1.

Determine different types of diesel engine emissions, and describe each

type in terms of effect on human and environmental.

Comb. ratio Environmental

Em. Explanation Human effect
Effect
 Low contribution
 Headaches, dizziness,
Incomplete

partially burned produced to ground-level

nausea.
Lean

CO during the incomplete ozone formation.

 hypoxia deficiency.
combustion  Not so harmful
 death of toxicity.
to environment
Stochiometric

 Major
complete

 Not directly harmful

Natural byproduct of the greenhouse gas,
CO2 at typical
combustion contributing to
concentrations
climate change

 Contributes to
ground-level
ozone and smog
 Irritation of eyes,
Incomplete

formation.
Unburned produced during nose, and throat.
Rich

HC  Indirect effects
the combustion  Some hydrocarbons
on ecosystems
are carcinogens.
through
secondary
pollutants.
 Forms acid rain.
formed during high-  respiratory diseases  Formation of
Incomplete

temperature combustion  Cardiovascular particulate

Lean

NOx
when nitrogen in the air Problems matter.
reacts with oxygen  chronic conditions  Ground-level
ozone formation.
 Soil and water
PM is composed of tiny
contamination.
particles emitted from the
 Respiratory and  Reduced
combustion of fossil fuels,
Incomplete

cardiovascular issues. visibility.

It includes both solid
Rich

PM  Penetrates deep into  Deposition on

particles (soot) and liquid
the respiratory surfaces,
droplets. (complete and
incomplete combustion) at
system. affecting
rich ratio buildings and
vegetation.
 lung diseases  Acid Rain
Complete

Incomple

produced from the burning

 coughing, throat  Soil Degradation
Lean,
rich,

SOx of fossil fuels containing

or

irritation  Visibility
sulfur in
 asthma and bronchitis Reduction
 2. Analyse the effect of normal and abnormal combustion on diesel
engine performance and emissions.

Aspect Normal Combustion Abnormal Combustion

Abnormal combustion occurs in an
Normal combustion occurs in a
Definition

uncontrolled manner that can lead to engine

controlled manner allowing for
performance and emissions issues and
optimal engine performance due
damage due to incomplete combustion,
to complete combustion
knocking, and preignition

Increased, Normal combustion results

Efficiency

Decreased, Abnormal Combustion can lead to

in a smooth and effective power
incomplete burning of fuel, reducing thermal
generation process, maximizing the
efficiency and increasing fuel consumption
engine's torque and horsepower

High power, Provides consistent and

Loss of Power, Irregular combustion can cause
Power

reliable power output, essential for

fluctuations in power output, leading to
the performance of heavy-duty
Performance

reduced engine performance

vehicles
Long-life, due to Proper Operating
Conditions, that prevents excessive
Condition

Engine Damage: Prolonged abnormal

Engine

stress on engine components and

combustion can cause damage to engine
maintaining optimal engine
components, increasing maintenance costs
temperature reduces thermal fatigue
and prevents overheating
Consump

Optimized combustion leads to better engine require a richer air-fuel mixture to

Fuel

fuel economy, reducing operational counteract the knocking effect, leading to

costs. higher fuel consumption

abnormal combustion can lead to increased

Noise and
Vibration

Engines operate quietly and smoothly,

noise and vibrations, contributing to
reducing wear and tear on
component wear and potential engine
components.
damage.
CO Lower CO, due to ideal combustion, CO is primarily formed when there is
Emissions

hydrocarbons in the fuel react with incomplete combustion or insufficient oxygen

oxygen to produce carbon dioxide for the fuel to burn completely.
(CO₂) and water (H₂O).
 A rise in unburnt hydrocarbons occurs due to
Emissions of unburned hydrocarbons
misfiring and incomplete fuel combustion,
HC are minimized, contributing to lower
which can significantly impact overall
environmental impact
emissions
Proper combustion control helps in
minimizing (NOx) emissions, and can Irregular combustion can lead to higher peak
NOx
be higher at specific operation temperatures, increasing NOx emissions
conditions

Normal combustion generates fewer Higher levels of particulate emissions can

PM particulate emissions as it promotes result from incomplete combustion, leading to
more complete fuel combustion. more soot production

Demonstrate available technologies to reduce diesel emissions for the mentioned

vehicle
Definition: It is intended to treat and improve the quality of fuel and air before mixing inside
the combustion chamber.
Pre-Treatment

Technologies:
1. Fuel Quality
2. Fuel Treatment Catalytic.
3. Alternative Fuels.
4. Intake Boosting Technologies
Definition: Combustion optimization improves mixing quality and combustion process
efficiency by adjusting parameters
Engine Control

Technologies:
1. Exhaust gas recirculation.
2. Water Injection.
3. Hydrogen Injection.
4. Closed crankcase ventilation
5. Modification and Optimization of injection systems.
Definition: treat exhaust gas after it leaves the engine, converting pollutants like PM, NOx,
CO, and HC into less harmful substances.
After-Treatment

Technologies:
1. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
2. Diesel Particulate Filter
3. Selective catalytic reduction
4. Lean NOx Trap
5. Lean NOx Reduction
 Definition: Engine maintenance (preventative maintenance) is keeping the engine in top
Engine Maintenance shape which help to reduce emissions

Technologies:
Maintenance of the following:
1. Cooling system
2. Lubrication system
3. Fuel injection system
4. Sensors and actuator