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15 views12 pagesModule 3 Single Phase Transformer
This document covers the principles, construction, and types of single-phase transformers. It explains the working principle based on Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, details the components and construction methods, and categorizes transformers into core type, shell type, and berry type. Additionally, it discusses transformer ratios, efficiency, applications, and compares step-up and step-down transformers.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views12 pagesModule 3 Single Phase Transformer
This document covers the principles, construction, and types of single-phase transformers. It explains the working principle based on Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, details the components and construction methods, and categorizes transformers into core type, shell type, and berry type. Additionally, it discusses transformer ratios, efficiency, applications, and compares step-up and step-down transformers.
Uploaded by
jahansachinyadavCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 12
Module Ill
Single Phase Transformer
CHAPTER 3
‘Singte Pha: ranstor L(N "
types ct srgelaie tng Piha ao Rot expected) Working principle of singlo-phaso transformer,
: copticatens net transtormati f Tranatormor
lasses, effsency, applications of tach fatio, actual (practical) and ideal transformer, Tran
Syllabus Mapping
Syllabus Topic “Section Number Page Number,
Working principle of single-phase transformer 3.1 fora
Types of single- phase transformer 3.22 3-4
Transtormation ratio 33.1 38
Actual (Practical) And Ideal Transtormer 34 3-9
Transformer losses 35 3.9
Efficiency 36 310
Applications Of Transformer a7 312 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1)
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A SINGLE
3.4
PHASE TRANSFORMER
the working principle of a Transformer
Peer
‘A transformer is a static electrical apparatus which can
transfer power in one circuit into electrical power of
the same frequency to another circuit
raiseflower the voltage with
decrease/increase in the current.
It can
corresponding
* The physical basis of transformer is Faraday’s laws of
EMI. and mutual induction between the two circuits
Primary
winding
_,.
{Single Phase Translormer).. Page no, @
(82)
linked by common flux.
+ It consist of two inductive coils which are
Separated but magnetically linked through a
reluctance. The two coils posses high mutual
™M.
clecticaty
Path of low
inductance
* If one coil is connected to altemating voltage sui
then small alternating magnetizing current flows
through it there by setting up aerating Mux @ ig
magnetic core most of which gets inked With eter age
in which a mutually induced em. is produced a5 peg
Faraday's laws of E.MLL and given by e =, g
Laminated core
\ secondary
winding
(1D1)Fig. 3.1.1 : Working principle of a transformer
Laminated Iron core
Primary
voltage
Primary
i
winding an
Secondary
voltage
A Voltage level
ie changes but
S frequency ie.,
time period T
temains same
‘Secondary
winding
Fig 3.1.1(a) : Working Principle of a Transformer
* If the second coil is closed through load then current I
flows through it and hence the electrical energy is
transferred entirely magnetically from first coil to
second coil.
+ Inbrief, a transformer is a static electrical apparatus that
(@ Transfers electric power from one
another,
It-does so without a change of frequency,
ii) Tt does this by electromagnetic induction and,
(iy) Where the two electrical circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
ee
»>_3.2__ TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
Q. Explain the construction of single phase transformer. |
(The various parts of a transformer can be represented
with the help of the following chart :
(New Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03)
fee asic Electrical & Eloctronies En
gineering (ta
U- Sem 1
H
page no. (3-3)
(Single Phase Transtormet)..
‘Transformer Parts
ay
AL (8)
eiteric |] mogretic 1] tnsuandh
(Primary & (Core) | | cy primaaion Betwoon
‘wandings) (@) Winding co”
IMS Of the winch
ings
(oaFig. 3.2.1 : Transformer parts
(i A transformer consists of two coils havin
insulated from each other and the seelcore,
Gi) Other necessary parts are; some suitable container f
the assembled core and windings: suitable medium
container; suitable porcelain bushings for insulating
and bringing out the terminals of the windings out of
the container.
{iv) In ll the types of transformers, the core is constructed
of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to
provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of
air-gap included.
‘The steel used is of high silicon content, sometimes
heat treated to produce a high permeability and a low
loss at the usual operating flux densities. The
wo
hysteresi
eddy current loss is (minimised by laminating the core,
the laminations being insulated from each other by a
light coat of varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface,
The thickness of varies _ from
0.35 10 0.5 mm.
Jaminations
——_>
Transformer types
surround &
(vii) In the core type transformers, the windings
shell (Pe
considerable part of the core whereas in
transformers, the core surounds considerable Po
of the winding as shown inthe Fig. 3.23,
tion
Laminated
Low voltage
‘winding
High voltage
insulation
(@ Core type transformer
Laminated
core
Low voltage
‘winding
High voltage
insulation
3. 3.2.1. Comparison between Core Type
and Shell Type Transformer
sr. Core type ‘Shell type transformer
No. transformer
1, | Used for distribution | Used for supplying power.
of electrical energy.
@ a
Cont ype shel ype
(used for distribution} (used for power)
of electrical energy) application)
(103)Fig. 3.2.2 = ‘Transformer types
(vi) Constructionally, the transformers are of two meen
types, distinguished from each other mercy | by ad
manner in which the primary and secondary
placed around the Iaminated steel core
tions are
‘The two types of the transformer constructions or
known as @) Core Type and i) Shell T9PS and sho
—— inthe Fig. 3.2.2.
Hen Syllabus wef Academic Year 2
Itis ‘ON’ only when
Itis ‘ON’ throughout
power is required,
the day.
3, | desefficiency is less | Its efficiency is high
@ 50%. between 90% to 98%.
%. | itis used by electricity | It is used by individual
boards and big, customers e.g. welding
installations. shops, machine shops etc.
5, | They are costly, bulky | They are comparatively
‘and non-portable. cheaper, compact and
portable. Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1) (Single Phase Transtormen)., Page
Po,
a. 3.2.2 Types of Single Phase Depending upon the value of K, there ae Quay
Transformer three types of transformers ‘long
(@ K> Lie. V,>V, : tis called Ste
1G.” Classity transformers according to:
1 1.Transtormer ratio 2. Power 3. Frequency
14 Core construction.
PUP transform
TV picture tube supply, Teg,
The types of transformer are based on : 1, Transformer | Lesstums
ratio 2, Power 3. Frequency 4, Core constructi (Low voltage)
n. Seconda,
1. Let Ny = Primary wms, 1, = Primary current, | pimaryinpa =
R, = primary resistance, X, = Primary leakage
reactance respectively
Also let Ns, I, Rp and X3 be the corresponding y :
secondary quantities. lignans M
3. Let V, = Primary terminal voltage and
V= Secondary terminal voltages.
4. Further let E, and E, be the primary self-induced e:ms ee
and secondary mutually induced e.m.t. respectively. corte, 3.2.5(a)
This clas
Fig. 3.24.
Step-up transformer
ication of transformer is shown in | (I) K < 1 ie. V; < V,
2 Tt is called. Stepdown
transformer, e.g, battery eliminator,
High tums
(High voltage)
arate ato
‘Secondary
Primary output
input
+
(1oFt)Fig. 3.2.4 : Types of transformer. By
; ‘ Less turns cl
% 3.2.2(A) Based on Transformation (Low voltage)
ae
Based on transformer ratio or based on primary and (vre9Fig. 3.2.5(6) : Step-down transformer
secondary voltage, transformers are classified as :
1.
2. Step-down transformer.
3,_Isolation or 1:1 transformer
(IDK = 1 ie. Vz = Vy: It is called Isolation of 1:1
transformer, e.g. spikes-free supply for computers.
Step-up transformer
7% 3.2.2(B) Comparison between for Step-up Transformer and Step-down Transformer
UQ. Compare step up step down transformer.
No. Parameters Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer
1 | Definition Increases the output voltage. Decreases the output voltage.
2. | Voltage Low Input voltage & High output High Input voltage & Low output voltage
voltage
3. | Winding High voltage winding is the secondary | High voltage winding is the primary
winding. winding.
(New Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03) asic Electicl & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1)
(3:5)
(Gingle Phase Transformer)... P8982 £
|__ Parameters
Ne: a Step-up Transformer ‘Step-down Transformer
4._| Curren i ing
seen —— oe tis low on the secondary winding. | Current is high ‘on the secondary winding.
| Rating of output or Sep
x 1p transformer it V, 10 V, etc.
isbn Fanging from 400 V also
ind step down transformer starts from
ae starts fro
6 [Stef the conductor | Primary winding i made up of wick | Secondary winding i made up of *iCk
insulated copper wire. insulated copper wire
Application Power plant, X-rays machine, Doorbell, voltage converter, etc.
microwaves, ee,
3.2.2(C) Based on Core Construction
‘construction.
Depending on the arrangements of core and windings,
transformers are classified as,
@ Core type (U1) Shell type
(UI) Berry type
> (@) Core type
(1) The core is rectangular in shape and the windings are
‘wound on the limbs (vertical portion) of core. This core
is formed by using large number of laminations.
(2) The coils are of cylindrical type and the windings are
uniformly distributed over two limbs. The coils are not
arranged, such as primary winding on one limb and
secondary winding on other limb.
Rectangular
core
‘Secondary
Coils are wound
on limbs
(WetFig. 3.2.6(a) : Representation of core type
transformer
(3) But half of the primary and half of secondary windings
‘are placed on each limb. ‘This arrangement increases
(New Syllabus wee Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03)
magnetic coupling because almost all the flux lines
links with both primary and secondary winding.
Rectangular
Low voltage
‘winding
High voltage
insulation
Cal
‘Laminated core
(worts)Fig. 3.2.6(b) : Construction of core type transformer
(4) The coils which are wound on limbs, have different
layers. Each layer is insulated from each other. The
like mica, paper or cloth can be used for
insulation. The low voltage windings are placed near
the core and then high voltage windings are placed
away from core.
(5) These windings are separated from each other by using
proper insulation layers.
(©) The representation of core type transformer is’ shown
in Fig. 3.26(a) and its construction is shown in
Fig. 3.2.6(b).
(Shell type
(1), In this type of transformer,
the core has three Ii
limbs,
namely two side limbs, and :
one central Ii
central limb has ae
a
wice the cross-sectional area
compared to side limbs.
2) ! Basic Electrical
& Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1)
wo fax paths
(@) The low voltage coils are near t0 top and boy
yoke and each high voltage coils placed betwen,
1
(Single Phase Transformer)... Pago
ow voltage coils.
‘Side limb oer
) This is a double magnetic cireut because, the 4
completes its path from left and right sides and
Central im enters into central limb. ™
or19Fig. 3.2.7(0) ee ofshelltyve: (5) The magnetic flux forms a closed path around eo
sainiete core losses are reduced. The representation of a
‘lage winding type transformer is shown in Fig. 3.2.7() and actu,
aan construction is shown in Fig, 3.2.7(b).
core
woF17)Fig. 3.2.7(b) : Construction of shell type
transformer
> (IID) Berry type
(1) This type gives more than two independent magnetic circuits. The core
looks like spokes of wheel. This type of structure is placed on tightly
fitted metal sheet tanks.
(2) Low voltage and high voltage windings are placed circularly as show
in Fig. 3.2.7(6).
3.2.3 Comparison between Cor
e Type and Shell Type Transformer
High voltage
‘winding
1or19F ig. 3.2.7(¢) : Berry type transformer
Basis
Shell type
Winding surround the core.
Core surrounds most of the winding.
1. | Definition
Cylindrical type coils are used.
‘Sandwich or disc type coils are used.
Flux
Flux is equally distributed on the
side limbs.
2._| Type of coils
3,_| Lamination «L’ type laminations are used. 4B) and ‘L’ type laminations are used.
4,_| Number of limbs Core has two limbs. Core has three limbs.
i Whole flux is carried by central limb and half of
flux is carried by side limbs.
6. | Number of magnetic
cireuits
Single magnetic circuits.
Double magnetic circuit.
More copper is requ
Less copper is required.
7._| Copper required
(New Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03) ase Elctcal Electronics Enginooring (MU - Sem 1) page no. (3-7)
rage nO.
se] pasts SiC ae
Be aed
| Insulation More insulation ian
ss insulation
tof windin it
9, | Placement of 8 Primary and secondary windings | Both primary and secondary windings ae placed
are placed on side limbs, ‘on central limb.
70. | Losses. More losses, Less losses.
11, | Mechanical strength Lower mechanical strength, Higher mechanical strength.
faintenance is i
12. | Main Coils can be easily removed. So, | Coits eannot be easily removed. So,
maintenance is
intenance is less, raintenance is difficult.
13, | Cooling Better cooling, since more areais | Cooling is not effective.
exposed
14. | Use This construction is preferred for _| This construction is preferred for high voltage
low voltage transformers. transformers.
75. | ouput Output is tess due to more losses. | Output is high.
3.3. EMF EQUATION, THE TURNS RATIO;
VOLTAGE RATIO AND CURRENT
RATIO. ‘
a. Derive the EMF equations ofa transformer
CELE CAT
CTO |
(1) Notations
© Let N, = Primary tums, 1, = Primary current,
R, = primary resistance, X, = Primary leakage
reactance respectively.
# Also Tet Ny I, Ry and X; be the corresponding
secondary quantities.
‘+ LetV, = Primary terminal voltage and V; = Secondary
terminal voltages.
+ Further Jet E, and E, be the primary self-induced e.m.
and secondary mutually induced e.m.f. respectively.
(11) Assumption
* Though the flux ¢ varies sinusoidally, it is assumed that
it uniformly i.e. linearly varies from the initial value of
2er0 to the final Value 9, in the time dt = T/4.
(id Cycle of tux
(oneFig, 33.1 EMF equation of a transformer
(111) _ Derivation of the E.M.F, equation
(From Fig. 3.3.10), clearly d9 = ©,
New Sylabus wef Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03) Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1)
‘The above flux links with the stationary primary rums
‘i 1
N, during the time dt =35
c+ As per Faraday's 2nd law of EMI, the magnitude of
the average emf induced in the primary will be
ao ao, om.
Boy = ar N= ar = N= Tgp= AN Oy
(iv) Therefore the rms value of the emf will be
E, = Form Factorx E,,,=
1x 4IN®,,
(for a sinusoidaly varying and alternating voltage,
RMS value
Form Factor = Average value Ay
E, = 444fN,o,, +31)
(%) Similarly for secondary, we get,
E, = 4440N,0,, 83.2)
Equations (3.3.1) and (3.3.2) are called emf equations
of a transformer .
(vi) Dividing Equation (3.3.2) by Equation (3.3.1), we get
EN
7, 2 constant K and is known as turns ratio,
vii
Neglecting very’ small potential drops in the primary
and secondary, we can assume that E, ~ V, and
Vi=E,
E, Vv;
EV, = K and is known as voltage ratio.
(viii) For an ideal transformer, we can assume that
efficiency = 1
i.e. Output VA = Input VA
2Veh = Vii
,_
ote
= Kand is known as current ratio.
E) NV; i
‘Thus to summarize : =? =—
ENV,
% 3.3.1 Types of Transformer based on
the Transformation Ratio K
©: What do you mean'by step-down, 1:1 and step-up
Wanstormers? Also state one application of each’
Ans. : Depending upon the value of
three types of transformers :
@ K< Vie Va Lie. V,>V, :Itis called Step-up t
TV picture tube supply.
% 3.3.2 EMF Per Turn of Prima
Secondary
tion oF
mputers,
ansformer, eg
ry and
Explein why equal emis induced in each ur gi)
primary or secondary winding of a transform 3
ESSN }
According to the emf equation of a transformer, “2
E,=4,44fN,®, and 440.N, ,,
E,
® emf. tum for primary == 4.44 £9,
E,
and exm. turn for secondary = 2
* Since the supply frequency f and the maximum vale of
flux @,, linking both primary and secondary winding i,
the same, equal emf is induced in each tum of the
primary or secondary.
44 £0,
% 3.3.3 Approximate Primary and
Secondary Full Load Currents
ie. 1,,, and I,,, Respectively
How can you calculate approximated
‘ ‘secondary current ? Explain briefly.
primary and }
Given the full load output rating of a transformer ie
(KV) Vi and V,, it is required to calculate the
approximate primary and secondary full load currents I
‘and Iq. For this, we assume 100% efficiency (m) which
fairly practicable.
(KV) x 1000 = output FL,
In
is
VA = Input FLL. VA=
1, = (VAs x 1000
ba = V,
ai 30 Ady «1000
(Copper toss of a transformer depends on current? and
iron loss depends on voltage. Hence, total transformet
loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and not on phase page no. (3-9)
asic Electrical & Electronics Enginooring (MU - Sem 1) (Single Phase Transformer.
ing
angle between voltage and current ie. itis ind Ideal
of load power factor. independent | 33.4.3 Comparison between an
(ii) That is why rating of transformers is specified in kVA
and not in kW.
————
}y 3.4 IDEAL AND PRACTICAL
| ;
TRANSFORMERS 3
ee aaa
3.4.1 Ideal Transformer
‘are assumptions
Uo. What made for an. ideal
{transformer ?
ideal transformer :
1. Its primary and secondary winding resistances are
2e10.
2. Its core has no reluctance => negligible mmf is
required to establish the flux in the core.
3. ‘The leakage flux and leakage inductances are zero,
therefore the entire flux is confined to the core and
Jinks both the primary and secondary windings.
(iii) Clearly, there are no copper losses, no iron losses due
to hysteresis and eddy currents, thus the efficiency of
an ideal transformer is 100%.
%& 3.4.2 Practical Transformer
‘Q.- What is a practical transformer ?
(Its primary and secondary windings have resistances =>
there are primary and secondary copper losses.
Its core has reluctance => more mmf is required to
establish the flux.
(ii) There is leakage flux and leakage inductances due to
Which the entire flux is not confined to the core and
also does not link with the primary and secondary
windings.
(iv) Clearly, there are considerable copper and iron losses
and therefore the efficiency of a practical transformer is
about 90% to 95%.
and a Practical Transformer
@._ “Compare between deal and pract
ical transformer.
2 (@ Marks)
Sr. | > Basis Ideal Practical
No. transformer | _ transformer
1. | Primary ana | — Zero | Have fractional
secondary values between 0.2
winding 2 t 05 @
resistances depending. upon
number of turns.
2. | Core Zero _| Present
reluctance
3.__| Leakage fux Zero’ _| Present
4, | Core and] Zero. Present
winding
losses
5. | Efficiency 100% | Varie —_ between
60% for
distribution
transformer to 95%
for power
transformer
6. | No. load p.f. Zero, | Between 0.3 to 0.5
lagging
Dy_3.5 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
UG. What are the losses in transformer ?
TUEEaCET era ETD
‘These can be represented with the help of the following
chart : (Refer Fig. 3.5.1)
A transformer being static electrical apparatus, there
are no friction or windage losses. Hence, the only losses
occurring are
(@ Iron or Core or Magnetic Losses (W,)
+ It includes both hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
Since the flux in the core remains almost constant for
all loads, the core loss is constant,
(New Syllabus w.e-f Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03) Engineering (MU - Sem 1)
Basic Electrical &
‘Transformer losse
iy 8
Iron or core or [Copper or windings or
magnetic losses (W) (wy)
(Constant)
fl fil
Hysteresis Eddy currents|
((019Fig. 3.5.1 : Transformer Losses
Hysteresis loss, W,= nf Bl. V watts;
Eddy current loss, W, =K,ft°B., V watts
Where, 1 = Hysterisis constant,
f = frequency of the AC supply,
B,, = maximum flux de the core,
K, = eddy current constant
t = thickness of the core,
V = volume of the core material,
'* These losses are minimized by using steel of high
silicon content for the core and by using very thin
jons, which are interleaved to reduce the air gap.
Jamis
‘© Iron or core loss is found from the O.C. test. The input
of the transformer, when on no-load gives the core loss.
(ii) Copper or Winding or Electric Losses
© These losses are due to the resistances of the
transformer windings.
©) Total Cu toss = (R41; R,) = 1, Ry = Roy
* Tris clear that, Cu loss is proportional to (current)® and
hence (kVA)*. Copper losses are found from S.C. test.
+ The copper losses are variable.
‘% 3.5.1 Knowing Full Load Copper
Losses, to Calculate the Copper
Losses at a Given Fractional Load
+ We know that the load connected across the secondary
of a transformer goes on changing depending upon the
necessity of the user and therefore the primary and
(New Syllabus w.e Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03)
(Single Phase Transformer)... Page nog.
0
secondary currents will also change, Therefo
primary and secondary copper losses being
proportional to the square of the current
change.
+ Since the rated of full oad output (KVAL a is atwayy
fixed, therefore itis a customery 10 consider the fu
oad copper losses as a standard.
«They are denoted as Weup,- With respect to these losses
we can calculate the copper losses at any given load, a5
follows :
(Fall toad copper losses Woop, = Bg Re (Or =
Rp,) But Rep is constant for a given transformer,
Wom Ea, G5.)
(ii) Fonber (KVA)q, = 1000 (VAy, = 1000 V1,
but V; is constant,
the
directly
Will alsy
VAM, & Top OF lag. = BVA, 852)
(iii) From Equations (3.5.1) and (3.5.2) we get
Woo, = VA), G53)
(iv) Let us now calculate the copper losses, say at x9%
of (KVA)p, ie. when the output of transformer is
xKVA)n,
Let us denote the losses at this load as Wey,
Wea © BVA (3.5.4)
Dividing Equation (3.5.4) by Equation (3.5.3) we get
2
Wow [ X(KVA)y ]
Woon, (kVA),
Thus, | Wes = 7 Woop,
e.g. (a) If the full load copper losses are 400 watts then at
50% load copper losses will be
Wous = (0.5)°x 400 = 100 W
(©) Similarly,
Wougas = (0.25)" x 400 = 25 W and so on.
Dy_3.6 EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER.
Explain the term efficiency of a transformer.
a.
The efficiency is always specified at two factors viz-
the load and the load p.f. It is very high about 95% to 99%.
Since transformer is a static apparatus having no windage
and friction losses. Efficiency can be defined mathemati
following three cases : ically as per the
Case 1: At full load and given p.f,
V4 (KVA)g, X 1000 x co:
84x
a ar cease 10
i+ Woon,
Case I: Atx fraction of full load and given pf,
ene X(KVAg, x 1000 x cos $x 100
la givent. =
: X RVAn, x 1000x608 94 Wi +x We
(nl,
Case III: The maximum efficiency (n,,.) at given pf
Note the following two points :
(Generally for calculating the efficiency, the load is
always specified e.g. fall load, 75% load ete but for
calculating Thaw the load is never specified, This is
because we can easily calculate the load corresponding
to maximum efficiency as
W,
(VAD = ( Won ) x1, (3.6.1)
(ii) Also for Thay the corresponding copper loss
Weipa, = Wi (3.6.2)
SAYA pa (KW) aa, X 1000 X cos 0 x 100
[%Noaslygrenpt. = (kVA) qx X 1000 cos 6+ 2W,
«Fig. 3.6.1 represents the graph of 1) v/s % load. Note
that as p.f. of the load increases, 7| also increases.
tL Here, W,= Weue
Corresponding t0 imax
(102nFig. 3.6.1 : Efficiency v/s toad graph
(ew Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03)
%® 3.6.1 Condition for Maximum
Efficiency
jG. Derive conahion lor maximum
| transformer. Also derive
‘maximum efficiency,
Let us consider efficiency as referred to the secondary side,
‘output in watts
Output in watts + losses
Vel; 605 03
Vz1, 608 6 + Wi + Ty
as V, €08 O, ie, load pf, W, and Ry, are fixed and only T,
variable depending on the load.