Thermal Properties of matter

sensible Heat Latent Heat

· Heatthat causes a
change · Heatthat does not bring a

in
temperative
of a substance.
change in
of
temperative
-> Heat absorbed or released a substance.

before/after change.
state -> Heatabsorbed or released

during state
change.
Temp -> KE
ofmolecules
inc. inc. Temp -> KE
ofmolecules
const. constant

Heat Capacity Specific latent Heat

* *

*
Specific Heat
capacity ->
fusion (melting)
->
vaporization (boiling)

#1
Example
ball as heatlost
metal heatgainedby
Ahotmetal
of water
man
2009 isata temp ↑ ball water
200
of
under water.
placed
The mass mcAT mcDT
=

high
↓
water is
ofinitial 0.51 and
Tcow)
its temperature ball
metal (Tnign- Tcow) IT -

is 25. Heattransfer 10.21(800) (200 -

T) 10.51(4200)( 5 -25)
=

between bodies occur and T 37.4.2

=

both bodies reach thermal

equilibrium. Determine theirfinal
temperature if
n8 notheat Tmnetal:Twater
transfer,
b) 80% heatlost
heal gained by
a) No heartis lost to surrounding metal ball water
by
b)
if 20% heatis lost
surrounding.
to
008x mcDT meXT
=

I (metal ball =

8005/kg )
0.010.2x800) (200 T) (0.5x4200) (T 25)
-
=
+

ICwate=42005/kg )
T 35.1C
=
Heat c
water
Capacity e.g. 42005/kg.K
=

heat
Amount
of heatneeded
bring
to
1kg needs
water
of 42005
1K
a unit
change in
temperature to
change temperature
its
by
substance.
of a or 102.

c C: heat
capacity power heatand
T if rating of
=

Q:heatenergy time
of operation given, then is

DT:change in
temp.
Q meXT
:
=> ext mcXT
=

e.g. Ti 25)
Q= 10,0005 = 30C
=

#1
Example
c =
10,000 20005/
=

ball
30 -
25 2000
T/ K Ahotmetal
of water

C:J/K
man
2009 isata temp ↑
sIUnit 200
of of placed
·

under water. The mass

It
is a material
-> not
propertythe water is
ofinitial 0.51 and
because
depends
it
upon its temperature ball
metal
substance. 25. Heattransfer
of
mass is
between bodies occur and
move more more both bodies reach thermal
> >
mass heat heat
equilibrium. Determine theirfinal
needed
capacity temperature if Tmnetal:Twater
Q 15
1
n8 notheat transfer,
M, ·
m, needed more a No heartis lost to surrounding
heatto bring the b)
if 20% heatis lost
surrounding.
to

Q 1, .1 (
M2 same IT than
)
E me, hence
I (metal ball 8005/kg
=

Q2 1 11/
m, > M2 ICwate=42005/kg")
0 =
0
AT >XT(. a) heat lost
by metal heat
gained by
water
mCDT
Specific Heat
Capacity mcXT
=

=>

(0.2), 1000) (T -

200) 10.5)(7200) (
= 7 -
25)
Amount
of heartneeded to
bring -37.4*C
unit
a
change in
temperature
in a unit mass
of substance. b) 80% heatlostby heat
metal gained
any
Q Q
c or
mqAT
=
=

mAT 80%X-MCDT = mCDT

specific heat capacity0.010.2x800 (T-200) 0.5x4200 (T-25) x =

x

Q and
make
of sure units in are T 35.1C
=

consistentwith the units

of c.
 KE / vibration latent Heat
I increase
"
" =

needed
,,

Amount heat to
""
of
"
"
change
"

> "

the state substance at

Gap /Separation of
" "
"
a
" "

constant
=

temperature
"

between .

molecules inc .

Heat
✓
specific latent

Temperature depends upon the

kinetic Amount heat needed to
energy of
molecules of change
the state vmt
of
a mass
of at
HEAT > Kit
of +
RE
of substance constant temperature .

molecules molecules
latent Heat Fusion
due to due to
intermolecular
specific of
vibrations
needed
and motion
forces & Amount
of heat to change
separation a unit mass
of
solid to
liquid ,

at its
melting point .

The
of microscopic
sum kinetic
Potential Q mm man
that
and
energy of molecules
I
=

4. ✗
wells
is called Internal Energy
.

latent heat latent

spec -

why temperature stays constant heat of

during state change process
?
fusion
•

Temperature depends on the mean

specific latent Heat
of vaporization
kinetic
energy of molecules
Amount heat needed to
of change
Heat state change a unit to
supplied during is
of liquid gas
•
man
EITHER used to do work
against at its boiling point .

intermolecular forces
OR used to increase the Q lvxm that
potential : → man

d boils
energy of molecules
by separating latent heat latent
them . spec .

heat of
in kinetic
•
There is no
change energy vap .

in
hence no
change temperature .

•
What is
larger Iv or 4- ??
This is the reason
why the What needs more
energy melting ,

heat supplied during state or

boiling )
called Latent Heat
change is
i. e. Hidden Heat .

Boiling needs more

energy
than melting i. e.lv > It

solid liquid Gas

 Ois i
Reason # 1 more work done against rate
of heat gained
e
: - .
☐

intermolecular
forces
due to
from the surrounding depends
ice and
during boiling in of temp diff between
greater increase
surrounding
separation
molecules
between
° Ice melts at 0°C and surrounding
.

25°C DT and
is
always so
Reason # 2 : Work is also done hence Qi will
always be the

against atmospheric same

if the experiment
even

pressure when
gas
was
repeated with a heater
expands .

of different power rating .

Determining P + Ois 4. ✗ Ñ
value
of It Heater # 1
the :
using ,
=
,

electric heater
Heater #2 :
Pz + Q•s =

4. Ñz ✗

1 Heat exchange with surrounding

'→ '→

NOT 1
ignored Pi -
Pz =
Ifni ,
-

4- ima
P, -

Pz =
If 1mi ,
-
Ña )

QH P, -

Pz =
If / Mi -
ma )
99 104 t
t

btw
surrounding
% , 1- 25°C )
☐ Pxt =
4. ✗ Dm

similarly for boiling . .

.

Dpxt = lvxdm

QH -

Qs =
lvxm
melted ice ( m )
mass
of t
Q -

4- ✗ m heat lost to
t QH : heater's heat surrounding
heat
gained by ice
Qs : heat from
surrounding
QH + Qs =
lfxm

(P ✗ t ) + Qs -

4- ✗ m

•
unit
Pxt IN )
¥ 4- ✗
0¥ Qs
+ →
=
m .
.

t t
rate
of heat
P + Q•s =

4. ✗ Ñ gained from
surrounding
→ unit
in )
F-
"

lkgs
=

rate
of melting
 93 of 814
8

3 (a) Define specific latent heat.

Amount to the stati
of
heatneed
change of
...................................................................................................................................................

unitmass substance, atconstant temperature.

of
...................................................................................................................................................
a

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An electrical heater is immersed in some melting ice that is contained in a funnel, as shown in
Fig. 3.1.

heater
melting
ice

water

Fig. 3.1

The heater is switched on and, when the ice is melting at a constant rate, the mass m of
ice melted in 5.0 minutes is noted, together with the power P of the heater. The power P of
the heater is then increased. A new reading for the mass m of ice melted in 5.0 minutes is
recorded when the ice is melting at a constant rate.

Data for the power P and the mass m are shown in Fig. 3.2.
i
power of heater mass m melted in mass m melted
P/ W 5.0 minutes / g per second / g s−1
10
0.26
70 78 300
.................................

110 114 #4 0.58

.................................

Fig. 3.2

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9

(i) Complete Fig. 3.2 to determine the mass melted per second for each power of the heater.
[2]
(ii) Use the data in the completed Fig. 3.2 to determine

1. a value for the specific latent heat of fusion L of ice,

APXt 1x sm =

S cPEEXSM(0.30.0.23)
(110 -

70) 300 4
x
=

(17-10)
27 3335/g
= 1f 33351g
=

330
L = ................................................ J g−1 [3]

2. the rate h of thermal energy gained by the ice from the surroundings.
a Lxm
=

&H 0s 4xm
+
=

P+ + a - my
88 16.7
=

17W.
=

17
h = .................................................... W [2]

© UCLES 2015 9702/41/M/J/15 [Turn over

 96 of 814
8

3 (a) Define specific latent heat.

Amount heat needed to change the state

of of a
...................................................................................................................................................
unit mass constant
of substance at temperature
...................................................................................................................................................
.

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A beaker containing a liquid is placed on a balance, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

liquid
heater

insulation
pan of
balance

Fig. 3.1

A heater of power 110 W is immersed in the liquid. The heater is switched on and, when the
liquid is boiling, balance readings m are taken at corresponding times t.

A graph of the variation with time t of the balance reading m is shown in Fig. 3.2.

380

372
372-345=218
-

360

m/g
345 - •

340

320

300
0 2 4 6 8
, t / min

Fig. 3.2

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 97 of 814
9

(i) State the feature of Fig. 3.2 which suggests that the liquid is boiling at a steady rate.
the
gradient of The
graph is constant
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine a value for the specific latent heat L of vaporisation
of the liquid.
Q = lvxm
Pxt =
Iv ✗ m

110×(4×60) =
4×27
-1000
Iv =
9.78×105

9. 8×105
L = ................................................ J kg–1 [3]
=

(iii) State, with a reason, whether the value determined in (ii) is likely to be an overestimate
or an underestimate of the normally accepted value for the specific latent heat of
vaporisation of the liquid.
Overestimated value as some heat produced by
of
...........................................................................................................................................
lost to the and water
heater is surrounding
...........................................................................................................................................
boiled using less heat
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
.

© UCLES 2015 9702/42/M/J/15 [Turn over

 142 of 814
8

3 (a) During melting, a solid becomes liquid with little or no change in volume.

Use kinetic theory to explain why, during the melting process, thermal energy is required
although there is no change in temperature.

Temperative depends on the average kinetic energy of

...................................................................................................................................................
molecules.
During melting, treatsupplied is used to
...................................................................................................................................................
No heatis
do work
against intermolecular
forces.
...................................................................................................................................................
converted to kinetic
energy
hence no change in Temp
...................................................................................................................................................
ocurs.
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) An aluminium can of mass 160 g contains a mass of 330 g of warm water at a temperature of
38 °C, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
>

heatlost 228755 =

256 <DT L ?
M
=
Lxm ok ice Bloss:again
j- mcT
mcDF+1yxm
+

22875:
·

↑ warm water
---
-
18) ith meltwalk
mcDT aluminium can

Fig. 3.1

A mass of 48 g of ice at –18 °C is taken from a freezer and put in to the water. The ice melts
-
- >
-

and the final temperature of the can and its contents is 23 °C. -
-

T
Data for the specific heat capacity c of aluminium, ice and water are given in Fig. 3.2.

c / J g–1 K–1
-

aluminium 0.910 n
ice 2.10w
water 4.18

Fig. 3.2

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9

Assuming no exchange of thermal energy with the surroundings,

↑

(i) show that the loss in thermal energy of the can and the warm water is 2.3 × 104 J,
heatloss
by can water
by
mc/T + mcXT

(160)(0.910) (23-38)
+

(330) (9.18) (23-38)

-

22875 =
-
2.3x10"5

[2]

(ii) use the information in (i) to calculate a value L for the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
heatlost heat
gained by
ice
=

(- 2.3x10") mCDT
=

(yxm
+
mcsT
+

(48)(4.Y8)(23 0)
=

22875 =

(48)(2.10)(0 -

(18)) +

4 x 48 +

·
23.2 4 342.651g
=

m
water 48g
=

*
c 4.18
=

j8C 340
L = .................................................. J g–1 [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/M/J/18 [Turn over