Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

– a branch of science that deals with the structure and properties of

matter including the changes they undergo.

5 Major Branches:

1) inorganic chemistry – properties and reactions of inorganic compounds

2) organic chemistry – structure, properties, composition and reactions of carbon-

containing compounds

3) physical chemistry – laws of physical phenomena and principles of physics involved in

chemical interactions.

4) biochemistry – explores chemical processes related to living organisms.

5) analytical chemistry – deals with composition and structure of matter and concerned
with determining what matter is and how much of it exists.
a) qualitative analytical – what makes up the mixture
b) quantitative analytical – how much of substance makes up the mixture

MATTER

SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMO HETERO

METALS ORGANIC

INORGANIC
NONMETALS

METALLOIDS

Prepared by: Engr. D. Dapiaoen Jr

 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

APPLICATIONS OF CHEMISTRY
- production of synthetic produtcs which are derived from natural products.
- criminology/forensic – drug test, chemical tests, blood and bodily fluids tests
- synthetic food
- medical – medicines from plants
- fuels and oil refining
- production of synthetic materials

THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY

1) chemical nomenclature – systematic way of naming chemical compounds

- standards of nomenclature are established by the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

2) chemical formula – a notation that uses atomic symbols with numerical subscripts to
convey the relative proportions of atoms of the different elements in a
substance.

3) chemical symbols – symbolic representation of elements.

4) chemical compound – a substance formed from two or more elements.

5) chemical reaction – a process in which one or more substances are converted into
other substances.
- also called chemical changes.

6) chemical equation – a representation of a chemical reaction using the chemical

formula of reactants and products.
- a balanced chemical equation contains equal numbers of atoms of each
element on both sides of the equation.

7) oxidation number – a positive or negative whole number assigned to an element in a

molecule or ion on the basis of a set of formal rules.
- to some degree, it reflects the postive and negative character of that atom.
- also referred to as oxidation state.

8) radical group – group of atoms that behae like a single atom.

- also called polyatomic ions.

9) stoichiometric coefficients – coefficients used to balance an equation.

Prepared by: Engr. D. Dapiaoen Jr

 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

RULES IN WRITING FORMULA

1) Write the symbols of the elements with the oxidation numbers on top of them.

2) Reduce the oxidation numbers into the simpliest ratios and crisscross the resulting numbers.

3) A compound maybe assumed to consist of a positive and a negative part. The following
combinations are possible:

POSITIVE NEGATIVE EXAMPLE

element element NaCl
element radical CaSO4
radical element (NH4)2O
radical radical C2H5C2H3O2

4) When the subscript is one, do not write anything.

5) All the radicals must be enclosed in parenthesis before writing the subscript.

6) The final formula should not contain oxidation numbers.

7) The convention is to write the symbol of the positive part before the symbol of the negative
part.

8) Since a compound is always neutral, i.e. the algebraic sum of the oxidation state is always
zero, the parts must be combined in such a ratio that the net oxidation state is zero. To
do this, crisscross the valences. The valence of the positive part becomes the subscript
of the negative part and vice versa.

9) Omit writing subscripts whenever they are numerically equal.

RULES IN NAMING COMPOUNDS

A. Binary Compound
A binary compound is one containing only two different elements. To name, give the
name of the positive element and change the last letters of the negative element to –IDE.

NaCl – sodium chloride

MgS – magnesium sulfide
K2O – potassium oxide

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 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

B. Compound whose potive part is MULTIVALENT (*multivalent – it can exist in more than one
oxidation state.)
It may be named in such a way as to disinguish between the two compounds of the
same element by:

1) The Old Method

- The use of the suffix –ous if the element exists in its lower oxidation state and
the suffix –ic if the element exists in higher oxidation state. Latin names or Latin
stems may be used.

Cu – cuprum
Ag – argentum
Fe – ferrum
W – wolfram
Pb – plumbum
Au – aurum
Sn – stannum

2) The Stock System

- The name of the postive element is given followed by its oxidation state written
in Roman numerals and enclosed in parenthesis. Then the name of the negative
part with its last letters changed to –IDE.

Hg2O – mercury(I) oxide

FeCl2 – iron(II) chloride
PbO2 – lead(IV) oxide

from old method:

Hg2O – mercurous oxide
FeCl2 – ferrous chloride
PbO2 – plumbic oxide

3) Stoichiometric Proportions
Maybe denoted by the use of the Greek or Latin prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra,
etc.). This indirectly indicates the oxidation state of the positive element.

CO – carbon monoxide
NO2 – nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 – dinitrogen tetroxide
CO3 – carbon trioxide
CO5 – carbon pentoxide

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 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

C. Acids
1) binary acids – an acid composed of hydrogen and a negative element. To name, use
the prefix hydro and the suffix –ic for the negative element. Then follow with the word
acid.

HCl – hydrochloric acid

HBr – hydrobromic acid

2) oxyacids – acids containing oxygen. To name, use the suffix –ic for the acid forming
element or radical followed by the word acid.
- also called ternary acids.

H2CO3 – carbonic acid

HNO3 – nitric acid
H3PO4 – phosphoric acid
HC2H3O2 – acetic acid
H2SO4 – sulfuric acid
H2C2O4 – oxalic acid

3) oxyacids whose acid forming element is multivalent – to name, use –ous for the acid
forming element if it occurs in the lower oxidation state and –ic if it is in the higher
oxidation state followed by the word acid.

HNO2 – nitrous acid

HNO3 – nitric acid

4) if more than two acids can be formed from the same elements because of
multivalency – to name, use the prefix hypo for the lowest oxidation state and per for
the highest oxidation state followed by the word acid.

HClO – hypochlorous acid

HClO2 – chlorous acid
HClO3 – chloric acid
HClO4 – perchloric acid

D. Salts of Oxyacids
To name, give the name of the positive element or radical and follow it with the name of
the negative radical.

K3PO4 – potassium phosphate

(NH4)2CrO7 – ammonium dichromate

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 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

E. Bases
To name, give the name of the positive element or radical and follow with the name of
the negative radical hydroxide.

NaOH – sodium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 – calcium hydroxide

* 7 diatomic elements – O2, H2, N2, I2, Cl2, F2, Br2

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Any chemical reaction or change maybe classified as one of the following basic reaction
type.

1) direct combination/synthesis – a single more complex product is formed by the combination

of two simpler substances.

A + B => AB
ex.
CaO + HOH => Ca(OH)2
2H2 + O2 => 2HOH

2) decomposition/analysis – a compound is broken down into two or simpler substances.

AB => A + B
ex.
2NaCl => 2Na + Cl2
CaCO3 => CaO + CO2

3) single displacement – an element/ion displaces another element or ion in a compound.

AB + C (metal) => CB + A
AB + C (non-metal) => AC + B
ex.
2Na + 2HOH => 2NaOH + H2
2HCl + Mg => MgCl2 + H2
7
2CH3 + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 3HOH

4) double displacement /metathesis - compounds interchange ions and radicals.

AB + CD => AD + BC
ex.
AgNO3 + NaCl => NaNO3 + AgCl
H2SO4 + 2NaOH => 2HOH + Na2SO4
Prepared by: Engr. D. Dapiaoen Jr
 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

Formula and Names of Some Common Chemicals:

K2CrO4 potassium chromate FeSO4 ferrous sulfate

ZnO zinc oxide H3PO4 hydrogen phosphate
phosphoric acid
Na2Cr2O7 sodium dichromate BaS barium sulfide
Mg(HCO3)2 magnesium bicarbonate Cu(OH)2 cupric hydroxide
copper (II) hydroxide
PbCO3 plumbous carbonate Al2(SO4)3 aluminum sulfate
lead (II) carbonate CaO2 calcium peroxide
PbO2 plumbic oxide BiFe(CN)6 bismuth ferricyanide
lead (IV) oxide SO3 sulfur (VI) oxide
plumbous peroxide MnO2 manganese (IV) oxide
lead (II) peroxide Mg(HSO4)2 magnesium bisulfate
HgS mercuric sulfide Cu2P2O7 cupric pyrophosphate
mercury (II) sulfide copper (IV) pyrophosphate
SnCO3 stannous carbonate CaC2O4 calcium oxalate
tin (II) carbonate P2O3 phosphorus (III) oxide
diphosphorus trioxide
H3AsO4 arsenic acid H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
dihydrogen dioxide
HMnO4 hydrogen permanganate FeO2 ferric peroxide
manganic acid iron (II) peroxide
AuPO3 auric phosphite HCN hydrogen cyanide
gold (III) phosphite hydrocyanic acid
aurous metaphosphate
gold (I) metaphosphate

potassium permanganate KMnO4

aluminum ferricyanide AlFe(CN)6
sodium phosphate Na3PO4
cadmium sulfate CaSO4
auric sulfate Au2(SO4)3
plumbic acetate Pb(C2H3O2)4
acetic acid HC2H3O2
mercuric chloride HgCl2
barium bicarbonate Ba(HCO3)2
ferrous sulfate FeSO4

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 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

METHODS IN BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

A. By Inspection

B. By Algebraic Method
Steps:
1. Assign literal coefficients to all reactants and products.
2. Form algebraic equations by doing balances on each element in the chemical eq’n.
3. Choose 1 literal coefficient to be equated to 1. This is done because the number of
equations is less than the number of unknowns.
4. Solve the rest of the algebraic equations simultaneously.
5. Finally, replace all the literal coefficients by their equivalents in the chemical
equation.
6. If fractions appear, eliminate them by multiplying the whole chemical equation with
the LCD of all the fractions.

ex.
1) Balance the equation:

HNO3 + H2S -> S + NO + HOH

a) by inspection
b) algebraic method

2) Balance the equation:

MnO + PbO2 + HNO3 -> HMnO4 + Pb(NO3)2 + HOH

a) by algebraic method

C. By Redox Method
reduction – process where an atom gains electron resulting to a decrease in the atom’s
oxidation number.
oxidation – process where an atom loses electron resulting to an increase in the atom’s
oxidation number.

STEPS:
1. Assign the oxidation number of all elements in the chemical equation.
2. Look for those elements that changed in their oxidation number. There must be at
least two elements; one undergoes reduction and the other undergoes oxidation.
3. Write the partial ionic equations for those elements referred to in #2.
4. Balance the ionic equations with respect to:
a. number of atoms
b. number of charges (take note that you can only add electrons)

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 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

5. Balance the number of electrons in both ionic equations

6. Transfer the coefficients obtained in #4 to the overall chemical equation or original
equation. Then balance the rest of the original equation with H and O the ones to being
balanced.

ex.
Balance the equation by redox method.
1. MnO + PbO2 + HNO3 -> HMnO4 + Pb(NO3)2 + HOH

2. K2Cr2O7 + KI + H3PO4 -> I2 + CrPO4 + K3PO4 + HOH

Prepared by: Engr. D. Dapiaoen Jr

 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

SOLUTION – a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

2 COMPONENTS OF SOLUTIONS:
1. solute – that which is dissolved or dispersed in the solution.
- usually in smaller amount.
2. solvent – the dissolving medium
- normallyin greater amount.

Types of Solutions:
I. As to the nature of Solvent
a. liquid solution
b. gaseous solution
c. solid solution

II. As to the amount of solute present

a. unsaturated
b. saturated
c. supersaturated
d. dilute
e. concentrated

*concentration – refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a known quantity of

solution or solvent.

*solubility – refers to the maximum concentration of a solution at a specified

temperature.
- refers to the concentration of a saturated solution.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

A. Molecular Weight - is the sum of the atomic weightsof the atoms that constitute a molecule
of the compound.
- it is used as a conversion factor that relates the mass and the number of moles of a
quantity of the substance.

ex.
Calculate the molecular weight of the following compound:
sulfuric acid –
butane -

B. Gram-mole (gmol or mol) – it is the amount of species whose mass in grams is numerically
equal to its molecular weight.

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 Notes in EnggChem: Chemistry for Engineers

C. Mass Fraction (xi) – the ratio of the mass of a component (mi) in a mixture to the total mass
of the mixture (mt).
- it is commonly used to express the composition of solids and liquids

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑚𝑖
𝑥𝑖 = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑡

For an n component mixture:

∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 = 1

where:
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑥1 = 𝑚1 ; 𝑥2 = 𝑚2 ; 𝑥3 = 𝑚3 ; 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑚𝑛
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

and:
𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + 𝑚4 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛

D. Mass Percent - equal to the mass fraction multiplied by 100.

E. Mole Fraction (yi) - the ratio of the moles of a compound (ni) in amixture to the total moles
of the mixture (nt).
- it can be used for all types of substances but is more commonly used to express the
composition of a mixture of gases.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑛𝑖
𝑦𝑖 = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑡

For an n component mixture:

∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛 = 1

where:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑦1 = 𝑛1 ; 𝑦2 = 𝑛2 ; 𝑦3 = 𝑛3 ; 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

and:
𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 + 𝑛4 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛

F. Mole Percent - equal to the mole fraction multiplied by 100.

G. Average molecular weight – is defined as the quantity whose weight is numerically equal to
the molecular weight but takes into account the components that make up the mixture.

̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑊 = ∑(𝑀𝑊𝑖 )( 𝑦𝑖 ) where: 𝑀𝑊𝑖 - molecular weight of component i
𝑦𝑖 - mole fraction of component i

Prepared by: Engr. D. Dapiaoen Jr