Berlo's Communication Model (SMCR Model) A news anchor (who) reports on a natural disaster (says
• Explanation: what) on television (in which channel) to the general
Berlo’s model expands the communication process into public (to whom) to raise awareness (with what effect).
four elements:
o Source (S) – the sender, who has 4. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
communication skills, attitude, knowledge, and (Mathematical Model)
culture. • Explanation:
o Message (M) – the content, including elements, This model focuses on technical aspects of
structure, and code. communication, particularly in electronic media. It
o Channel (C) – the medium used, like verbal, includes:
non-verbal, or written communication. o Sender – the origin of the message
o Receiver (R) – the person interpreting the o Encoder – converts the message into signals
message, influenced by similar factors as the (e.g., text, sound, images)
sender. o Channel – medium used (e.g., phone, internet)
 o Decoder – converts signals back into a message SHAPING THE DISCOURSE OF EFFECTIVE
o Receiver – gets the message COMMUNICATION
o Noise – any interference that disrupts
communication
• Example: Problems that ESL (ENGLISH AS SECOND
A person (sender) sends a text message (encoder) LANGUAGE) speakers encounter in Speaking
through a mobile network (channel) to a friend
(receiver), but the message is unclear due to poor signal
1. PRONUNCIATION
(noise).
These communication models help us understand different ➢ Correct way of sounding words with crispness of
ways messages are transmitted and received in various settings. vowel and consonant sounds

2. ENUNCIATION
➢ The shifting of the sounds of the words in a
sentence.
➢ Tounge twister can help with the enunciation skills;

3. STRESS
➢ The force of the emphasis given to a syllable in
word or word in a sentence.

4. PHRASING/JUNCTURE
➢ The grouping of words together thought unit in
order to make sense.
My talking/slowly bored him.
My talking slowly / bored him.

5. INTONATION
➢ The rising and the falling of the voice.
➢ The way the voice goes up and down in a phrase or
a sentence.
 DIALECTS FROM REGIONAL ➢ GRAMMAR
1. DIALECT ▪ American: Do you have a pen?
➢ Linguistic varieties which are distinguished their ▪ British: Have you got a pen?
vocabulary, ragmmar and pronunciation
➢ A distinct form of language that is characteristic of SOCIAL VARIATIONS
a particular region or a particular class.
a. Regional Variation PRONUNCIATION – attributed to accents
2. LANGUAGE
➢ Method of human communication. Deference American British
➢ Speakaers have two language cannot understa each Sidewalk Pavements
other. Vocabulary Apartment Flat
3. Dialect Behavior Behaviour
➢ Speakers of two dialects can undersatnd what each Spelling Theater Theatre
other is saying Realize Realise
NOTE; DIALECT are different from ACCENTS. She ate too much She has eaten too
Accent - are only about pronunciation. much
Pronunciation- pronunciation, grammar & vocabulary Grammar Do you have a Have you get a
pen? pen?
REGIONAL VARIATION
➢ Develop because people are separated by a common
barrier
➢ Physical, historcal, racial, or regional Vacation – holiday
BARRIERS IN REGIONAL VARATIONS Label – tag
➢ Barriers due to physical, historical, racial, or Cookies – biscuits
religious histories different in: Garbage – rubbish
➢ VOCABULARY Mail box – postbox
▪ American : Sidewalk, elevator French fries – chips
▪ British : Pavement, Lift Pants - trouser
➢ SPELLING Diaper – napkin
▪ American : Behaviour Trunk – boot
▪ British: Behavior
Trunks (swimming trunks)
Gasoline – petron
Parking lot – car park
Starter – appetizer
Airplane- eroplane
IMPROMPTU SPEAKING MEMORIZED SPEECH & ITS PRINCIPLES
1. MEMORIZED SPEECH
1. Time tested strategies - Is delivered by speakers who intend to
PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE memorize their speech word for word. This
also occurs when one delivers a declimatiom
2. Point-Reason-Example/ Explanation-Point or a retorical piece for contest or during
Point gathering.
Reason
Example/Explanation MANNERS IN SPEECH
Point. 1. Observe ethically sound goals.
Avoid criticizing your teachers,
3. Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher. family, friends, and other people or
4. Time-Tested Strategies. (problem topic, promoting mass destruction for
problem, response) instance, hacking
5. Reframing – reframing, or redefining, or 2. PREPARE ALL THE TIME.
rephrasing a topic the way you like it to be. 3. TELL THE TRUTH. Be accurate with
This is usually occurs if you think the topic is your sources and data. Acknowledge
inappropriate or it is not meant for you. te author of your borrowed ideas,
6. Playing the Devils Advocate – refers to you including quotes songs, phrases &
standing on the opposite side. statistics, among other
4. BE SENSIBLE & SENSITIVE
Your audience come from different
backgrounds, so as much as possible,
respect their identity, affiliation,
religion, orientstion, values,etc.
GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT OF 4 DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION 1.GLOBAL MINDSET
Globalization – intestification of worldwide social relations ➢ People with global mindset are characterized as
which link distant localities in such a way that local culturally sensitive, open, knowledgeable critical
happenings ar e shaped by events occuring many miles and holistic thinkers, and flexible.
away and vice versa ➢ It enables individuals to regulate the complexity,
- May be thought of as a process (or set of ambiguity, contradiction, and conflict embedded in
processes) which embodies a transformation the turbulent change of the globalization process
in the spatial organization of social relations
and transactions— assessed in terms of their 2. UNFOLDING THE SELF
extensity, intensity, velocity, and impact – ➢ Refers to the ability to look for shared
generating transcontinental or interregional, communication symbols and project the self into
flows and networks of activity, interaction, another person’s mind by thinking the same
and the exercise powers. thoughts and feelings and the same emotions as the
- EXTENSITY – geographical reach person
- As a concept refers both to the compression
of the workd and the intensification of 3. MAPPING THE CULTURE
consciousness of the world as a whole. ➢ Global communication competence requires a
- GLOBALIZATION has capsulized almost cognitive ability to map a person’s or another
everything that we need through the use of person’s culture
deviced that we have right now such as ➢ Understanding ourselves as a cultural being is a
cellphones, computers and other devices prerequisite to knowing other cultures.
powered by technology that enables us to be ➢ Respect and intregration of cultural differences
connected with other people throughout the becomes possible through mutual awareness of
world. cultural knowledge
4. ALLIGNING THE INTERACTION
➢ The behavioral requirement of alligning global
interaction allows individuals to negotiate the
multiple meanings and manage complexity and
conflicts in the global context
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ➢ Showing the soles of your shoes or feet (naka de
kwartro) can offend people in parts of the Middle
1. VIRTUAL INTERACTIONS East and India.
➢ Globalization has introduced virtual communication
and collaboration as a major part of a workplace Impromptu Speaking Strategies
2. CULTURAL AWARENESS IN SPEECH
➢ Today, global communication is often referred to as ➢ Is giving an unprepared talk .
dialogue between civilizations ➢ The distinctive feature is an unprepared delivery
3.CULTURAL AWARENESS IN BODY LANGUAGE and the suddenness with a person is confronted
➢ Students should understand acceptable speaking with a speech situation.
distances, conflict styles, eye contact, and posture in
different cultures, accepting that the physical 1.A Time-Tested Strategies: Past, Present, Future
expressions of their own culture are not universally
accepted. This structure helps in organizing thoughts quickly and
delivering a well-structured response.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BODY LANGAUGE
• Past: Begin by discussing the history or background of
1. Greetings with a handshake
the topic.
➢ Western culture percieves a strong handshake as • Present: Transition into its current relevance or impact.
authoritative and confident • Future: Conclude with predictions, possible solutions,
2. Hand Gestures or future implications.
➢ The “ok” sugn in Greece, Spain, or Brazil means
you are calling someone as “hot” 💡 Example: If the topic is "Technology and Education," you
➢ Curling the index finger with the palm (parang could discuss how education was before technology (past), how
pak u na naka higda) ins considered as rude in China, technology is currently shaping learning (present), and how it
Eastern Asia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Etc. might evolve in the future (future).
3. Sitting positions
➢ Sitting cross-legged is seen as disrespectful in 1.B BRIDGING
Japan, especially in the prescence of someone older
or more respectful than you. ➢ Is building a connection between what you do not kniw
and what you know
➢ TOPIC, PROBLEM, SOLUTION, RESPONSE
2. Point-Reason-Example-Point (PREP Method) your life?"
Rule of Three: "Discipline, consistency, and a positive mindset
This method ensures clarity and logical flow. are the key to success."
Clincher: "So, if you want to achieve greatness, remember these
• Point: State your main idea or opinion clearly. three words: Discipline, Consistency, and Mindset
• Reason: Explain why your point is valid.
• Example/Explanation: Provide a supporting example 4. Time-Tested Strategies (Problem-Topic, Problem,
or further explanation. Response)
• Point: Reinforce your main idea to conclude.
This format helps in addressing issues effectively.
💡 Example: If the topic is "Reading is better than watching
videos," you could say: • Problem Topic: Introduce the issue at hand.
• Problem: Clearly define the problem.
• Point: Reading improves imagination and critical • Response: Provide a solution, insight, or call to action.
thinking.
• Reason: Unlike videos, books require readers to 💡 Example: If the topic is "Social Media and Mental Health,"
visualize scenes and concepts. you could structure it as:
• Example: Studies show that people who read regularly
develop better comprehension and analytical skills. • Problem Topic: The impact of social media on mental
• Point: Therefore, reading fosters deeper understanding health.
and creativity. • Problem: Excessive social media use leads to anxiety,
depression, and self-esteem issues.
3. Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher • Response: Encourage mindful usage, digital detoxing,
and balancing online and offline life.
• Opening: Start with a strong hook (question, quote, fact,
or personal story). 5. Reframing
• Rule of Three: Organize your main points into three key
ideas, making them easier to remember and impactful. Reframing involves modifying the topic to suit your perspective
• Clincher: End with a strong conclusion (call to action, or making it more relevant. If the topic is unclear, inappropriate,
memorable quote, or summary). or challenging, you can redefine it in a way that aligns with your
knowledge or preference
💡 Example:
Opening: "What if I told you that just three habits could change
💡 Example: If the topic is "Failure is necessary for success," 💬 Question: Is failure necessary for success?
but you disagree, you can reframe it as "Learning from • Point: Yes, failure is a crucial part of growth.
mistakes is necessary for success" to better suit your viewpoint. • Reason: It teaches resilience and helps refine strategies.
• Example: Thomas Edison failed 1,000 times before
6. Playing the Devil’s Advocate inventing the light bulb.
• Point: Without failure, learning and innovation
This strategy involves arguing from the opposing side, even if wouldn’t happen.
it’s not your personal belief. It tests the strength of an argument 3. Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher
and shows critical thinking. 💬 Question: What are the keys to success?
• Opening: "Success is not about luck; it's about habits."
💡 Example: If the topic is "Technology is making people • Rule of Three: Hard work, discipline, and
lazy," instead of agreeing, you could argue the opposite: perseverance.
• Clincher: "Success is not given; it's earned—one step
• "Technology is not making people lazy; it is increasing at a time."
efficiency. Automation and AI reduce repetitive tasks, 4. Time-Tested Strategies (Problem-Topic, Problem,
allowing humans to focus on innovation and creativity." Response)
💬 Issue: The impact of social media on mental health.
Mastering these impromptu speaking strategies will help
• Problem Topic: Social media is affecting mental well-
you respond confidently and persuasively, no matter the
being.
topi
• Problem: It leads to anxiety, depression, and low self-
esteem.
EXAMPLE
• Response: Practice digital detox, set screen time limits,
Here are sample questions or issues for each impromptu
and use social media mindfully.
speaking strategy that you can use for practice:
5. Reframing
1. Time-Tested Strategies (Past, Present, Future)
💬 Issue: Money is the key to happiness.
💬 Question: How has education evolved over time?
• Reframed Topic: "Financial stability contributes to
• Past: Traditional classroom learning with limited
happiness, but true happiness comes from purpose and
technology. relationships
• Present: Digital learning, online courses, and
interactive teaching methods.
6. Playing the Devil’s Advocate
• Future: AI-powered personalized learning and virtual 💬 Issue: Should homework be banned?
reality classrooms. • Common View: Homework is stressful and
2. Point-Reason-Example-Point (PREP Method) unnecessary.
 • Devil’s Advocate Stance: Homework reinforces Globalization can be defined as the intensification of
learning and teaches responsibility. worldwide social relatona which link distant localities in
Practicing with these questions will improve your ability to such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
think quickly and respond effectively in impromptu speeches! occurring many miles away and vice versa.

MEMORIZED SPEECH SHAPING THE DISCOURSE OF EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION
Delivered by speakers who intend to memorize their
speech word for word WRITING AN EFFECTIVE RESUME

This also occurs when one delibers a declamation or RESUME

eratorical piece for contest during gathering.
➢ A resume is a document that you – the jobseeker –
MANNERS IN SPEECH uses to promote your skills, abilities, and knowledge
to a potential employer.
1. Observe ethically sound goals ➢ It uses your past experience and accomplishments
➢ Avoid critisizing your teachers, family, friends, and to position you for your future opportunities
other people or promoting mass destruction for
instance hacking 1. Resume do not generate job offers, but well written
2. Prepare all time resumes do facilitate interviews
➢ You have full responsibility to yourself and to your
audience when you are asked to deliver a speech COMMON MISTAKES IN RESUME WRITING
3. Tell the truth
➢ Be accurate with your sources and data 1. Font is small – Make sure that your document is legible. A
➢ Acknowledge the authorof your borrowed ideas rcommenderont size is 11 or 12
including quotes, songs, phrases and statistics and
among others 2. Spelling Mistakes – be sure that there are no spelling,
4. Be sinsible and sensitive errors, poor word choice, or misuse of language.
➢ Your audience come from different backgrounds, so
as much as possible, respect their identity, 3. Repetetive Words – use variety of action verbs to
affiliation, religion, orientation, values, etc. showvpcase your transferable and diversable skills

Giddens (1990)
4.Inconsistent Layout – Set your margins evenly. Have an
even amount of space between each heading. Be consistent 5. SKILLS
with your verbiage. ➢ There are only two items to include in the skills
5. Unprofessional email address – use email address that is section: technology & language
professional. Your professionalism has to come through in ➢ Be sure to include proficiency level to demonstrate to
your resume. an employer how well you know a particular skills

COMPONENTS OF GOOD RESUME 6. AWARDS & ACHIEVEMENTS

➢ Make sure that this section is formatted consistently
1. PERSONAL INFORMATION with the rest of your resume
➢ Your name, address, cell phone number, and email ➢ Do not go too deep into your past – pick only the most
address should be highly visible at the too of the page. relevant awards or honors
➢ Note: E-mail address & cp number should be ➢ Do not use too much tevhnical industry jargon in your
professional wards section.
7. CHARACTVER REFERENCE
2. OBJECTIVE ➢ Include the reference name, position,
➢ Identifies which position you are seeking. Place an organization/company name, bsusiness address,
objective on your resume when you are applying for phone number, and email of each reference
a specific position ➢ Include only those persons who have agreed to serve
as reference for you
3. EXPERIENCE
➢ Use separate headings for internship and work
experience. List in reverse chronological order

4. EDUCATION
➢ List all collgegiate experiences (degree received) in
reverse chronological order. Include school name,
city and state, degree, education, date. You may also
list relevant course work, Dean’s List, and
Scholarship. Study abroad would also be listed with
the same format