1.

MODULE CODE : ITT05113

2. MODULE NAME : COMPUTER MAINTENANCE
PRACTICES
3. NUMBER OF CREDITS : 08

Facilitator: Madam Praise.

Email: mwirukipraise@gmail.com
4. Sub-Enabling Outcomes:
• 3.2.1. Utilize various tools and test equipment to
perform computer maintenance
• 3.2.2. Use electrical symbols to troubleshoot
computer problems
• 3.2.3. Use different techniques to recognize a failed
power supply
• 3.2.4. Apply computer troubleshooting methods to
detect and rectify defective hardware component
• 3.2.5. Solve computer problems related to malicious
programs and rectify them
• 3.2.6. Employ procedures of installing and upgrading
computer software
5. PREREQUISITE MODULE : None
6. LEARNING CONTEXT : Lecture, practical, and
group discussions as well as individual assignments
7. LEARNING MATERIALS : Use of assigned readings
and teaching manuals
8. INTEGRATED METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
• Continuous Assessment 40 %
• Semester Examination 60 %
Continuous Assessment comprise of:
Individual Assignment: 10
Group Assignment: 5
Test one: 10
Test two: 15
9. REFERENCES
9.1 Required References
• 1. Gookin, D (2017). Troubleshooting & Maintaining
Your PC. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• 2. Jain, R. K. (2022). Zero to Mastery in Computer
Troubleshooting and Maintenance. Vayu Education of
India.
 9.2 Recommended References
• 1. James, K. L. (2013). Computer Hardware:
Installation, Interfacing, Troubleshooting And
Maintenance. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd
• 2. Mueller, S. (2015). Upgrading and Repairing PCs:
Upgrading and Repairing_c22. Que Publishing.
Computer maintenance
• Computer maintenance is the process of keeping
computer hardware and software in good working
condition.
• It means keeping your computers and laptops in
good condition
• Computer maintenance refers to a set of actions
or processes which aim to ensure the proper
functioning of computer equipment
• It refers to the maintenance of computer
equipment to ensure it's proper functioning
• It is the practice of keeping computers in a good
state of repair

Computer maintenance helps to:

I. Prevent data loss,
II. Improve performance, and
III. Avoid security risks
Tools and test equipment to perform computer
maintenance
• To perform computer maintenance a variety of
tools and equipment are needed to diagnose and
solve computer issues.
• It’s important to have the right tools to get the
particular job done efficiently and effectively
• By having the right tools and equipment,
technicians can provide high-quality repair
services to computers and keep computers
running smoothly.
Essential tools for computer maintenance
Other essential tools for computer
maintenance
Essential tools for computer maintenance
includes:
1. Hand tools
• There are a few basic hand tools that every computer
repair technician should have in their toolkit. These
include:
• I. Screwdrivers: Different types of screws are used to
secure various components in a computer, so it’s
important to have a selection of flathead and Phillips
screwdrivers on hand. Technicians may also want to
consider investing in a magnetic screwdriver to make it
easier to remove and replace screws.
• II. Pliers: Pliers are useful for gripping and manipulating
small components, as well as cutting and stripping wires.
Technicians should have a pair of needle-nose pliers and
a pair of wire stripper pliers in their toolkit.
• III. Tweezers: Tweezers are another tool that can come in
handy when working with small components. They can be
used to remove and replace components such as RAM
modules or connectors.
• IV. Wire cutters: Wire cutters are used to cut and strip
wires, and can also be used to remove ties that secure
wires together.
2. Electrical tools
• Computer repair technicians also need a few specialized
electrical tools to help them diagnose and repair issues
with electronic components. These include:
• I. Multimeter: A multimeter is a device that can measure
electrical current, voltage, and resistance. Technicians
use it to test and diagnose issues with components such
as power supplies, motherboards, and CPUs.
• II. Power supply tester: A power supply tester is a
specialized tool that is used to test the output of a
computer’s power supply. This can be helpful for
identifying issues with the power supply, or for
determining whether it is the source of other problems
with the computer.
• III. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) wrist strap: An ESD wrist
strap is worn around the wrist and is used to ground the
technician, preventing static electricity from damaging
sensitive electronic components.
• IV. Anti-static mat: An anti-static mat is a special mat that
is placed on a workbench to help prevent static electricity
from damaging electronic components. It’s important to
use an anti-static mat when working on computers to
prevent accidental damage.
Note:
• Static electricity is an electric charge resting on a surface.
ESD occurs when this build-up charge jumps to a
component and causes damage. ESD can be destructive
to the electronics in a computer system.
• At least 3,000 volts of static electricity must build up
before a person can feel ESD.
• For example, static electricity can build up on you as you
walk across a carpeted floor.
• Also, When you touch another person, you both receive a
shock.
• If the discharge causes pain or makes a noise, the charge
was probably above 10,000 volts.
• By comparison, less than 30 volts of static electricity can
damage a computer component. ESD can cause
permanent damage to electrical components.
3. Diagnostic tools
• In addition to physical tools, computer repair technicians
also rely on diagnostic software to help them identify and
troubleshoot issues with computers:
• I. PC diagnostic software: There are many different
diagnostic software programs available that can help
technicians test and diagnose issues with various
components of a computer. These programs can run tests
on the CPU, RAM, hard drive, and other components to
identify problems.
• II. Hardware monitoring software: Hardware monitoring
software is used to monitor the temperature, voltage, and
other characteristics of a computer’s hardware
components. This can be helpful for identifying issues
with overheating or other problems that may be causing
the computer to fail.
Note:
• In troubleshooting and diagnosing problems with
computer, you will need some tools that can test, monitor,
and analyze your hardware and software.
• Some of the diagnostic tools you should have are system
information, device manager, task manager, event viewer,
and benchmarking software.
• These tools can help you check your system
specifications, identify and resolve device conflicts,
monitor your CPU, RAM, and disk usage, view system
logs and errors, and measure your system performance.
4. Repair tools
• When it comes time to perform repairs, computer repair
technicians will need a few specialized repair tools:
• I. Soldering iron: A soldering iron is a tool that is used to
melt and join two pieces of metal together. Technicians
may use a soldering iron to repair damaged circuit boards
or to attach connectors to wires. It’s important to use the
right type of soldering iron and solder for the job to ensure
a strong, reliable repair.
• II. Solder: Solder is a type of metal that is melted by the
soldering iron to join two pieces of metal together. There
are different types of solder available for different types of
repairs, and it’s important to choose the right type for the
job.
• III. Heat gun: A heat gun is a tool that is used to apply
high heat to components in order to melt adhesives or
soften plastic. Technicians may use a heat gun to repair
or replace components such as power connectors or
plastic housing parts.
• IV. PC case tool kit: A PC case tool kit is a set of
specialized tools that are used to open and repair
computer cases. It may include screwdrivers, pry bars,
and other tools designed specifically for working on
computers.
5. Software Tools
• To maintain your computer software, you will need some
programs that can scan, clean, and optimize your system.
Some of the software tools you should have are antivirus,
anti-malware, disk defragmenter, disk cleaner, and
backup software. These tools can help you protect your
computer from viruses, malware, and other threats, free
up disk space, improve file access speed, and restore
your data in case of a crash.
6. Recovery Tools
• To recover your computer from a failure or a disaster, you
will need some tools that can restore your system to a
previous state or a new state.
• Some of the recovery tools you should have are system
restore, system image, recovery drive, and bootable
media.
• These tools can help you undo changes that caused
problems, create and restore a complete backup of your
system, repair startup issues, and reinstall your operating
system.
7. Security Tools
• To secure your computer from unauthorized access, data
theft, and cyberattacks, you will need some tools that can
encrypt, password-protect, and hide your files and folders.
Some of the security tools you should have are encryption
software, password manager, file shredder, and VPN
software. These tools can help you encrypt your sensitive
data, store and generate strong passwords, permanently
delete files and folders, and browse the web
anonymously.
8. Productivity Tools
• To enhance your productivity and efficiency when using
your computer, you will need some tools that can
automate, simplify, and customize your tasks and
workflows.
• Some of the productivity tools you should have are
keyboard shortcuts, macros, batch files, and scripts.
• These tools can help you perform actions faster, create
and run sequences of commands, execute multiple tasks
with one click, and write your own programs
Other equipment
• In addition to the specific tools and equipment listed
above, computer repair technicians may also need a few
other items to help them work efficiently and effectively:
• I. Computer repair workbench: A computer repair
workbench is a dedicated workspace where technicians
can work on computers. It should be equipped with a
surface for placing the computer, as well as storage for
tools and parts. Some workbenches may also have built-
in electrical outlets and lighting.
• II. Flashlight: A flashlight can be a useful tool for
technicians who need to see inside a computer or work in
dimly lit areas. It’s a good idea to have a small, portable
flashlight on hand for these situations.
Essential parts of computer for
maintenance
Disassembling a computer
• Disassembling a computer means taking apart the
computer by disconnecting it’s various components.
• Disassembling a computer can also be referred to as, the
process of unplugging all the cables connecting a
component to other components, then remove the part
from the case.
• Therefore generally, disassembling means parting the
different components of a computer from the system unit.
Step-by-step how to disassemble your
desktop computer
• Step 1: Unplug your computer and peripheral items
• Turn off the computer, unplug the power cord and unplug
any peripheral items attached to the computer, such as
the keyboard, mouse, monitor, headphones, and any
external drives.
• Step 2: Remove side covers
• Remove at least one of the side covers, usually the right
side as you face the front of the computer. You might find
it easier to access all the parts if you remove both side
covers; there are sometimes thumb screws on the covers
to make access easier.
• Step 3: Disconnect connectors
• In this step, you’ll need to carefully disconnect all
the connectors inside your desktop computer.
• Start by identifying and unplugging the power
cables that connect the power supply to the
motherboard, CPU, GPU, and other components.
Next, disconnect the data cables, such as SATA
cables, that link your hard drives, SSDs, and
optical drives to the motherboard.
• Be sure to also unplug any additional connectors
for USB ports, audio jacks, and front panel buttons.
• It’s important to handle each connector gently to
avoid damaging the pins or sockets.
• Once all the connectors are safely disconnected,
you can proceed to remove any card readers and
internal DVD players.
• These devices are typically secured with screws,
so use a screwdriver to carefully unscrew them
and slide them out of their slots.
• By thoroughly disconnecting all connectors, you’ll
ensure that each component is free from the case
and motherboard, making the disassembly process
• Step 4: Remove standalone fans
• In this step, you’ll be removing the standalone
fans from your desktop computer. These fans are
crucial for maintaining proper airflow and cooling
your system, so it’s important to handle them with
care.
• First, locate all the standalone fans inside your
case. These are usually attached to the front,
back, or top of the case. Use a Phillips-head
screwdriver to remove the screws that secure the
fans to the case. Keep these screws in a safe place
• Step 5: Remove the storage drive
• Disconnect the cables and remove the storage
drive.
• Generally, storage drives are held in place by
multiple screws.
• If you have a hard drive, be gentle when moving
the drive as hard bumps can damage the internal
parts.
• Step 6: Remove memory (RAM) modules
• Remove the memory (RAM) modules by pushing the clips
on both ends of the module down. This will cause the
module to pop up for easy removal. Do not touch the gold
connectors on the chips if you’re reusing the modules.
• Step 7: Remove power supply unit
• Remove the power supply unit by unplugging the
remaining connectors, then unscrewing the unit
from the frame.
• Step 8: Remove motherboard adapter or
expansion cards
• Remove any adapter or expansion cards from the
motherboard. Although these cards usually slide
into preconfigured slots, there can be screws. Do
not touch the gold connectors on the cards if
you’re reinstalling the cards.
• Step 9: Remove the motherboard
• Disconnect all the cables from the motherboard,
then unscrew it from the frame by loosening each
screw a little bit before going around again to
loosen each screw properly. This prevents any
potential warping of the motherboard by gradually
releasing the tension on it.
Assembling a computer
• Assembling a computer or computer assembly is a
process in which all the internal components of the
computer system are fitted to make the computer
functional.
• Assembling a computer or computer assembly can also
be defined as the process of connecting the internal
components of a computer so that it can be used.
• The main component involves CPU, motherboard,
memory, disk drives, etc.
Procedures of assembling a desktop computer

If you are assembling/rebuilding your computer,

start by inserting the components in the reverse
order of how you removed them, beginning with the
motherboard.
• I. Carefully place the motherboard back into the
case and secure it with screws.
• II. Next, install the CPU and apply a small amount
of thermal paste before attaching the CPU cooler.
Ensure the cooler is firmly in place.
• III. After the motherboard and CPU are set, insert
the RAM modules into their respective slots,
• IV. Then, install the GPU by aligning it with the
PCIe slot and securing it with screws. Follow this
by installing any additional expansion cards, such
as network or sound cards, in their appropriate
slots.
• V. Next, reattach the storage drives (HDDs or
SSDs) and any optical drives. Secure them with
screws and connect the SATA data and power
cables.
• VI. If you have any standalone fans, reattach them
to their original positions and connect the power
• VII. As you insert each component, plug in all the
necessary cables. Most components will connect
to the motherboard and the power supply unit
(PSU). Ensure all power connectors, including the
24-pin ATX and 8-pin CPU power connectors, are
securely attached. Reconnect any front panel
connectors for USB ports, audio jacks, and
power/reset buttons.
• VIII. Double-check all connections to ensure
everything is properly seated and secured. Once
all components are in place and connected, close
Note:
• After finishing assembling or rebuilding your computer
power it on to ensure everything is working correctly.
• If you encounter any issues, revisit the steps to check for
any loose connections or improperly seated components.
Tools for disassembling and assembling and a
computer
Some tools used to assemble and disassemble a
computer include:
• Screwdrivers: Flat-head screwdrivers are useful
for prying open cases or removing certain screws,
while Phillips-head screwdrivers are essential for
most screws in a computer case.
• Tweezers: Fine-pointed tweezers are essential for
holding small electronic parts.
• Wire stripper: A wire stripper is useful for
advanced electrical or wiring modifications.
• Anti-static wrist strap: Prevents static
electricity from damaging sensitive components.
• Thermal paste: A heat-conductive material that
improves contact between the heatsink of the CPU
AIO cooler and helps it dissipate heat.
• Cable ties or Velcro straps: Helps manage and
organize cables.
• Small container or magnetic tray: Keeps
screws and small parts organized.
• Flashlight: Handy for seeing inside dark corners
of the case.
Terminologies used in electrical and electronic
field
• I. A Wire: is a long, thin, conducting piece of metal used to
bind objects or transport electricity.
• II. Alternating current (AC): is an electric current that
regularly reverses direction and changes magnitude, in
opposition to direct current, which travels in just one
direction with respect to time.
• III. An ammeter: is an instrument that detects electric
current in amperes.
• IV. Circuit
• A circuit is the path an electric current follows, and a
simple working electrical circuit is made up of 3 main
components: a voltage source, a conductive path and a
resistor.
• A circuit could also consist of several components, such
as a generator or a battery, responsible for generating
energy and charging the particles that make up the
current; several equipment that use current, such as
lamps, electric motors, or computers; and the connecting
wires or transmission lines.
• V. A capacitor: is a device that stores electrical charges.
• VI. A resistor: is a device that restricts an electric current
from flowing through it. Primary purposes of resistors in
electronic circuits include regulating current flow.
• VII. A conductor: is another basic electric term. A
conductor would be any material, device, or substance
that permits electrical current to flow freely. Metal is an
example of a conductive substance since it has a low
resistance, and the most common conductors available
are copper and aluminium wires.
• VIII.Insulators: are substances, devices, or materials that
prevent electrical current from flowing freely.
• IX. Current: The movement of an electric charge via a
conductor is known as current (I) and the unit of
measurement is Amperes. Electric current is often
compared to the flow of water in a pipe.
• X. Circuit Breaker: is a device that automatically interrupts
the electric current in a circuit. After fixing the cause of the
overload or failure, the circuit breaker must be restored to
restore electrical current flow.
• XI. A diode: is a semiconductor device (i.e., it permits the
flow of electrical current in one direction only) that has two
terminals. When the anode terminal is positive in relation
to the cathode, the diodes allows current to flow.
• XII. Power
• The pace at which electrical energy is transferred by an
electric circuit is referred to as power, which is measured
in Watts. Power can be determined as the Force
multiplied by distance divided by the time required.
• XIII. Semiconductor
• Semiconductor is one of the most used electrical terms. A
semiconductor is a crystalline solid, a device, or a
substance with a resistivity that fluctuates between that of
an insulator and that of typical metals, following the
addition of a particle or thermal effects. Semiconductor
devices, particularly silicon devices, are critical
components of most electronic circuits.
• XIV. An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device
that contains many interconnected components, such as
resistors, transistors, and capacitors, on a single
semiconductor chip. ICs are the fundamental building
blocks of modern electronic devices and are used in
many devices, including computers and mobile phones
• XV. A transistor is a type of semiconductor device that can
be used to conduct and insulate electric current or
voltage. A transistor basically acts as a switch and an
amplifier. In simple words, we can say that a transistor is
a miniature device that is used to control or regulate the
flow of electronic signals.
• XVI. Voltage
• Voltage is the pressure induced by the power source in an
electrical circuit which permits energized electrons
(current) to pass through a conducting loop, allowing
them to accomplish their mission. ( V= IR)
• XVII. Generator
• A generator is a tool or instrument that can convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• XVIII. Fuse:A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the
current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.
• XIX. Cell
• Supplies electrical energy. The larger line is positive (+). A
single cell is often called a battery, but strictly speaking a
battery is two or more cells joined together.
• XX. Battery
• Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell.
The larger line is positive (+).
• XXISolar Cell
• Converts light to electrical energy.
• The larger line is positive (+).
• XXIITransformer
• Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are
used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC
voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the
magnetic field in the core, there is no electrical connection
between the coils.
• XXIII. Earth (Ground)
• A connection to earth. For some electronic circuits this
symbol is used for the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply,
but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really
means the earth. It is also known as ground.
• XXIV. Voltmeter: Measures voltage. The proper name for
voltage is 'potential difference' but voltage is more widely
used

• XXV. Ammeter: Measures current

• XXVI. Galvanometer
• A very sensitive meter used to measure tiny currents,
usually 1mA or less

• XXVII. Ohmmeter
• Measures resistance. Most multimeters have an
ohmmeter setting
Computer circuit diagram
• A computer circuit diagram is a visual representation of
the electrical connections in a computer, and is used to
design, construct, and maintain electrical and electronic
equipment.
• Circuit diagrams are also known as electrical diagrams,
elementary diagrams, or electronic schematics. They use
symbols and images to show the physical arrangement of
wires and components, and the relationships between
them.
Pictorial and Schematic Circuits

Circuit diagrams can be created in two different

styles:
• Pictorial: Uses basic images of components, such
as a battery or resistor
• Schematic: Uses industry standard symbols for
components, such as capacitors or inductors
The style of circuit diagram used depends on the
audience viewing it. For example, a schematic style
diagram is used for electricians, while a pictorial
style diagram is used for a broader audience.
An example of a Pictorial and Schematic Circuits
• The basic circuit structure of a digital computer is made
up of logic circuits, which are designed using transistors,
diodes, capacitors, resistors, and inductors.
• Logic circuits: These circuits accept binary inputs and
produce a binary output. Examples of logic circuits
include AND gates, OR gates, inverters, NAND gates,
and NOR gates.
Reading a Circuit Diagram
• To understand any given circuit diagram, you should first
understand the components used in a given circuit.
• The following given circuit diagram consists of
components such as a voltage source, a voltmeter, an
ampere, and a resistor.
• By being able to identify and interpret symbols for voltage
sources, resistors, capacitors, inductors, switches, and
more. Also, by understanding these symbols and their
meanings, you can understand how different elements in
a circuit are connected and how they function together.
Power Supply
• The desktop computer power supply converts the
alternating current (AC) from a wall socket of mains
electricity to a low-voltage direct current (DC) to operate
the motherboard, processor and peripheral devices.
• Several direct-current voltages are required, and they
must be regulated with some accuracy to provide stable
operation of the computer.
• A power supply rail or voltage rail refers to a single
voltage provided by a PSU.
• Computer voltage ratings are typically described in
terms of voltage rails, which are supplies of voltage that
different components use depending on their needs.
• The number and types of voltages a computer power
supply provides depends on the type of power supply, but
most provide at least: +5VDC, +12VDC, and -12VDC.
• Some power supplies may also provide +3.3VDC and -
5VDC.
• Voltage regulation is another important aspect of
voltage, which specifies how tightly voltages are
controlled. This can be specified as a maximum
percentage variation or as a maximum variation in
absolute voltage.
• The power rating of a computer power supply unit (PSU)
describes the total system power that can be drawn from
it before it overloads. PSUs are usually rated in watts (W),
and modern PSUs typically range from 300W to over
1000W.
Multimeter
• The multimeter is your first defense when troubleshooting
a system
• Digital multimeter (DMM), is an indispensable tool that
can be used to diagnose circuits, learn about other
people's electronic designs, and even test a battery.
• Hence the 'multi'-'meter' (multiple measurement) name
• Therefore DMM can be used in measuring voltage,
current, resistance and continuity.
Note: The below link demonstrate how to use multimeter
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glVID_skJFQ
Parts of a Multimeter
• A multimeter is has three parts:
I. Display
II. Selection Knob
III. Ports
• The display: usually has four digits and the ability to
display a negative sign. A few multimeters have
illuminated displays for better viewing in low light
situations.
• The selection knob: allows the user to set the multimeter
to read different things such as milliamps (mA) of current,
voltage (V) and resistance (Ω).
• The ports: two probes are plugged into two of the ports
on the front of the unit. COM stands for common and is
almost always connected to Ground or ‘-’ of a circuit.
• The COM probe is conventionally black but there is no
difference between the red probe and black probe other
than color.
• 10A is the special port used when measuring large
currents (greater than 200mA).
• mAVΩ is the port that the red probe is conventionally
plugged in to.
• This port allows the measurement of current (up to
200mA), voltage (V), and resistance (Ω).
• The probes have a banana type connector on the end
that plugs into the multimeter.
• Any probe with a banana plug will work with this meter.
This allows for different types of probes to be used.
Parts of the multimeter - Selection knob and Ports
Features of a Multimeter
• Multimeters have the ability to measure DC and AC
voltage, current and resistance. Beyond that, there are
heaps of useful features that you might consider looking
for in a multimeter.
• Often these features are hidden behind a myriad of
symbols.
• It’s worth looking at the instruction manual of your
multimeter to work out where all the different functions
are.
The symbols on a Multimeter
Continuation on the features of Multimeter
• I. Measuring voltages: is one of the most basic features
of a multimeter and we can measure AC V⏦ and DC V⎓
using the same probes and multimeter. In a normal
household environment, the most likely source of AC
voltages is your outlets. But do not use your multimeter
with high voltage AC outlets unless you know what you
are doing. Sources of DC voltages can be batteries,
laptop power supplies and solar cells.
• II. Measuring current: the flow of electronics in an
electrical circuit, is another basic but important feature of
a multimeter. Current is measured in Amperes, commonly
referred to as Amps. Most multimeters will be able to
measure milliamps and Amps. Some more precise
models can measure microamps or lower. Most
multimeters will need one of the probes to be inserted into
the corresponding port, and remember to swap them back
when done.
• III. Measuring resistance: Resistors, components which
restrict the amount of current that a component can
consume, use a color coded system to identify their
values. If these markings are hard to read, or misprinted
we can use the multimeter’s resistance test function, Ω to
check the value. Resistance is measured in Ohms.
• IV. The diode test feature enables us to check the status
of a diode. The multimeter sends a little voltage through
the diode, and displays the voltage drop on the screen.
We can use this to test LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
before placing them into a circuit.
• V. A continuity test is a very useful tool. It checks for
continuity between two points in a circuit. Confirming that
there is a connection between the probes via an audible
beep, or LED light.
• We can easily check this by selecting the option and
touching the probes together.
• Continuity testing is useful when checking for any solder
bridges or points on a circuit that shouldn’t be connected.
• Continuity testing will be the most useful feature on your
multimeter.
• Note: It’s worth considering a few extra features when
choosing a multimeter. A backlight is often useful, making
the display easier to read.
Measuring Voltage

To start, let's measure voltage on a AA battery:

• I. Plug the black probe into COM port and the red probe
into mAVΩ port.
• II. Set the multimeter to "2V" in the DC (direct current)
range. Almost all portable electronics use direct current,
not alternating current.
• III. Connect the black probe to the battery's ground or '-'
and the red probe to power or '+’.
• IV. Squeeze the probes with a little pressure against the
positive and negative terminals of the AA battery.
• V. If you've got a fresh battery, you should see around
1.5V on the display (this battery is brand new, so its
voltage is slightly higher than 1.5V).
Voltage is being measured.
• If you're measuring DC voltage (such as a battery or a
sensor hooked up to an Arduino) you want to set the knob
where the V has a straight line.
• AC voltage (like what comes out of the wall) can be
dangerous, so we rarely need to use the AC voltage
setting (the V with a wavy line next to it).
• If you're messing with AC, we recommend you get a non-
contact tester rather than use a digital multimeter.
Use the V with a straight line to measure DC
Voltage
Use the V with a wavy line to measure AC Voltage
What happens if you switch the red and black
probes?
• If you switch the red and black probes;
• The reading on the multimeter is simply negative. Nothing
bad happens!
• The multimeter measures voltage in relation to the
common probe. How much voltage is there on the ‘+’ of
the battery compared to common or the negative pin?
Answer is 1.5V.
• If we switch the probes, we define ‘+’ as the common or
zero point. How much voltage is there on the ‘-’ of the
battery compared to our new zero? Answer is -1.5V!
Now let's construct a simple circuit to demonstrate
how to measure voltage in a real world scenario.
• Set the knob to "20V" in the DC range (the DC Voltage
range has a V with a straight line next to it).
• Multimeters are generally not autoranging. You have to
set the multimeter to a range that it can measure. For
example, 2V measures voltages up to 2 volts, and 20V
measures voltages up to 20 volts.
• So if you've measuring a 12V battery, use the 20V setting.
5V system? Use the 20V setting. If you set it incorrectly,
you will probably see the meter screen change and then
read '1'
• With some force (imagine poking a fork into a piece of
cooked meat), push the probes onto two exposed pieces
of metal. One probe should contact a GND connection.
One probe to the VCC or 5V connection.
• We can test different parts of the circuit as well.
• This practice is called nodal analysis, and it is a basic
building block in circuit analysis.
• By measuring the voltage across the circuit we can see
how much voltage each component requires.
• Let's measure the whole circuit first.
• Measuring from where the voltage is going in to the
resistor and then where ground is on the LED, we should
see the full voltage of the circuit, expected to be around
5V.
• We can then see how much voltage the LED is using.
• This is what is referred to as the voltage drop across the
LED.
• If that doesn't make sense now, fear not.
• It will as you explore the world of electronics more.
• The important thing to take away is that different parts of
a circuit can be measured to analyze the circuit as a
whole.
This LED is using 2.66V of the available 5V supply to
illuminate.
Overload
• What happens if you select a voltage setting that is too
low for the voltage you're trying to measure? Nothing bad.
• The meter will simply display a 1.
• This is the meter trying to tell you that it is overloaded or
out-of-range.
• Whatever you're trying to read is too much for that
particular setting.
• Try changing the multimeter knob to a the next highest
setting.
Reading the 5V across this circuit is too much for the
2V setting on the multimeter.
Replacing defective power supply
• Replacing your computer's power supply can seem
daunting, but with the right guidance, it's an achievable
task.
• This process is crucial for your computer's operation as
the power supply unit (PSU) converts the alternating
current (AC) from your wall outlet into direct current (DC)
that your computer components need.
• A faulty PSU can lead to system instability or hardware
damage, so it's important to replace it carefully.
Understanding the steps to safely swap out a power
supply is a valuable skill.
Steps to safely replace your computer's power
supply.
• I. Safety First
• Before touching any internal parts of your computer,
ensure your safety and the safety of your components by
powering down your computer, unplugging it from the wall
outlet, and pressing the power button to discharge any
remaining electricity.
• You should work in a clean, static-free environment and
use an anti-static wrist strap to prevent electrostatic
discharge, which can damage sensitive electronics. Keep
screws and other small parts in a container to avoid losing
them during the process.
• II. Open Case
• To start, you'll need to access the internal components of
your computer by removing the side panel of the case.
Most cases have screws or a latch mechanism that allows
for easy removal.
• Once you've opened the case, take a moment to
familiarize yourself with the layout, especially where the
current power supply is located. This will make it easier to
disconnect cables and remove the unit without disturbing
other components.
• III. Disconnect Cables
• Carefully disconnect all cables connected to the old
power supply. These will typically include the motherboard
power connector, CPU power connector, and various
cables powering other components like hard drives and
graphics cards.
• It's helpful to take note of where each cable was
connected to make reconnection smoother. Gently but
firmly unplug each cable, ensuring not to pull on the wires
themselves but on the plastic connectors.
• IV. Remove PSU
• With all cables disconnected, you can now remove the old
power supply from the case. It's usually held in place by
four screws on the back panel.
• Once unscrewed, slide the PSU out of the case, taking
care not to snag any cables or components.
• If there's resistance, double-check that all cables are
indeed disconnected and that nothing is obstructing the
removal.
• V. Install New PSU
• Now it's time to install the new power supply. Slide it into
the same space the old one occupied, aligning the screw
holes with those on the case.
• Secure it with screws, ensuring it's snug but not overly
tight.
• Once in place, begin reconnecting the power cables to
their respective components.
• Refer to your notes or manual if necessary to ensure
correct cable placement.
• VI. Power On
• After all cables are connected and you've double-checked
your work, replace the side panel of your case. Plug your
computer back into the wall outlet and turn on the power
supply switch if it has one.
• Press the computer's power button and observe if it boots
up normally.
• If everything is functioning as expected, you've
successfully replaced your power supply!
• If not, retrace your steps and check all connections.
Computer troubleshooting
• Troubleshooting is a systematic process used to locate
the cause of a fault in a computer system and correct the
relevant hardware and software issues.
• Approaching problem solving using a logical and
methodical approach is essential to successful resolution.
• Although experience is very useful to problem solving.
• Troubleshooting is a skill that you refine over time.
• Each time you solve a problem, you increase your
troubleshooting skills by gaining more experience.
• Troubleshooting is a systematic process that, when
followed diligently, can lead to the resolution of even the
most complex issues.
• This step-by-step guide provides a structured approach to
diagnosing and resolving problems, ensuring that no
stone is left unturned.
• Step 1: Collect relevant information
• The first step is gathering all pertinent information about
the issue at hand. This includes understanding the
symptoms, the environment in which the problem occurs,
and any recent changes or actions that might have
contributed to the issue. Accurate information is crucial for
effective diagnosis.
• Step 2: Clearly define the problem
• Once the information is collected, the next step is to
define the problem clearly. What exactly is going wrong?
Be as specific as possible in describing the issue, as a
well-defined problem is much easier to solve. This might
also involve distinguishing between symptoms and the
actual problem.
• Step 3: Identify the most likely cause
• With the problem clearly defined, begin hypothesising
what the most likely causes could be. Based on the
information gathered, use logical reasoning to deduce the
most probable sources of the issue. This step might
involve some trial and error, but educated guesses will
guide you in the right direction.
• Step 4: Develop an action plan and test potential solutions
• Develop a plan to test your hypotheses. This should
involve step-by-step actions to either confirm or eliminate
each potential cause. Begin with the simplest and most
likely solutions before moving on to the more complex
ones. Each test should be controlled and its results
documented. If a solution seems to resolve the issue,
don't stop there. Confirm that it truly is the root cause by
understanding why and how it caused the problem.
• Step 5: Apply the chosen solution
• Once a solution has been identified and tested, it's time to
apply it. This might involve repairing, replacing, or
modifying a component or process. Ensure that the
solution is implemented carefully and monitor the system
closely to ensure that the problem is truly resolved.
• Step 6: Evaluate the outcomes
• After implementing the solution, evaluate the results. Has
the problem been completely resolved? Are there any
unintended consequences or new issues that have
arisen? This step ensures that the solution is not only
effective in resolving the initial issue but also doesn't
create additional problems.
• Step 7: Document the entire Troubleshooting process
• Finally, document every step taken during the
Troubleshooting process.
• This includes the initial problem description, all the
hypothesised causes, the tests conducted, and the final
solution.
• Documentation is valuable for several reasons.
• It helps in understanding what went wrong and how it was
resolved, which is essential for preventing future
occurrences.
• It also serves as a guide for similar issues in the future,
making subsequent Troubleshooting efforts more efficient.
• Additionally, it contributes to a knowledge base that can
be beneficial for training purposes or for other team
members who might encounter similar issues.
Hardware troubleshooting methods
• Computer troubleshooting methods enables to detect and
rectify defective hardware component.
• Someone working in technical support, know how
frustrating it can be when a hardware problem prevents
him/her or his/her clients from using a computer or
device.
• Hardware troubleshooting is the process of identifying
and resolving issues with the physical components of a
system, such as the motherboard, the hard drive, the
RAM, the keyboard, the mouse, the monitor, or the printer.
The following are some of the most common hardware
troubleshooting methods that can help you diagnose
and fix hardware problems quickly and efficiently.
• 1. Check the power supply
• One of the first things you should do when you encounter
a hardware problem is to check the power supply. Make
sure that the power cord is plugged in securely, the power
switch is on, and the power outlet is working. If you are
using a laptop, check the battery level and the charger.
• If you are using a device that requires external power,
such as a printer or a scanner, check the power adapter
and the connection.
• Sometimes, a simple power cycle can resolve many
hardware issues, so try turning off and on the device or
unplugging and plugging it back in.
• 2. Check the cables and ports
• Another common cause of hardware problems is faulty or
loose cables and ports. Cables and ports are the
connectors that allow data and signals to flow between
different components of a system. For example, a USB
cable connects a keyboard or a mouse to a computer,
and a HDMI cable connects a monitor to a computer.
• If a cable or a port is damaged, dirty, or not properly
inserted, it can result in poor performance, errors, or no
connection at all.
• To troubleshoot this, you should inspect the cables and
ports for any signs of wear and tear, dust, or corrosion.
You should also try to reseat the cables and ports, or use
different ones if possible.
• 3. Check the drivers and firmware
• Drivers and firmware are software programs that control
how hardware devices work and communicate with the
system.
• Drivers are specific to each device and operating system,
while
• firmware is embedded in the device itself.
• Sometimes, hardware problems can occur when drivers
or firmware are outdated, corrupted, or incompatible.
• To troubleshoot this, you should check the manufacturer's
website for the latest drivers and firmware updates for
your device and operating system.
• You should also scan your system for any malware or
viruses that could affect your drivers or firmware.
• 4. Check the BIOS and CMOS
• BIOS and CMOS are two important components of a
computer's boot process. BIOS stands for Basic
Input/Output System, and it is a program that initializes
and tests the hardware components before loading the
operating system. CMOS stands for Complementary
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor, and it is a chip that stores
the BIOS settings and the system clock.
• Sometimes, hardware problems can occur when the
BIOS or CMOS settings are incorrect, outdated, or
corrupted. To troubleshoot this, you should access the
BIOS or CMOS setup menu by pressing a specific key
during the boot process, such as F2, F10, or Del. You
should then check the BIOS or CMOS settings for any
errors or inconsistencies, and reset them to default values
if needed.
• 5. Check the RAM and hard drive
• RAM and hard drive are two of the most essential
hardware components of a system. RAM stands for
Random Access Memory, and it is a temporary storage
space that allows the system to run multiple programs
and processes at once. Hard drive is a permanent
storage space that holds the system files, applications,
and user data.
• Sometimes, hardware problems can occur when the RAM
or hard drive is faulty, full, or fragmented. To troubleshoot
this, you should run a memory diagnostic tool or a disk
check tool to scan the RAM or hard drive for any errors or
bad sectors. You should also delete any unnecessary
files, uninstall any unused programs, and defragment the
hard drive to optimize the performance and free up some
space.
• 6. Check the peripherals and accessories
• Peripherals and accessories are the external devices that
enhance the functionality of a system, such as the
keyboard, the mouse, the monitor, the printer, the
scanner, the webcam, the speakers, or the headphones.
Sometimes, hardware problems can occur when
peripherals or accessories are incompatible,
malfunctioning, or conflicting with each other.
• To troubleshoot this, you should disconnect any
peripherals or accessories that are not essential for the
system to run, and see if the problem persists. You should
also try to use different peripherals or accessories, or test
them on another system, to see if they work properly.
BIOS POST Beep Codes method in solving
computer problems
• When the computer is booted, the basic input/output
system (BIOS) performs a basic hardware check.
• This check is called a power-on selftest (POST).
• The POST checks whether the computer hardware is
operating correctly.
• If a device is malfunctioning, an error or a beep code
alerts the technician of the problem.
• Typically, a single beep means that the computer is
functioning properly.
• If there is a hardware problem, a blank screen might
appear at bootup, and the computer emits a series of
beeps.
• Each BIOS manufacturer uses different codes to indicate
hardware problems.
• The following figure shows a chart of beep codes. The
beep codes for your computer might be different. Consult
the motherboard documentation to get the beep codes for
your computer. Also to know the number of beeps and
whether they are long, short or equal.
What are the first steps in troubleshooting a PC
that emits BIOS beep codes?
• When your PC starts beeping at you, it's the Basic
Input/Output System (BIOS) trying to communicate.
• BIOS beep codes are audible beeps that diagnose or tells
that there is a problem with hardware components.
• Before diving into any fixes, ensure you're in a safe and
static-free environment to prevent further damage to your
PC's sensitive components.
• 1. Listen Carefully
• The first step in troubleshooting is to listen to the beep
codes carefully. BIOS manufacturers have different beep
sequences to indicate specific problems. For instance,
one long beep followed by two short beeps may suggest
an issue with your memory (RAM), whereas a continuous
set of beeps may point to a power supply issue. Jot down
the beep pattern: the number of short and long beeps,
and the order in which they occur. This information is
crucial for identifying what the PC is trying to tell you.
• 2. Check Manual
• Once you've noted the beep code pattern, consult the
motherboard manual or the manufacturer's website for the
beep code interpretations. Each manufacturer's codes are
unique, so it's essential to refer to the correct source. The
manual will tell you what each beep pattern means and
which component is likely causing trouble. If you don't
have the manual handy, a quick online search for your
motherboard's model followed by 'beep codes' should
yield the necessary information.
• 3. Inspect Hardware
• After deciphering the beep codes, visually inspect the
inside of your PC for any obvious issues. Ensure all
cables are securely connected, and all cards and memory
modules are properly seated. Sometimes, reseating
components can resolve the issue. If the beeps indicated
a RAM problem, try removing and reinserting the memory
sticks. If you have multiple sticks, try booting with one at a
time to isolate a faulty module.
• 4. Minimal Boot
• If the initial hardware check doesn't resolve the issue,
proceed with a minimal boot. This involves disconnecting
all non-essential hardware—like secondary drives, USB
devices, and extra RAM sticks—leaving only the
motherboard, CPU, one stick of RAM, and the power
supply connected. This step helps narrow down the faulty
component. If the PC boots successfully, reintroduce
components one at a time until you reproduce the error,
identifying the culprit.
• 5. Swap Components
• If minimal booting doesn't pinpoint the problem, consider
swapping out potentially faulty components if you have
spares available. For example, if you suspect the RAM is
at fault, replace it with a module that you know works.
This method can be applied to other components like the
video card or power supply. It's a process of elimination
that can conclusively identify hardware failures.
• 6. Update BIOS
• In some cases, updating the BIOS can resolve beep code
errors, especially if they're related to compatibility issues
with new hardware. To update the BIOS, you'll need
access to another computer to download the latest
firmware from the motherboard manufacturer's website.
Follow their instructions carefully to create a bootable
USB drive with the BIOS update. Remember, updating
the BIOS is risky and should only be done as a last resort
or if you're confident in the process.
Isolation method in solving computer problems
• How does one go about isolating whether or not a piece
of software/driver or a hardware issue is causing a
problem with your PC?
• Or, how can you tell what combination of the two might be
giving you issues?
• Obviously, if you install new software and your PC starts
giving you trouble you can usually narrow it down to that
software.
• But, say for example, you install a new piece of hardware
and a driver component from something else installed
conflicts with that.
• Just an example. A given installation of Kaspersky drag a
computer down to pretty much a halt. After uninstalling,
the computer seemed to be fine again.
• But, how would I know if Kaspersky is possibly conflicting
with some drivers on the PC or some other hardware or
software?
• There isn't a secret. The best way is a process of
elimination. You try one thing and you slowly eliminate
your possible sources of a problem.
The Isolation Method
• The isolation method in troubleshooting involves,
narrowing down the possible causes of a problem to a
specific component or area within a system. It requires a
deep understanding of the system and its components.
• If you're having an issue with your computer, you may be
able to find out what's wrong using the process of
elimination. This means you'll make a list of things that
could be causing the problem and then test them out one
by one to eliminate them. Once you've identified the
source of your computer issue, it will be easier to find a
solution.
Scenario:
• Let's say you're trying to print out invitations for a birthday
party, but the printer won't print. You have some ideas
about what could be causing this, so you go through them
one by one to see if you can eliminate any possible
causes.
• First, you check the printer to see that it's turned on and
plugged in to the surge protector. It is, so that's not the
issue. Next, you check to make sure the printer's ink
cartridge still has ink and that there is paper loaded in the
paper tray. Things look good in both cases, so you know
the issue has nothing to do with ink or paper.
• Now you want to make sure the printer and computer are
communicating correctly. If you recently downloaded an
update to your operating system, it might interfere with the
printer. But you know there haven't been any recent
updates and the printer was working yesterday, so you'll
have to look elsewhere.
• You check the printer's USB cord and find that it's not
plugged in. You must have unplugged it accidentally when
you plugged something else into the computer earlier.
Once you plug in the USB cord, the printer starts working
again. It looks like this printer issue is solved!
Here are some isolation methods you can use to solve
computer problems:
• I. Component isolation
• This method confirms the functionality of hardware
components by understanding how power flows within a
computer.
• II. Split-half troubleshooting
• This method isolates the source of a problem by testing
components in a series.
• III. Network isolation
• This method automatically or manually isolates a
computer from a network to prevent the spread of threats.
• IV. Good Apple, Bad Apple
• This method compares logs from two different situations
to identify what's different and help solve the problem.
• V. Uninstall and reinstall
• This method can fix problems caused by minor
incompatibilities between an application, the OS, and
hardware.
Onscreen Messages method on solving
computer problems.
• Checking error messages is another way to diagnose
your computer issues.
• An attention is paid to the error messages that your
computer displays.
• Error messages can give you clues about what is wrong
with your computer and how to fix it.
• For example, if you see a blue screen of death (BSOD)
on Windows, you can check the stop code and the file
name that caused the crash.
• You can then use these information to search for possible
solutions online or contact technical support.
• Similarly, if you see an error message from an application
or a website, you can note the error code and the
description and look for ways to resolve it.
• Take notes about error messages.
• If your computer gives you an error message, be sure to
write down as much information as possible.
• You may also be able to use this information later to find
out if other people are having the same error.
Built-in tools method on solving computer
problems
• One of the first things you can do to diagnose your
computer issues is to use the built-in tools that your
operating system provides.
• For example, if you are using Windows, you can access
the Device Manager, the Task Manager, the Event Viewer,
the System File Checker, and the Troubleshooting tool
from the Control Panel or the Start menu.
• These tools can help you identify and resolve problems
with your devices, processes, system files, and common
errors.
• You can also use the Command Prompt or the
PowerShell to run commands that can scan, repair, or
configure your system.
Simple solutions to common computer problems
• Most of the time, problems can be fixed using simple
troubleshooting techniques, like closing and reopening the
program.
• It's important to try these simple solutions before resorting
to more extreme measures.
• If the problem still isn't fixed, you can try other
troubleshooting techniques.
1. Problem: Power button will not start computer
• Solution 1: If your computer does not start, begin by
checking the power cord to confirm that it is plugged
securely into the back of the computer case and the
power outlet.
• Solution 2: If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a
working outlet. To check your outlet, you can plug in
another electrical device, such as a lamp.
• Solution 3: If the computer is plugged in to a surge
protector, verify that it is turned on. You may have to reset
the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You
can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge
protector to verify that it's working correctly.
• Solution 4: If you are using a laptop, the battery may not
be charged. Plug the AC adapter into the wall, then try to
turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need
to wait a few minutes and try again.
2. Problem: An application is running slowly
• Solution 1: Close and reopen the application.
• Solution 2: Update the application. To do this, click the
Help menu and look for an option to check for Updates. If
you don't find this option, another idea is to run an online
search for application updates.
3. Problem: An application is frozen
• Sometimes an application may become stuck, or frozen.
When this happens, you won't be able to close the
window or click any buttons within the application.
• Solution 1: Force quit the application. On a PC, you can
press (and hold) Ctrl+Alt+Delete (the Control, Alt, and
Delete keys) on your keyboard to open the Task Manager.
On a Mac, press and hold Command+Option+Esc. You
can then select the unresponsive application and click
End task (or Force Quit on a Mac) to close it.
• Solution 2: Restart the computer. If you are unable to
force quit an application, restarting your computer will
close all open apps.
4. Problem: All programs on the computer run
slowly
• Solution 1: Run a virus scanner. You may have malware
running in the background that is slowing things down.
• Solution 2: Your computer may be running out of hard
drive space. Try deleting any files or programs you don't
need.
• Solution 3: If you're using a PC, you can run Disk
Defragmenter. To learn more about Disk Defragmenter,
check out our lesson on Protecting Your Computer.
5. Problem: The computer is frozen
• Sometimes your computer may become completely
unresponsive, or frozen. When this happens, you won't be
able to click anywhere on the screen, open or close
applications, or access shut-down options.
• Solution 1 (Windows only): Restart Windows Explorer. To
do this, press and hold Ctrl+Alt+Delete on your keyboard
to open the Task Manager. Next, locate and select
Windows Explorer from the Processes tab and click
Restart. You may need to click More Details at the bottom
of the window to see the Processes tab.
• Solution 2 (Mac only): Restart Finder. To do this, press
and hold Command+Option+Esc on your keyboard to
open the Force Quit Applications dialog box. Next, locate
and select Finder, then click Relaunch.
• Solution 3: Press and hold the Power button. The Power
button is usually located on the front or side of the
computer, typically indicated by the power symbol. Press
and hold the Power button for 5 to 10 seconds to force
the computer to shut down.
• Solution 4: If the computer still won't shut down, you can
unplug the power cable from the electrical outlet. If you're
using a laptop, you may be able to remove the battery to
force the computer to turn off. Note: This solution should
be your last resort after trying the other suggestions
above.
6. Problem: The mouse or keyboard has stopped
working
• Solution 1: If you're using a wired mouse or keyboard,
make sure it's correctly plugged into the computer.
• Solution 2: If you're using a wireless mouse or keyboard,
make sure it's turned on and that its batteries are
charged.
7. Problem: The sound isn't working
• Solution 1: Check the volume level. Click the audio button
in the top-right or bottom-right corner of the screen to
make sure the sound is turned on and that the volume is
up.
• Solution 2: Check the audio player controls. Many audio
and video players will have their own separate audio
controls. Make sure the sound is turned on and that the
volume is turned up in the player.
• Solution 3: Check the cables. Make sure external
speakers are plugged in, turned on, and connected to the
correct audio port or a USB port. If your computer has
color-coded ports, the audio output port will usually be
green.
• Solution 4: Connect headphones to the computer to find
out if you can hear sound through the headphones.
8. Problem: The screen is blank
• Solution 1: The computer may be in Sleep mode. Click
the mouse or press any key on the keyboard to wake it.
• Solution 2: Make sure the monitor is plugged in and
turned on.
• Solution 3: Make sure the computer is plugged in and
turned on.
• Solution 4: If you're using a desktop, make sure the
monitor cable is properly connected to the computer
tower and the monitor.
9. Problem: Keys Not Working on the Keyboard
• Are some of your keyboard keys unresponsive? This
problem could occur due to debris accumulation beneath
the keys or a malfunctioning keyboard driver. Try cleaning
the keyboard gently using compressed air and update the
keyboard driver. If the issue persists, consider replacing
the keyboard with a new one.
10. Problem: Mouse Problems
• A malfunctioning mouse can significantly hinder your
computing experience. If your mouse cursor is freezing or
moving erratically, check the mouse’s physical condition
and its connection to the PC. You may also want to
update the mouse driver or try using a different USB port
to see if the issue resolves.
11. Problem: multiple USB devices stop working
• When multiple USB devices stop working, it might be due
to a corrupted USB port driver. Uninstalling the USB port
driver and restarting your PC will prompt Microsoft
Windows to reinstall the appropriate driver automatically.
This simple step can often fix USB-related problems.
12. Problem: Laptop Touchpad Causing the
Cursor to Jump Randomly
• For laptop and computer users experiencing cursor jumps
or erratic movements, disabling the touchpad while typing
can be an effective solution. Navigate to your touchpad
settings and enable the option to disable the touchpad
temporarily when typing.
13. Problem: external hard drives disconnecting
unexpectedly
• If your PC encounters issues with USB devices, such as
external hard drives disconnecting unexpectedly, the USB
Selective Suspend feature might be to blame. Disabling
this feature in the Power Options can resolve such
complex computer issues.
14. Problem: Display Screen Image Distortion
• Distorted images or strange artefacts on the screen can
be disconcerting. Check the graphics card connections
and ensure that the drivers are up to date. If the problem
persists, consider testing the monitor on another personal
computer or using a different monitor to isolate the issue.
15. Problem: Keyboard Problems
• If your keyboard is typing multiple characters with a single
keystroke or repeating keys, adjusting the keyboard
repeat rate and delay system hardware settings in
Windows can often resolve the problem. Additionally,
cleaning the keyboard and ensuring there is no physical
damage may help.
16. Problem: Motherboard Problems
• The motherboard is the heart of your PC, and when it
encounters issues, the entire system can suffer. If you
experience frequent crashes before the operating system
loads or notice random reboots, it could indicate a
problem with the motherboard. Consult a professional
technician for a thorough diagnosis and possible repair.
17. Problem: Laptop Speaker Making Static
Noises
• If your laptop’s speakers produce annoying static or
crackling sounds, try updating the audio drivers first. If the
issue persists, the speakers may be faulty, and a
technician can help with necessary repairs or
replacements.
18. Problem: Fan Noises
• Noisy fans can be annoying and disruptive. Regularly
clean the fans and ensure proper airflow to minimize fan
noises. If the noise continues, you may need to replace
the fan or consider upgrading to a quieter cooling solution.
19. Problem: PC Fans Not Working Properly
• Overheating is a serious concern for PCs, and
malfunctioning fans can worsen the problem. Regularly
check your PC’s fans for proper functioning, and consider
cleaning them to ensure an optimal cooling system.
20. Problem: Signs of Virus Infection
• Virus infections can wreak havoc on your PC, causing
performance issues, unexpected crashes, and data
breaches. Keep your system updated with reliable
antivirus software and perform regular scans to detect
and remove potential threats.
21. Problem: Too Much Pressure on the RAM
• Physical pressure on the RAM modules can lead to
connection issues, causing your PC to crash or freeze.
Make sure the RAM is properly seated and not subject to
unnecessary pressure or force.
22. Problem: Keyboard Issues
• Keyboard malfunctions, such as keys not registering or
sticking, can be caused by dirt or debris between the
keys. Carefully clean your keyboard or consider replacing
it if the problem persists.
23. Problem: Noisy PC
• Unusual grinding or whirring sounds coming from your PC
could be a sign of hardware issues. Check your hard
drive and fans to identify the source of the noise, and
seek professional help if needed.
24. Problem: The Blue Screen of Death
• Encountering the dreaded Blue Screen of Death can be
alarming. BSoD errors often indicate hardware or driver
problems. Troubleshoot the issue by updating drivers or
performing a system restore.
25. Problem: Noisy Hard Drive
• If your hard drive starts making strange noises, it might be
failing. Back up your data immediately and consider
replacing the hard drive to avoid data loss.
26. Problem: Faulty Hard Disk
• A faulty hard disk can lead to data loss and system
crashes. If your PC shows signs of a failing hard disk,
such as slow performance or frequent error messages,
back up your important data immediately. Replacing the
faulty hard disk with a new one and restoring your data
can prevent further complications.
27. Problem: The Monitor Goes Black After a Few
Seconds
• If your monitor loses signal and goes black after a few
seconds, the issue could be related to the graphics card,
monitor settings, or cable connections. Double-check all
connections and ensure the monitor settings are correct.
If the problem persists, consult a professional technician
for further assessment.
28. Problem: Mouse Left-click Malfunction
• Mouse left-click malfunctions can hinder your productivity
and cause frustration. To fix this issue in Windows, follow
these steps:
• I. Check Mouse Hardware: Ensure that there are no
physical issues with the mouse, such as damaged
buttons or loose connections.
• II. Update Mouse Driver: Go to Device Manager, locate
the mouse under “Mice and other pointing devices,” right-
click, and select “Update driver.” Choose the option to
search automatically for updated driver software.
• III. Roll Back Driver: If the issue started after a driver
update, you can roll back to the previous driver version. In
Device Manager, right-click the mouse and choose
“Properties.” Under the “Driver” tab, select “Roll Back
Driver” if the option is available.
• IV. Check Mouse Settings: Access Mouse Settings in the
Control Panel or Settings app and adjust the mouse click
settings. Ensure that the left-click function is set to the
correct action.
• V. Scan for Malware: Malware can cause unexpected
behaviour, including mouse issues. Run a full system
scan using your antivirus software.
• VI. Try Another Mouse: If the problem persists, try using a
different mouse to determine if the issue is with the
hardware or software.
Solving more difficult problems
• If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you
may need to ask someone else for help.
• As an easy starting point, It is recommended to search on
the Web.
• It's possible that other users have had similar problems,
and solutions to these problems are often posted online.
• Also, if you have a friend or family member who knows a
lot about computers, they may be able to help you.
• Note: Keep in mind that most computer problems have
simple solutions, although it may take some time to find
them.
• For difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be
required, like reformatting your hard drive or reinstalling
your operating system.
• If you think you might need a solution like this, it is
recommended to consult a professional first.
• If you're not that a computer expert, it's possible that
attempting these solutions could make the situation
worse.
How to Avoid Computer Hardware Problems
• As technology continues to advance, our dependence on
personal computers has grown exponentially. It is
important to know how to avoid common PC hardware
problems and keep your computer running smoothly.
• I. Invest in Quality Components:
• When building or buying a PC, opt for quality components
from reputable manufacturers. Quality components are
more reliable, tend to have longer lifespans, and are less
likely to encounter hardware failures. While they may
come at a slightly higher cost, the peace of mind and
reduced risk of issues are well worth it.
• II. Properly Install Hardware:
• Whether you’re upgrading components or assembling a
new PC, proper installation is crucial. Follow
manufacturer guidelines, use the right tools, and avoid
applying excessive force when connecting components.
Incorrect installations can lead to physical damage or
compatibility issues, causing potential hardware failures.
• III. Keep Your PC Clean:
• Dust and debris accumulation inside your PC can hinder
airflow and cause overheating. Regularly clean the
interior of your PC, especially around fans and heat sinks,
to prevent hardware components from overheating and
potentially failing. Use compressed air to blow away dust
gently, and consider investing in dust filters for improved
long-term maintenance.
• IV. Use a Surge Protector:
• Power surges and electrical spikes can damage your
PC’s components, leading to hardware failures. Invest in
a good-quality surge protector to safeguard your PC from
voltage fluctuations. Surge protectors act as a buffer and
can save your PC from potential damage caused by
sudden power surges.
• V. Keep Your PC Cool:
• Overheating is a significant cause of hardware problems.
Ensure your PC has proper ventilation and is placed in a
well-ventilated area. Consider adding additional cooling
solutions, such as case fans or liquid cooling systems, if
you engage in resource-intensive tasks like gaming or
video editing.
• VI. Install Reliable Antivirus Software:
• Virus infections can wreak havoc on your PC, leading to
data loss and system instability. Install reliable antivirus
software and keep it up to date to detect and prevent
potential threats. Regularly perform full system scans to
ensure your PC remains virus-free.
• VII. Keep Software Updated:
• Outdated software, including operating systems and
drivers, can cause compatibility issues and impact
hardware performance. Regularly update your operating
system and hardware drivers to access bug fixes, security
updates, and improved compatibility with the latest
applications.
• VIII. Properly Shut Down Your PC:
• Avoid abrupt power-offs and improper shutdowns, as they
can lead to file corruption and hardware damage. Always
shut down your PC through the appropriate software
options or use the “Shutdown” button in your operating
system.
Computer problems related to malicious
programs
• Malicious program is the same as malicious software.
• The words “Malicious Software” coin the word “Malware”
and the meaning remains the same.
• Malicious Software refers to any malicious program that
causes harm to a computer system or network.
• It also refers to any software that is designed to cause
harm to computer systems, networks, or users.
• Malware can take many forms.
• Individuals and organizations need to be aware of the
different types of malware and take steps to protect their
systems.
Types of computer malicious programs
• I. Viruses – A Virus is a malicious executable code
attached to another executable file. The virus spreads
when an infected file is passed from system to system.
Viruses can be harmless or they can modify or delete
data. Opening a file can trigger a virus. Once a program
virus is active, it will infect other programs on the
computer.
• II. Worms – Worms replicate themselves on the system,
attaching themselves to different files and looking for
pathways between computers, such as computer network
that shares common file storage areas. Worms usually
slow down networks. A virus needs a host program to run
but worms can run by themselves. After a worm affects a
host, it is able to spread very quickly over the network.
• III. Trojan horse – A Trojan horse is malware that carries
out malicious operations under the appearance of a
desired operation such as playing an online game. A
Trojan horse varies from a virus because the Trojan binds
itself to non-executable files, such as image files, and
audio files.
• IV. Keyloggers – Keylogger records everything the user
types on his/her computer system to obtain passwords
and other sensitive information and send them to the
source of the keylogging program.
• V. Ransomware – Ransomware grasps a computer
system or the data it contains until the victim makes a
payment. Ransomware encrypts data in the computer
with a key that is unknown to the user. The user has to
pay a ransom (price) to the criminals to retrieve data.
Once the amount is paid the victim can resume using
his/her system.
• VI. Adware – It displays unwanted ads and pop-ups on
the computer. It comes along with software downloads
and packages. It generates revenue for the software
distributer by displaying ads.
• VII. Spyware – Its purpose is to steal private information
from a computer system for a third party. Spyware collects
information and sends it to the hacker.
• VIII. Rootkits – A rootkit modifies the OS to make a
backdoor. Attackers then use the backdoor to access the
computer distantly. Most rootkits take advantage of
software vulnerabilities to modify system files.
• IX. Backdoors – A backdoor bypasses the usual
authentication used to access a system. The purpose of
the backdoor is to grant cyber criminals future access to
the system even if the organization fixes the original
vulnerability used to attack the system.
How To Protect Computer From Malware?
• I. Update your operating system and software. Install
updates as soon as they become available because
cybercriminals search for vulnerabilities in out-of-date or
outdated software.
• II. Never click on a popup’s link. Simply click the “X” in the
message’s upper corner to close it and leave the page
that generated it.
• III. Don’t install too many apps on your devices. Install
only the apps you believe you will regularly use and need.
• IV. Do not click on unidentified links. If a link seems
suspicious, avoid clicking it whether it comes from an
email, social networking site, or text message.
• V. Choose the websites you visit wisely. Use a safe
search plug-in and try to stick to well-known and
reputable websites to avoid any that might be malicious
without your knowledge.
• VI. Emails requesting personal information should be
avoided.
Advantages of Detecting and Removing Malware
• I. Improved Security: By detecting and removing malware,
individuals, and organizations can improve the security of
their systems and reduce the risk of future infections.
• II. Prevent Data Loss: Malware can cause data loss, and
by removing it, individuals and organizations can protect
their important files and information.
• III. Protect Reputation: Malware can cause harm to a
company’s reputation, and by detecting and removing it,
individuals and organizations can protect their image and
brand.
• IV. Increased Productivity: Malware can slow down
systems and make them less efficient, and by removing it,
individuals and organizations can increase the
productivity of their systems and employees.
How To Know If Our Devices Are Infected With
Malware?
I. Performing poorly on the computer by execution.
II. When your web browser directs you to a website you
didn’t intend to visit, this is known as a browser redirect.
III. Warnings about infections are frequently accompanied
by offers to buy a product to treat them.
IV. Having trouble starting or shutting down your computer.
V. Persistent pop-up ads.
Malicious programs, also known as malware, can
infect a computer in a number of ways, including:
• I. Email attachments: Malicious programs can be attached
to emails, or users can be tricked into clicking on links in
phishing emails
• II. Malvertising: Malicious advertisements on popular
websites can plant dangerous code onto a user's device
• III. Downloading software: Software can be downloaded
from untrusted or compromised sources
• IV. Removable media: USB drives and other removable
media can be infected and used to spread malware
• V. Exploiting vulnerabilities: Software or operating system
vulnerabilities can be exploited to infect a computer
• VI. Peer-to-peer file sharing: Malicious programs can
spread through peer-to-peer file sharing networks
• VII. Social engineering: Users can be tricked into
executing malicious files through social engineering
techniques
• VIII. Unsecured website: When you go to a website, it can
try to use vulnerabilities in your web browser to infect your
PC with malware.
Detecting vulnerability in computer system
• A vulnerability is like a hole in your software that can give
malware access to your PC. Malware can use known
software vulnerabilities to infect your PC.
• Vulnerability detection refers to the process of identifying
security weaknesses in a computer system, network, or
software application to prevent potential attacks.
• The main goal of vulnerability detection is to discover and
address these security gaps before they can be exploited
by attackers, ultimately improving the overall security and
resilience of the system.
Types of computer security vulnerabilities and
examples
Vulnerability in computer security can be of different types,
so knowing them can help you understand them.
• I. Physical
• This affects the availability of information and refers to
security flaws in the environments in which data is stored
and manipulated.
• This can include poor facilities, inadequate resources or
lack of effective access control systems.
• II. Natural or Environmental
• This type refers to environmental conditions that can put
information at risk.
• For example, elements such as moisture, dust, fire or
flooding can adversely affect facilities, equipment, and
infrastructure.
• III. Hardware
• The manufacturing defects of equipments, lack of updates
or poor maintenance are factors that cause this type of
vulnerability.
• Similarly, functional issues such as insufficient storage or
speed can also compromise digital security.
• IV. Software
• Software vulnerability in computer security is related to
applications and programs with poor configurations and
control systems.
• These vulnerabilities become gateways to computer
systems or means of implementing malware.
• V. Storage media
• Any means of storing information can become a
vulnerability.
• Hard disks, pendrives and databases can be victims of
attacks on the integrity, availability and confidentiality of
data.
• VI. In ICTs
• Vulnerabilities in ICTs (Information and Communication
Technologies) concern information received or sent
through all types of digital channels such as satellites,
waves, wifi, optical fiber, etc.
• Smartphones, tablets or computers can be the source of
a security breach, underscoring the need to strengthen
trusted internet connections.
• VII. Human
• People can cause vulnerabilities intentionally – fraud,
phishing or impersonation, etc. – or accidentally.
• The most common cause of computer security
vulnerabilities among an organization’s users is often a
lack of cybersecurity training and awareness.
• This can lead to the use of unauthorized devices that may
be infected, failure to use sufficiently secure passwords,
clicking on dangerous links in emails, etc.
• Similarly, the application of digital hygiene measures,
such as the use of protection tools like firewalls and
antivirus, is essential.
How can vulnerability in computer security be
detected?
• Vulnerability in computer security can be detected through
a process of scanning weaknesses, manually or
automatically, for both potential and known vulnerabilities.
• This type of probing of systems and networks requires
tools capable of identifying and scanning devices whose
security flaws, once identified, can be compared with
existing ones.
• They are also compiled into centralized reports so that
organizations can apply the necessary patches and
create an action plan.
• The goal of these plans is to be proactive before a
vulnerability becomes a real cybersecurity problem and to
optimize the resources dedicated to managing security
breaches.
What can we do to reduce computer
vulnerability?
Some of the measures you can take are as follows:
I. Communicate a best practices manual to users about
what can and cannot be done.
II. Perform regular vulnerability scans.
III. Keep track of security patches.
IV. Update all types of software and computer systems.
V. Implement all types of security measures, such as
intrusion detection systems, multi-factor identity
verification, firewalls, etc.
VI. Develop a vulnerability management policy.
Install and optimize anti-virus programs
• A computer antivirus is a software tool that is developed
to detect, remove, or prevent computer viruses and other
malware from a computer and similar devices.
• This software kind usually spends some time scanning for
any patterns or behavior that may be done by a malicious
code like a virus, worm, Trojan, or ransomware. Other
threats may be spyware, adware, and so on.
• Some functions antivirus software provides may include
real-time scanning, automatic updates to define the latest
viruses, quarantine infected files, and planned scans to
protect the system from advancing threats.
Here are some steps to install and optimize
antivirus software:
• I. Choose a reliable antivirus program, select a lightweight
program that can protect your computer from malware,
viruses, and other online threats.
• II. Update the antivirus program, immediately update the
antivirus program after installation, as most are not up-to-
date.
• III. Perform a full system scan, when you first install
antivirus software or update it, perform a full system scan
to ensure your system is free of viruses.
• IV. Schedule regular scans, set up a schedule for regular
scans of your system.
• V. Manage notifications and updates, adjust your antivirus
software's notification and update settings.
• Note: you should update your antivirus software
frequently because it helps your computer stay protected
from new threats, these include:
• I. New malware
• Cybercriminals are constantly developing new and more
sophisticated malware. Without regular updates, your
antivirus software may not be able to recognize and
respond quickly to these threats.
• II. Evolving malware
• Some malware can mutate and change over time, making
it unrecognizable by older signature files.
• III. Vulnerability exploitation
• Other malware is developed to exploit new vulnerabilities
that have been discovered.
To keep your antivirus software up to date, you can enable
automatic updates. This will allow your antivirus program to
check for updates and install them without you having to do
anything.
Software Patches
• Software patches are updates to a program or operating
system that address issues like security vulnerabilities,
performance bugs, or new features.
• Purpose
• Patches are quick fixes to issues that arise after a
program is released. They can help improve security,
performance, or compatibility.
• How they work
• Patches are usually developed and distributed as binary
files or object modules. They can be temporary or
permanent.
• How to get them
• Software vendors usually make patches available for
download on their websites. Users can also choose to
automatically update their software.
• How to check for updates
• On Windows, you can check for updates by going to
Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update.
• Importance
• It's important to install updates as soon as possible to
protect your device from attackers.
• Patch management
• The process of identifying, scheduling, and distributing
patches is called patch management.
Installation process to install a computer
software
The process for installing computer software typically
involves the following steps:
• I. Preparing the system: Make sure the software is
compatible with the computer's hardware, operating
system, and network. Also, review the software's license
agreement and terms of use.
• II. Downloading and locating the software: Find and
download the software's .exe file. It's usually in the
Downloads folder.
• III. Running the installation: Double-click the .exe file to
start the installation.
• IV. Following the installation wizard: The installation
wizard will guide you through the steps to install the
software.
• V. Rebooting the system: After the installation is complete,
reboot the system.
If you're installing a new operating system, you can also
consider these steps:
• I. Backing up your data,
• II. Configuring the new operating system, and
• III. Restoring your data and programs.
Software upgrade
• A software upgrade is a new version of a software
program that replaces the current version and includes
new features, improvements, or technology.
• Software upgrades are usually released by the software
provider when a major improvement is made or when the
current version is no longer compatible with hardware or
operating systems.
• Software upgrades are different from software updates,
which are changes or improvements to the existing
software version. Software updates can be done manually
or automatically, and are often small in nature.
• Here are some ways to update computer software to a
new version on Windows
• I. Click the Start button
• II. Select Settings
• III. Select Update & Security
• IV. Select Windows Update
• V. Select Check for updates
• VI. If updates are available, select Install updates
• VII. Restart your computer

Note:
• Software upgrades are important for keeping systems up-
to-date and can improve the security, functionality,
stability, performance, and user experience of software.
There are a number of reasons why you might
need to upgrade your software, including:
I. Performance issues: Your software might not be
performing as well as it used to.
II. New features: You might need new features that aren't
available in your current software.
III. Manufacturer no longer supports: The software's
manufacturer might no longer be supporting it.
IV. Compatibility: As technology evolves, software
compatibility becomes important.
V. Automation: Your software might not be facilitating
automation.
Procedures for upgrading computer software

Here are some procedures to consider when upgrading

computer software to a new version:
• I. Back up data: Back up your entire system, including the
operating system, applications, settings, and files, to an
external drive or a cloud service.
• II. Check system requirements: Make sure your device
meets the minimum hardware and software requirements
for the new version.
• III. Check for compatibility issues: Compatibility testing
helps to check whether your software works properly with
different operating systems, browsers, applications,
• network environments, and mobile devices.
• IV. Verify your license: Verify your license before
upgrading. Check that you have the correct license for the
software you're upgrading to.
• V. Test the upgrade: Test the upgrade in a non-production
environment or on a separate system before installing it
on your live system.
• VI Prepare recovery plans: Prepare recovery plans in
case something goes wrong.
• VII. Inform users: Inform users about the reasons,
benefits, and impacts of the software update or upgrade,
as well as the timeline, expectations, and instructions.
• VIII. Document and train: Document the upgrade and
provide training.
• IX. Check the vendor's website: Some software may have
specific update procedures, so check the vendor's
website or documentation.