1

F.D. (MUBIN) Institute of Engineering

and Technology

Lab Manual
Diploma Semester:- VI
Subject:- Computer Maintenance and
Troubleshooting

(3350701)

NAME:
BRANCH:
ENROLLMENT NO.:
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr./Ms.
Enrollment No. Semester

Branch has satisfactorily completed his/her

term work in Course of “Computer Maintenance and
Troubleshooting” with subject code 3350701 for the academic term
2023-2024

Staff In-charge Date of Submission Head Of Department

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INDEX
Sr Aim Page sign
no. No.
1. Identify basic parts/components of a Personal
computer and laptop Prepare a Chart of your
observation.
2. Observe various types of ports and its connecting
devices of front & back side of the PC.

3. Explore major components of motherboard including

north bridge, south bridge, co- processor, chipset etc.

4. Test power supply (SMPS) and identify different

connectors with various voltage
levels.
5. Study the architecture of Multi Core
processors.
6. Elaborate BIOS settings in detailed.
7. Demonstrate physical structure of Hard disk
8. Demonstrate Logical structure of Hard disk.
9. Illustrate formatting and partitioning of Hard disk.

10. Classify various types of secondary storage devices.

11. Test and troubleshoot working of Laser printer.

12. Experiment various troubleshooting

strategies.
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Practical 1

AIM : What are basic components of computer hardware

There are several basic components of computer hardware including:

1. Central processing unit (CPU)

The CPU controls the computer processes and communicates with the other
components of a personal computer. A computer's CPU may be one of the most
complicated parts of the computer because of its intricacies. If a computer is
experiencing CPU issues, a computer technician may start by checking the fan and
cleaning out any dust or debris inside the machine. Another step a computer technician
may complete is verifying that power supply cables work. A CPU will not function
properly unless it receives a signal from the power supply.

2. Motherboard
The motherboard provides the structure for all other components and connects them,
while also providing a way to distribute power, deliver information and connect to
devices such as a printer or mouse. It controls how data transfers and what type of
monitor or screen device to use, for example. It houses the CPU, memory and secondary
storage devices such as hard drives.The first thing that a computer technician may do
to troubleshoot any motherboard issues is to take the PC apart and inspect all the
connections for corrosion. They may also check the power supply and make sure the
computer is receiving electricity.

3. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is where data lives temporarily while it's being actively used by programs, such
as when a user launches a computer application. A technician may know how to identify
the type of RAM in a computer, how to replace it if it's defective and how to diagnose
problems with copying data from one location in memory to another.A technician
should have knowledge about the different RAMs that are available and they may also
know what types of errors might affect a computer's RAM operation. A technician may
backup all computer files before fixing RAM to avoid losing critical programs and
documents.

4. Video graphics array port

A video graphics array (VGA) port is a video input that is primarily used on PC
monitors. Troubleshooting a VGA port could include verifying there isn't a loose
connection, faulty cable or a broken monitor. Another task a computer technician may
do is use compressed air to spray inside the VGA port to ensure it's free of dust.

5. Power supply
A power supply provides electricity to all components of a computer system. Typically,
it's a power cord connected from the back of a PC tower into an electricity socket. A
technician may troubleshoot the power supply by turning off the computer, unplugging
and detaching the power supply cord or trying a new cord or outlet.
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6. Cooling fan
Cooling fans are a computer's system to decrease overheating. Many computers have
more than one cooling fan to help users who run their computer heavily, such as video
streaming or gaming. A computer technician may need to fix a computer's cooling fan
if a user notices their computer overheating. They may check for any damage to the
blades and make sure that they are free from debris. Replacing computer fans can be a
common troubleshooting solution for a technician.

7. Hard drive
Hard drives are data storage devices used to store files, programs or other information
on a computer system. They use magnetically coated discs called hard disks that store
digital representations of information. If a hard drive fails, a computer technician may
suspect a corrupt hard drive. They may use data recovery software to repair the
computer or may replace the hard drive.

8. Monitor
A computer monitor is an electronic device that displays what's what programs are
running on your computer so a user can see. Some computer technicians may wear anti-
static gloves when handling computer monitors to avoid static electricity. They may
also troubleshoot monitor issues by disconnecting it from the computer and trying a
new power cord.

9. Printer
This is a machine that produces copies of text or images on paper using ink. Popular
printers include laser or inkjet and computer technicians may be skilled in
troubleshooting issues across multiple brands and varieties. Computer technicians may
service printers including verifying power is running to the machine. They may also
check to see if the paper tray is full and ready for printing. Technicians might replace
or refill any ink cartridges and toner.If the physical printer components are operating
efficiently but the machine still isn't working, a technician will then
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troubleshoot software malfunctions that may occur in the communication between the
computer and the printer. This requires more expertise to fix since it involves how the
systems interact with each other rather than physical component failures on the printer
itself.

10. Scanner
A scanner is a device that digitally copies an image or and makes it available as a file
for access on a computer. If a scanner malfunctions, a computer technician may remove
the cover and carefully check if it has any damage. If there are no visible issues, then
they may check the power connection cable. Similar to a printer, there is computer
software that connects the scanner to the computer, so a technician will also verify that
the software is communicating to the scanner.

11. Computer mouse

A computer mouse can have a wire or is wireless and is an input device used to control
a cursor on the computer monitor. A wired computer mouse has a cord that connects to
a USB port on a computer while a wireless mouse has no physical connection with a
computer system. Instead, a wireless mouse communicates using an adapter that is
usually plugged into an available USB port and runs off its own batteries using
Bluetooth technology.Computer technicians may troubleshoot computer mouse issues
by ensuring it's connected properly if it has a wire. If the mouse is wireless, a technician
can look to see if they need batteries and that the wireless connection is working.
Computer technicians can clean both wired and wireless with cloths to ensure there is
no dust or debris on the sensor on the bottom of a mouse. If there is, the mouse may not
operate correctly.
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Practical 2

AIM : Ports and Connecting Devices: Front & Back of a PC.

Understanding the different ports and their corresponding devices is crucial for
computer maintenance and troubleshooting. Here's a breakdown of common ports and
their typical connections:

 Front Panel:

 USB Type-A: Connects to various peripherals like external drives, keyboards,

mice, printers, etc.
 USB Type-C: Newer, versatile port for data transfer, power delivery, and video
output (with adapters).
 Headphone Jack (3.5mm): Connects headphones, headsets, and microphones.
 Microphone Jack (3.5mm): Dedicated microphone input for clear audio
recording.
 Memory Card Reader: Reads data from memory cards used in cameras, drones,
etc.

 Back Panel:

 Power Supply Unit (PSU) Input: Connects the power cord to provide electricity
to the PC.
 Motherboard: Contains various ports depending on the specific model:
 USB Type-A & Type-C: Similar to front panel, but often more ports
available.
 HDMI & DisplayPort: Video output ports for connecting monitors,
projectors, TVs.
 Ethernet Port (RJ-45): Connects to a wired network for internet
access.
 Audio Jacks (3.5mm): Line-in, line-out, and microphone for external
audio devices.
 PS/2 Ports: Older ports for keyboards and mice (less common now).
 VGA Port: Older analog video output (becoming obsolete).
 Optical Audio (S/PDIF): For digital audio connection to sound
systems.
 Additional Ports: Some motherboards may have specialized ports for
specific purposes (e.g., Thunderbolt, FireWire).
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 Practical Uses in Troubleshooting:

 Identifying Device Issues: When a device isn't working, try connecting it to a

different port of the same type. If it works, the original port might be faulty.
 Connecting Different Devices: Knowing the specific ports allows you to
connect various devices for different purposes (e.g., external monitor,
microphone for recording).
 Upgrading Components: Ports help determine compatible external
components like graphics cards, external hard drives, or sound cards.
 Diagnosing Network Issues: Checking the Ethernet port connection and
activity lights can help troubleshoot network connectivity problems.
 Sound Troubleshooting: Using the correct audio jacks is crucial for proper
sound input and output.

Additional Tips:
 Consult your PC's manual for specific port details and functionalities.
 Invest in adapters to connect different devices (e.g., USB-C to HDMI).
 Keep ports clean and dust-free for optimal performance.
 Label your cables for easy identification and organization.

By understanding these ports and their connections, you can effectively troubleshoot
common PC issues and optimize your hardware usage.
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Practical 3

AIM : Explore major components of motherboard including north

bridge, south bridge, co-processor, chipset etc.

Certainly! Understanding the major components of a motherboard is crucial for

computer maintenance and troubleshooting. Here are some key components:

1. North Bridge:
The North Bridge is responsible for handling high-speed communication between the
CPU, RAM (memory), and the graphics card (if integrated).
It manages the data flow between the CPU and the memory controller, ensuring
efficient data transfer.

2. South Bridge:
The South Bridge is another important component that handles communication
between the slower peripheral devices, such as USB ports, SATA connectors (for hard
drives and SSDs), and PCI slots.
It also manages tasks like audio and networking functions.

3. CPU Socket:
This is the physical connector on the motherboard where the central processing unit
(CPU) is installed.
Different CPUs have different socket types, so it's important to ensure compatibility
when upgrading or replacing a CPU.

4. Memory Slots:
These are where the RAM modules are inserted. The motherboard's memory
controller, often part of the North Bridge or integrated into the CPU, communicates
with the RAM through these slots.

5. Expansion Slots (PCI, PCIe):

These slots allow you to connect additional components like graphics cards, sound
cards, or network cards to the motherboard.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) and PCIe (PCI Express) are common slot
types.

6. BIOS/UEFI Firmware:
- The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
(UEFI) is firmware that initializes hardware components during the boot process. It
also provides a basic interface for configuring system settings.

7. CMOS Battery:
- This small battery powers the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
memory, which stores the system's BIOS/UEFI settings. If the battery fails, the
system may lose its configuration settings.
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8. Chipset:
- The chipset is a set of integrated circuits that manage communication between the
CPU, memory, peripherals, and other components on the motherboard.
- It includes the North Bridge and South Bridge, among other supporting components.

9. Co-processor (Optional):
- Some motherboards may have a co-processor or additional processing units to assist
the main CPU in specific tasks, such as graphics processing or encryption.
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Practical 4

AIM : Test power supply (SMPS) and identify different connectors

with various voltage levels.

Testing a power supply (SMPS - Switched Mode Power Supply) is an important step
in computer maintenance and troubleshooting. Here's a guide on how to test a power
supply and identify different connectors with various voltage levels:

Testing the Power Supply:

1. Power Supply Tester:

 Use a power supply tester. These are inexpensive tools designed specifically for
testing power supplies.
 Plug the 24-pin motherboard connector and the 4/8-pin CPU connector from the
power supply into the tester.
 The tester will display the voltage levels for each rail (e.g., +12V, +5V, +3.3V),
indicating whether they fall within acceptable ranges.

2. Multimeter Method:
 If you don't have a power supply tester, you can use a multimeter to measure
voltage.
 Turn off the power supply, unplug it, and disconnect all components.
 Set the multimeter to the DC voltage setting and touch the black probe to a
ground (black) wire and the red probe to each colored wire one at a time.

 Common Voltage Levels:

 Yellow (12V):** Should read around 12 volts.
 Red (5V):** Should read around 5 volts.
 Orange (3.3V):** Should read around 3.3 volts.
 Blue (-12V):** Should read around -12 volts (usually not critical for modern
systems).

3. Paperclip Test (Caution: Advanced):

 This method involves using a paperclip to short the green wire (PS_ON) to any
black wire (COM) on the 24-pin motherboard connector.
 This turns on the power supply. Use a multimeter to measure the voltages on
different rails.
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 Identifying Connectors and Voltage Levels:

1. 24-Pin ATX Connector:

Main motherboard power connector. Provides +3.3V, +5V, +12V, and
other voltages.

2. 4/8-Pin CPU Power Connector:

Powers the CPU. Supplies +12V.

3. SATA Power Connector:

Powers SATA drives. Provides +3.3V, +5V, and +12V.

4. Molex (4-Pin) Connector:

Powers older components like IDE drives. Supplies +5V and +12V.

5. PCI Express (PCIe) Power Connectors:

Powers graphics cards. Typically provides +12V.

6. Floppy Power Connector (4-Pin):

Older connector for floppy drives. Supplies +5V.

7. Peripheral Connectors:
Various connectors for peripherals. Check the power supply's label for
voltage details.

8. 12V Rails:
- Some power supplies have multiple +12V rails. Check the label for
amperage distribution.

9. Ground (COM) Wires:

- Black wires are ground wires. Always reference measurements against
these.
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Practical 5
AIM : Study the architecture of Multi Core processors.

Understanding the architecture of multi-core processors is essential for computer

maintenance and troubleshooting, as it helps in diagnosing performance issues,
optimizing software, and selecting appropriate hardware upgrades. Here's an overview
of the architecture of multi-core processors:

1. Basic Architecture:
A multi-core processor consists of multiple processing units (cores) integrated into a
single chip. Each core functions as an independent central processing unit capable of
executing instructions.

2. Shared Resources:
Cores within a multi-core processor often share certain resources like the cache
memory and memory controller. This sharing of resources is designed to improve
efficiency and reduce redundancy.

3. Cache Memory:
Multi-core processors typically have multiple levels of cache, including L1, L2, and
sometimes L3 caches. These caches are shared among the cores to store frequently
accessed data and instructions, reducing the need to access slower main memory.

4. Memory Controller:
The memory controller manages communication between the processor and the
system's RAM (Random Access Memory). In a multi-core processor, the memory
controller may be shared among the cores or integrated into each core.

5. Interconnects:
Cores in a multi-core processor communicate with each other through interconnects.
These interconnects facilitate the exchange of data and coordination between cores.
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6. Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP):

In symmetric multi-processing, each core in the processor has equal access to the
system's resources, and tasks can be distributed across the cores for parallel
processing.

7. Task Scheduling:
Operating systems must efficiently schedule tasks to run on multiple cores. Modern
operating systems use techniques like thread-level parallelism and task scheduling
algorithms to optimize workload distribution among the cores.

8. Hyper-Threading (SMT):
Some multi-core processors support hyper-threading, where each physical core can
execute multiple threads simultaneously. This allows for better utilization of resources
and improved overall performance.

9. Power Management:
Multi-core processors often feature power management capabilities to adjust the
power consumption based on the workload. Cores can be dynamically turned on or off,
and clock frequencies can be adjusted to balance performance and energy efficiency.

10. NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access):

In systems with multiple sockets or processor packages, NUMA architecture is
employed. It introduces variations in memory access times based on the physical
location of memory relative to each core.
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Practicle : 6
AIM : Elaborate BIOS settings in detailed.

The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

(UEFI) is firmware embedded in the motherboard that initializes and controls the
computer's hardware during the boot process. Accessing and understanding the
BIOS/UEFI settings is essential for computer maintenance and troubleshooting.
Below, I'll elaborate on common BIOS settings you may encounter:

1. Boot Order:
- Allows you to specify the order in which the computer searches for bootable devices.
This is crucial for troubleshooting boot issues or when installing an operating system.

2. Time and Date Settings:

Sets the system clock and calendar. It's important to keep accurate time for file
timestamps and system synchronization.

3. Password and Security Settings:

Enables you to set a password to restrict access to the BIOS. Some systems may also
have options for enabling secure boot or configuring trusted computing.

4. CPU Configuration:
Allows you to configure settings related to the central processing unit (CPU), such as
clock speed, hyperthreading, or virtualization support. Overclocking options may also
be available.

5. Memory (RAM) Settings:

Configures parameters related to system memory, including frequency, timings, and
voltage. Incorrect memory settings can lead to stability issues.

6. Integrated Peripherals:
Manages onboard components like USB controllers, SATA controllers, audio, and
networking. You can disable or enable specific peripherals depending on your system
configuration.

7. Power Management:
Configures power-related settings, such as standby or sleep modes, and may include
options like Wake-on-LAN.

6. Advanced Settings:
Offers various advanced configuration options. This can include settings for advanced
CPU features, chipset features, and more.

7. UEFI/BIOS Update:
Allows you to update the firmware to the latest version, providing bug fixes, security
patches, and sometimes new features. Ensure careful consideration and follow
manufacturer instructions when updating firmware.
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8. Boot Mode (UEFI/Legacy):

Specifies the boot mode as either UEFI or Legacy (BIOS). UEFI is the modern
replacement for BIOS, providing enhanced features like faster boot times, secure boot,
and support for large drives.

9. Fan Control:
Adjusts the fan speed control for the CPU or system fans. Useful for managing system
temperature and noise levels.

10. Hardware Monitoring:

Monitors temperatures, voltages, and fan speeds. This can help identify hardware
issues or potential failures.

11. Restore Defaults:

Resets all settings to their default values. Useful when troubleshooting to eliminate
potential misconfigurations.
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Practicle : 7

AIM : Demonstrate physical structure of Hard disk.

1. Platters:
Hard disks consist of several magnetic platters stacked on a spindle. These platters are
made of glass or aluminum and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic material.

2. Read/Write Heads:
Each platter has a read/write head attached to an actuator arm. The heads float just
above the surface of the platters and move rapidly to read or write data.

3. Actuator Arm:
The actuator arm is responsible for positioning the read/write heads over the correct
track on the spinning platters. It moves the heads quickly and precisely to access
different parts of the disk.

4. Spindle Motor:
The spindle motor spins the platters at a constant speed, typically measured in
revolutions per minute (RPM). Common speeds include 5400 RPM and 7200 RPM.

5. Controller Board (PCB):

The PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is mounted on the bottom of the hard drive and
houses the controller electronics. It manages the drive's functions, such as interpreting
data requests, controlling the motor, and managing data flow.
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6. Cache (Buffer):
Hard drives often include a small amount of cache memory (buffer) on the PCB. This
buffer temporarily stores frequently accessed data to improve read and write speeds.

7. Connectors:
The hard drive has connectors for power and data. The power connector typically uses
a standard SATA power cable, while the data connection is done through a SATA or
older PATA (Parallel ATA) interface.

8. Jumper Block (Optional):

Some hard drives have a jumper block on the PCB that allows you to set jumpers for
configuring the drive's settings, such as master/slave settings in PATA drives (though
this is less common in modern drives).

9. Sealed Enclosure:
The entire hard disk assembly is enclosed in a sealed casing to protect it from dust and
other contaminants. Some modern drives also have additional measures like helium-
filled enclosures for improved performance.

 Practical Maintenance and Troubleshooting:

 Check Power and Data Cables: Ensure that power and data cables are securely
connected. Faulty cables can lead to connection issues.
 Listen for Unusual Sounds:Unusual clicking or grinding sounds may indicate
mechanical failure. If detected, it's crucial to back up data immediately and
consider replacing the drive.
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 Run Diagnostic Software: Various diagnostic tools are available to check the
health and performance of hard drives. These tools can identify bad sectors,
assess overall health, and provide valuable information for troubleshooting.

 Monitor Temperature: Overheating can lead to hard drive failure. Ensure

proper ventilation and cooling to prevent overheating issues.

 Firmware Updates: Check for firmware updates for your hard drive model.
Sometimes, firmware updates can address known issues and improve overall
performance.

 Understanding the physical structure of a hard disk drive can assist in diagnosing
issues and implementing preventive measures to ensure the longevity and
reliability of the storage device.
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Practicle 8

AIM : Demonstrate Logical structure of Hard disk.

The logical structure of a hard disk involves how the data is organized and stored on
the disk. Let's break down the key components of the logical structure:

1. File System:
A file system is a method used by operating systems to organize and store files on a
storage device. Common file systems include NTFS (New Technology File System)
for Windows, FAT32 (File Allocation Table) for compatibility with older systems,
and exFAT for compatibility across various platforms.

2. Partitions:
A hard disk can be divided into partitions, each of which is treated as a separate
logical drive. Each partition typically has its own file system and can be formatted
independently.

3. Boot Sector:
The boot sector is a crucial part of a hard disk that contains information needed to
boot the operating system. It includes the Master Boot Record (MBR) or GUID
Partition Table (GPT), depending on the partitioning scheme.

4. Master Boot Record (MBR) or GUID Partition Table (GPT):

The MBR or GPT is a record located in the boot sector that describes how the disk is
partitioned. MBR is an older standard, while GPT is a more modern and flexible
partitioning scheme that supports larger drives and offers better data integrity features.

5. Directories and File Allocation Table (FAT):

In file systems like FAT and exFAT, directories (folders) are used to organize files.
The File Allocation Table keeps track of the cluster addresses where files are stored
on the disk.

6. Inodes and Block Allocation:

In file systems like NTFS used by Windows, there are structures called Master File
Table (MFT) entries or inodes that store metadata about files. The file system
allocates blocks or clusters to store the actual data of the files.

7. Clusters:
The disk space is divided into clusters, which are the smallest units of allocation for
storing data. The file system allocates entire clusters even if a file does not fully
utilize the space, leading to potential fragmentation.
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 Practical Maintenance and Troubleshooting:

 File System Check:

Run a file system check utility (such as `chkdsk` on Windows or `fsck` on
Unix/Linux) to identify and fix file system errors. This is crucial for maintaining data
integrity.

 Partition Management:
Use disk management tools to create, resize, or delete partitions as needed. Be
cautious when manipulating partitions to avoid data loss.

 Backup and Restore:

Regularly backup important data to prevent loss in case of logical or physical failure.
Familiarize yourself with data recovery tools to restore lost data in case of accidental
deletion or file system corruption.

 Disk Cleanup:
Perform disk cleanup to free up space on the drive by removing unnecessary files.
This can help improve system performance.

 Defragmentation:
In some file systems, especially older ones like FAT32, defragmentation can be
beneficial to rearrange fragmented files and improve disk performance.

Understanding the logical structure of a hard disk is crucial for maintaining and
troubleshooting issues related to data organization, file systems, and storage
management. Regular monitoring, maintenance, and adherence to best practices
contribute to a more reliable and efficient storage system.
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Practicle 9

AIM : Illustrate formatting and partitioning of Hard disk.

Formatting and partitioning a hard disk are essential steps in preparing a storage
device for use. Please note that these processes will result in the loss of any existing
data on the hard disk, so it's crucial to back up important information before
proceeding.

 llustration: Formatting and Partitioning a Hard Disk on

Windows

Step 1: Backup Your Data

Before starting the formatting and partitioning process, make sure to back up
any important data on the hard disk.

Step 2: Access Disk Management

1. Press `Win + X` and select "Disk Management" from the menu.


2. In Disk Management, locate your hard disk.


Step 3: Delete Existing Partitions (Optional)

If there are existing partitions on the hard disk and you want to start fresh, you
can delete them.
 23

1. Right-click on each partition and select "Delete Volume."


Step 4: Create a New Partition

1. Right-click on the unallocated space and select "New Simple

Volume."

2. Follow the wizard to set the size, assign a drive letter, and choose the
file system (usually NTFS for Windows).

Step 5: Format the Partition

1. After creating the partition, right-click on the new volume and select
"Format."

2. Set the file system, allocation unit size, and volume label. Quick
Format is usually sufficient for most cases.

3. Click "Finish" to complete the formatting process.

Step 6: Verify the New Partition

After the process is complete, you should see your newly formatted and
partitioned hard disk in File Explorer.
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 llustration: Formatting and Partitioning a Hard Disk on Linux

(using GParted)

Step 1: Backup Your Data

As mentioned earlier, it's crucial to back up any important data before

proceeding.

Step 2: Install GParted (if not installed)

Use your Linux distribution's package manager to install GParted if it's not
already installed.

```bash sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install gparted # For Debian/Ubuntu```

Step 3: Open GParted

1. Open GParted from the application menu.


2. Select your hard disk from the upper-right drop-down menu.

 25

Step 4: Delete Existing Partitions (Optional)

If there are existing partitions, right-click on each partition and select "Delete."

Step 5: Create a New Partition

1. Right-click on the unallocated space and select "New."


2. Set the file system, label, and other options. Click "Add" to create the
partition.

Step 6: Apply Changes

Click the "Apply" button to apply the changes.


Step 7: Verify the New Partition

After GParted finishes applying changes, you can close the application, and
your newly formatted and partitioned hard disk should be ready for use.

These steps illustrate the general process of formatting and partitioning a hard
disk on Windows and Linux using built-in tools. Keep in mind that the specific
steps may vary slightly based on your operating system version and the tools
available. Always exercise caution during these processes to avoid unintended
data loss.
 26

Practicle 10

AIM : Classify various types of secondary storage devices.

Secondary storage devices are crucial components for storing data on computers and
other electronic devices. They come in various types, each with its own technology,
advantages, and use cases. Here's a classification of some common secondary storage
devices based on technology:

1. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):

 Technology: HDDs use magnetic storage technology. They consist of
spinning platters coated with a magnetic material, and data is read and
written by magnetic heads.
 Advantages: High storage capacity, relatively low cost per gigabyte.
 Use Cases: Mainly used for general-purpose storage in desktops, laptops,
servers, and external drives.

2. Solid State Drives (SSDs):

 Technology: SSDs use NAND-based flash memory to store data. There are
no moving parts, and data is stored electronically.
 Advantages: Faster read/write speeds, lower power consumption, durability,
and resistance to physical shocks.
 Use Cases: Increasingly used as primary storage in laptops, desktops, and
servers due to their speed and reliability. Also used in portable devices like
smartphones and tablets.

3. External Hard Drives:

 Technology: External hard drives can use either HDD or SSD technology,
depending on the specific model.
 Advantages: Portable, additional storage for backups or data transfer
between devices.
 27

 Use Cases: Backup solutions, expanding storage capacity for laptops and
desktops, data transfer between computers.

4. USB Flash Drives:

 Technology: USB flash drives use NAND-based flash memory similar to
SSDs.
 Advantages: Portable, durable, and convenient for data transfer. No moving
parts.
 Use Cases: Data transfer, portable storage, bootable devices for operating
system installations.

5. CDs/DVDs/Blu-ray Discs:
 Technology: Optical storage technology. CDs use a laser to read pits and
lands, DVDs use smaller pits and lands, and Blu-ray discs use a shorter
wavelength laser for higher storage capacity.
 Advantages: Read-only or rewritable, low cost.
 Use Cases: Distribution of software, music, movies, and archival purposes.

6. Memory Cards:
 Technology: Memory cards use NAND flash memory.
 Advantages: Compact and portable storage for cameras, smartphones, and
other portable devices.
 Use Cases: Storage for digital cameras, smartphones, and other portable
electronic devices.

7. Network Attached Storage (NAS):

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 Technology: NAS systems can use various storage technologies, including

HDDs and SSDs. They are connected to a network and provide centralized
storage accessible by multiple devices.
 Advantages: Shared storage for multiple devices, often with RAID
configurations for data redundancy.
 Use Cases: Shared storage for homes and small businesses, media streaming,
data backup.

8. Cloud Storage:
 Technology: Cloud storage relies on remote servers accessed through the
internet to store and manage data.
 Advantages: Accessibility from anywhere with an internet connection,
automatic backups, scalability.
 Use Cases: Data backup, file synchronization, collaboration, and sharing.

Understanding the characteristics and applications of different secondary storage

devices is essential for computer maintenance and troubleshooting. It allows for
informed decisions when selecting storage solutions based on the specific needs of a
user or organization.
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Practicle 11

AIM : Test and troubleshoot working of Laser printer

Testing and troubleshooting a laser printer involves a series of steps to identify and
address common issues. Here's a practical guide for testing and troubleshooting a
laser printer:

1. Check Power and Connections:

Ensure the printer is properly connected to the power source.
Verify all cables, including power and data cables (USB or network cables), are
securely connected.
Confirm that the power outlet is functioning.

2. Printer Status and Error Messages:

Check the printer's display panel for any error messages or status indicators.
Refer to the printer's manual to interpret error codes and messages.

3. Paper and Toner:

Verify that there is an adequate supply of paper in the paper tray.
Ensure the toner cartridge has sufficient toner. Replace the toner cartridge if necessary.

4. Print Queue and Jobs:

Check the print queue on the computer for any pending or stuck print jobs.
Cancel any stuck print jobs and try printing a new document.

5. Drivers and Software:

Ensure the correct printer drivers are installed on the computer.
Check for and install any available updates for the printer drivers.

6. Printer Settings:
Verify the printer settings, including paper size, orientation, and print quality.
Reset the printer to default settings if needed.

7. Print a Test Page:

Print a test page directly from the printer's control panel. Refer to the printer manual
for instructions on how to do this.

8. Cleaning:
Clean the printer's rollers and paper path to remove any dust or debris that may affect
print quality.
Consult the printer manual for specific cleaning instructions.

9. Inspect Consumables:
Check for any issues with consumables such as the toner cartridge, imaging drum, or
fuser unit.
Replace consumables that are near the end of their life.
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10. Check for Paper Jams:

Inspect the printer for any paper jams. Open all access doors and remove any stuck
paper carefully.
Follow the printer manual for guidance on clearing paper jams.

11. Firmware Updates:

Check if there are any firmware updates available for the printer.
Update the printer firmware following the manufacturer's instructions.

12. Network Connection (if applicable):

If the printer is on a network, ensure it is properly connected and has a valid IP
address.
Ping the printer from the computer to check the network connection.

13. Diagnostic Tools:

Use manufacturer-provided diagnostic tools to identify and troubleshoot specific
issues.
Refer to the printer manual for information on available diagnostic tools.

14. Service Manual:

Consult the printer's service manual for advanced troubleshooting steps and
component-level diagnostics.
Be cautious with component-level troubleshooting to avoid voiding warranties.

15. Professional Assistance:

If the issue persists, consider seeking assistance from the printer manufacturer's
customer support or a qualified service technician.

Remember to follow safety guidelines, such as turning off the printer and
unplugging it before performing any maintenance or troubleshooting tasks. If
you are unsure about any specific steps, refer to the printer's manual or seek
professional assistance.
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Practicle 12

AIM : Experiment various troubleshooting strategies.

Certainly! Troubleshooting computer issues involves a systematic approach to

identify and resolve problems. Here are various troubleshooting strategies you can
experiment with in practical computer maintenance:

1. Define the Problem:

Clearly define and understand the problem. Gather information about symptoms, error
messages, and recent changes to the system.

2. Check Physical Connections:

Ensure all cables (power, data, peripherals) are securely connected.
Check for loose connections, damaged cables, or faulty hardware.

3. Reboot the System:

A simple reboot can resolve many software-related issues.
Power cycle the computer and peripherals to refresh system state.

4. Check for Software Updates:

Ensure the operating system and software applications are up-to-date.
Install available updates, patches, and drivers.

5. Review Event Logs:

Check system logs for error messages or warnings.
Use the Event Viewer (Windows) or syslog (Linux) to identify potential issues.

6. Run Diagnostic Tools:

Use built-in diagnostic tools, such as Windows Memory Diagnostic or Disk Utility on
macOS, to test hardware components.

7. Isolate Hardware vs. Software:

Determine if the issue is hardware-related or software-related.
Test hardware components on another system if possible.

8. Check for Malware:

Run antivirus and anti-malware scans to detect and remove malicious software.

9. Review Recent Changes:

Identify any recent changes or installations that might have triggered the issue.
Roll back recent updates or installations if necessary.

10. Check for Resource Issues:

Monitor system resources (CPU, RAM, disk space) using task managers or system
monitors.
Identify and address resource-hungry processes.

11. Safe Mode or Diagnostic Mode:

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Boot the system into Safe Mode (Windows) or diagnostic mode (macOS) to isolate
issues.
Determine if the problem persists in a minimal operating environment.

12. Check for Overheating:

Monitor system temperatures using hardware monitoring tools.
Ensure proper cooling and ventilation to prevent overheating.

13. Test with Known Good Components:

Swap suspect components (RAM, power supply, cables) with known good ones to
identify faulty hardware.

14. System Restore or Rollback:

Use system restore points (Windows) or Time Machine (macOS) to revert the system
to a previous stable state.

15. Check Disk Integrity:

Run disk-checking tools like `chkdsk` (Windows) or `fsck` (Linux/macOS) to identify
and fix file system errors.

16. Review Network Configuration:

Check network settings and connections if the issue involves connectivity.
Reset routers or switches if necessary.

17. Update or Rollback Drivers:

Update or rollback device drivers, especially if the issue involves specific hardware.
Use Device Manager (Windows) or system preferences (macOS).

18. Verify Power Supply:

Check the power supply for stability and correct voltage.
Use a known good power supply if available.

19. Check BIOS/UEFI Settings:

Review BIOS/UEFI settings for any misconfigurations.
Reset to default settings if needed.

20. Consult Online Resources:

Search online forums, knowledge bases, or community support for similar issues and
solutions.

Remember, troubleshooting may involve a combination of these strategies, and it's

essential to be patient and methodical. Document your steps and observations, as this
information can be valuable when seeking help or escalating the issue to professionals.
Always prioritize safety and take precautions, especially when dealing with hardware
components.