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Pavlov's Experiment

Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning demonstrated how a neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, can elicit a conditioned response. The experiment involved dogs salivating at the sound of a bell after it was repeatedly associated with food. Key concepts include unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR), with factors like timing and intensity influencing the conditioning process.

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8 views15 pages

Pavlov's Experiment

Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning demonstrated how a neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, can elicit a conditioned response. The experiment involved dogs salivating at the sound of a bell after it was repeatedly associated with food. Key concepts include unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR), with factors like timing and intensity influencing the conditioning process.

Uploaded by

nabihasiddiqui1214
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Conditioning introduction
▪ Conditioning in behavioral psychology is a theory that the reaction
("response") to an object or event ("stimulus") by a person or animal
can be modified by 'learning', or conditioning.

▪ Stimulus-response (S-R) theories are central to the principles of


conditioning. They are based on the assumption that human behavior
is learned.
..

• Stimulus: A thing or STIMULUS


RESPONSE
event that evokes a specific
reaction in an organ. PROVIDED BY BY LEARNING
INSTRUCTOR
LEARNING IS
BEHAVIOR CHANGE

• Response: A reaction, as
that of an organism or a
mechanism, to a specific REINFORCEMET

stimulus. PROVIDED BY
INSTRUCTOR
WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ?

Proposed by : Dr . Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a famous


Russian physiologist . He had won Nobel prize for this
discovery.

Other name of classical conditioning : Respondent


conditioning .

Definition :”learning that takes place when a


conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditional
stimulus .”
How Pavlov Discovered CC ?

Actually Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dog . During his
studies he noticed that his dogs, started secreting saliva as soon as they
saw empty plate in which food was served .

Ideally, plate is not a stimuli that is sufficient to activate hunger drive and
secrete saliva. So he designed the experiment to see if other neutral stimuli
can also do the same job.
THE EXPERIMENT
• SETUP : Dog is kept hungry on experimental table fitted with
mechanically controlled devices observer is hidden from the dog but
he can see the dog through mirrors.

• PROCEDURE :
1.Bell sound 🡪 food is produced.
2.Dog🡪 sees food 🡪 Salivates
3.Step one is repeated several times.
4.Bell sound 🡪 Dog Salivates.
What actually happened during the experiment ??
Pavlov’s dog the experiment that revolutionized psychology
Concept of US,UR,CS,CR
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US): produces response without prior
learning (eg . Food)
• Unconditioned Response(UR): the response to US. This is not due to
learning .(eg : salivation on seeing food ).
• Conditioned stimulus (CS): it is that stimulus which was previously
neutral. It produces response after learning /classical conditioning
has occurred. (eg. Sound of bell).
• Conditioned Response (CR): the response to CS. This is due to learning
.(eg: salivation on hearing bell).
Determinants of Classical Conditioning
1.Time Relations between stimuli:
a) Simultaneous conditioning
b) Delayed conditioning they are also known as forward conditioning .
c) Trace conditioning
d) Backward conditioning

2.Type of unconditioned stmuli:


a) Appetitive
b) Aversive

3. Intensity of conditioned stimuli


Time relations between stimuli
a) Simultaneous conditioning : US and CS are presented and
terminated together .

b) Delayed conditioning : CS is presented , leave it for a while present


US and terminate CS and US together . This is most effective way .

c) Trace conditioning : CS begins and ends before US is presented .

d) Backward conditioning : CS is presented after US is terminated .


Note
•Delayed condition is found to be
most effective way of producing a
strong conditioned response .
Type of Unconditioned Stimuli:
a) Appetitive US automatically elicits approach responses , such as eating
,drinking , caressing etc. These responses give satisfaction and pleasure.

b) Aversive US such as noise, bitter taste , electric shock , painful injections


,etc. are painful ,harmful and elicit avoidance and escape responses .

Appetitive classical conditioning is slower and requires greater number of


acquisition trials , but aversive classical conditioning is established in one ,
two or three trials depending on the intensity of the aversive US.
Intensity of Conditioned Stimuli :
•This influences the course of both appetitive and
aversive classical conditioning .

•More intense CS are more effective in accelerating the


acquisition of CR.

•The more intense the CS, the fewer are the number of
acquisition trials needed for conditioning .
THANK YOU FOR
PATIENTLY LISTENING
TO ME

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