MATHEMATICS GRADE 9 SECOND QUARTER PERIOD

OBJECTIVES:

a. represent a Quadratic Function;

b. graph a Quadratic Function;

QUADRATIC EQUATION – an equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠0 and a, b,

and c are real numbers.

QUADRATIC FUNCTION is a second-degree polynomial in the form: y = ax2 + bx +

c or
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c(standard form) and a, b, and c are real numbers.

REMEMBER: For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 to be a quadratic function,

simply replace 0 by y or f(x) to form the quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c or
f(x) = ax2 + bx +c .

QUADRATIC EQUATION QUADRATIC FUNCTION

y = ax2 + bx + c or
ax2 + bx + c = 0 f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 y = x2 – 4x + 4 or
f(x) = x2 – 4x + 4

The zeros of a quadratic function f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c are the solutions of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.

The graph of quadratic equation and function is a parabola (shaped like cups).

The quadratic function: y = a(x-h)2 + k f(x) = a(x-h)2 + k, a≠0 is written in

the vertex form. The graph is a parabola which vertex is the point (h,k). The parabola
is symmetric to the line x =h. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward; if a < 0, the
parabola opens downward.

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
 The graphs are: all the same
shape,
all open upwards,
all have their
vertex
on the y-axis.

EFFECT OF k IN THE GRAPH OF y = a(x-h)2 + k

Changing the value of k in y = a(x – h)2 + k translates the parabola vertically.
If k > 0, the parabola is translated k units upward
If k < 0 the parabola is translated k units downward

a. y = x2 -7, y = x2
*What is the value of k?

b. y = x2 + 10, y = x2

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
 Changing the value of k in y = a(x – h)2 + k translates the parabola horizontally.
If h > 0, the parabola is translated k units right
If h < 0 the parabola is translated k units left
*identify h first, - (change sign of h)

The graphs are: all the

same shape.
alll open
upwards
all have their
vertex on the x-
axis

a. y = (x – 3)2 + 9, y = x2 + 9
*what is the value of h?

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
Changing the value of k in y = a(x – h)2 + k translates the parabola horizontally.

a. y = (x – 5)2 – 4, y = x2

Exercise:
A. State whether the parabola opens upward or downward.

1. y = -4 + x2
2. y = 7–x2
3. y = 2 – 5x – 3x2
4. y = 2x2 -3x – 2
5. y = -3x2 – 5x + 2

B. Use the given information to determine the number of x-intercepts.

6. the vertex is (3, 5) and the parabola opens upward.

7. the vertex is (-5, 6) and the parabola opens downward.
8. the vertex is (5,0)
9. the vertex is (4,3) and the y-intercept is (0,5).

The graphs: (ax2 + k)

-where a are 1, ½, and 2 opens upward
-where a are -1, -1/2, and -2 opens downward
If |a|< 1, the graph is wider than y = x 2
If |a|>1, the graph is narrower than y = x 2
References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
SUMMARY
How does the graph of:
a. y = (x-h)2 compare to the graph of y =x2?
The graph of y = (x-h)2 is translated h units to the right compared to the graph
of
y = x2.
b. y = x2 + k compare to the graph of y = x2?
The graph of y = x2 + k is translated k units upward as compared to the graph
of
y = x2.
c. y = ax2 + k compare to the graph of y = x2 + k?
The graph of y = ax2 + k is wider than the graph of y = x2 + k if |a|< 1 and
narrower
If |a|>1.

The graph of y = x2 + k opens upward and the graph of y = ax2 + k opens

upward if
a>0 and downward if a<0.

d. y = a(x-h)2 + k compare to the graph of y = (x-h) 2 +k?

The graph of y = a(x-h)2 + k is wider than the graph of y = (x-h)2 + k if |a|< 1
and
narrower if |a|>1. The graph of y = (x – h) 2 opens upward and the graph of
y = a(x-h)2 + k opens upward if a>0 and downward if a<0.

All the graphs have the same shape but are of different positions. These are
clearly shown by their vertices and axes of symmetry.

Equation vertex symmetry

y = x2 (0, 0) x=0
y = (x – 3)2 (3, 0) x=3
y = x2 + 2 (0, 2) x=0
y = (x – 3)2 + 2 (3, 2) x=3

RECALL: General form/Vertex form: y = a(x-h)2 + k to determine the values of a,

h and k.
References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
 Equation General form a, h and k
y = x2 y = 1(x – 0)2 + 0 a=1 h=0 k=0
y = (x – 3)2 y = 1(x – 3)2 + 0 a=1 h=3 k=0
y = x2 + 2 y = 1(x – 0)2 + 2 a=1 h=0 k =2
y = (x – 3)2 + 2 y = 1(x – 3)2 + 2 a=1 h=3 k=2

The values of ha and k are the coordinates of the vertex of each graph.
(h,k) = vertex.
The axis of symmetry is the value of h.
Summary: y = a(x – h)2 + k
Vertex: (h, k) (take note: change the sign of h)
Axis of symmetry: x = h

More examples: Naming the vertex and axis of symmetry of the given equations.

1.

a is positive, h = 0 and k = 0

2.

a is negative, h = 0 and k = 0

The characteristics of the graph of the parabola of the form y = ax 2 are the ff:
References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
1. the vertex is (0,0)
2, the axis of symmetry is: x = 0
3. the graph opens upward when a > 0 and opens downward when a < 0.
4.as the value of |± a∨¿increases, the graph narrows.

3.

The characteristics of the graph of the parabola of the form y = ax 2 + k are the ff:
1. the vertex is (0,k)
2. the axis of symmetry is: x = 0
3. the graph is translated k units upward when k > 0 and translated k units downward
when k < 0.

4.

The characteristics of the graph of the parabola of the form y = a (x – h) 2 where a = 1

and k = 0 are the ff:
1. the vertex is: (h, 0)
2. the axis of symmetry is: x = h
3. the graph is translated h units to the right when h > 0 and translated to the left
when h < 0.

5.

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
The characteristics of the graph of the parabola of the form y = a (x – h) 2 where a = 1
and k = 0 are the ff:
1. the vertex is: (h, k)
2. the axis of symmetry is: x = h
3. the graph is translated k units upward when k > 0 and h units downward when k is
negative
4. the graph is translated h units to the right when h is positive and h units to the left
when h is negative.

SUMMARY: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAPH REPRESENTED BY y=a(x-h)2 + k

y=a(x-h)2 + k a is positive a is negative

Direction of opening upward downward
Vertex (minimum/max pt) (h, k) (h, k)
Axis of symmetry x=h x=h

GRAPH OF QUADRATIC FUNCTION

a. Vertex form: f(x) = -2(x-3)2 + 8

Step 1: Identify the values of a = -2, h = 3 and k = 8

Step 2: Determine how the parabola opens.
How?
Recall: (x-3)2 = x2 - 6x + 9 (FOIL) multiply to -2 = -2x2 +12x - 18
The coefficient of x2 or a is -2. (what does this mean)
The negative value tells us that the parabola opens downward.
Step 3: Find the vertex.
Vertex of the parabola is (h,k) and h = 3 and k = 8. The parabola
has a vertex of (3, 8).

Step 4: Find the x – intercepts.

How?
Replace f(x) with 0.
f(x) = -2(x-3)2 + 8
0 = -2(x-3)2 + 8
Solve. Transpose terms with x. note: change sign when you
transpose.
References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
 2(x-3)2 = 8
Divide both sides by the numerical coefficient (a) 2.
2
2(x−3) 8
= then solve again
2 2
(x – 3)2 = 4, next step is to remove the square ( 2), apply square root
√ (x−3)2 = √ 4 get the square root of both sides of the equation.
(x – 3) = ±2 express as two separate expressions
x – 3= 2 and x – 3 = -2 solve
transpose: x = 2 + 3 or x = -2 + 3
x=5 x=1
The x intercepts are: 1 and 5. What is this?
The parabola will pass through (1, 0) and (5, 0)

Step 5: Find the y – intercept

How?
Replace x with 0.
f(x) = -2(x-3)2 + 8
f(x) = -2(0-3)2 + 8 solve
f(x) = (-2)(-3)2 + 8
f(x) = (-2)(9) + 8
f(x) = -18 + 8
f(x) = -10 What is this?
The y intercept is -10. The parabola passes through (0, -10).

Try this:
1. f(x) = (x + 2)2 + 3

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
2. f(x) = -3(x - 2)2 + 5
3. f(x) = (x + 3)2 + 2

b. Standard Form: f(x) = x2 + 3x + 1

Step 1: Identify the values of a = 1, b = 3 and c = 1
Step 2: Determine how the parabola opens.
How?
The coefficient of x2 or a is +1. (what does this mean)
The positive value tells us that the parabola opens upward.
Step 3: Find the vertex. (x, y)
−b −3 −3
Find the x coordinate: Use: x = = =
2a 2(1) 2

Find the y coordinates:

−3
The y-coordinate can be found by substituting in place of x into
2
the quadratic function f(x) = x2 + 3x + 1.

( ) + 3( −32 ) + 1
2
−3 9 9 −5
f(x) = = − +1=
2 4 2 4
or use the k formula:
2
4 (1)(1)−(3)2 4−9 −5
y = 4 ac−b = 4 (1)
= 4 = 4
4a

The vertex is ( −32 ) ,( −54 )

Step 4: Complete the table of values

−3
Choose two x-values that are less than , such as -2 and -3 and
2
−3
Two x-values that are greater than such as -1 and 0.
2

X y = x2 + 3x + 1 y-1
-3 y = (-3)2 + 3(-3) + 1 1
-2 y = (-2)2 + 3(-2) + 1 -1
Zseq423-1 y = (-1)2 + 3(-1) + 1 -1
0 y = (0)2 + 3(0) + 1 1

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
Step 5: Graph ( −32 ) ,( −54 ) and the ordered pairs (-3,1), (-2,-1), (-1, -1) and (0, 1).
Connect the points

Try this:
1. F(x) = -x2 + 2x +2
2. f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2
3. f(x) = -x2 + 3x + 2

WRITING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS IN QUADRATIC FORM

Quadratic Functions are frequently expressed in the form f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c where

a, b,
and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. In the quadratic function:
ax2 is called the quadratic term,
bx is the linear term, and
c is the constant term.

A. QUADRATIC EQUATION: STANDARD FORM TO VERTEX FORM:

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c f(x) = a(x-h)2 + k
USE: completing the square or use h and k formula

()
2
b −b 4 ac−b
2
Completing the square = , h= k=
2 2a 4a

Example:
1. f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5

Using Completing the square:

Step 1: find: a=1 b = -4 c = -5
Step 2: transpose c: x2 – 4x = 5

() ( ) =4
2 2
b −4
Step 3: use:
2 2
Step 4: insert by adding: x2 – 4x + 4 = 5 +4
Step 5: Solve : x2 – 4x + 4 = 9
Step 6: Transpose: f(x)= x2 – 4x + 4 – 9
Step 7: Factor: f(x) = (x-2)2 – 9
Step 8: Vertex: (2, -9)
Axis of Symmetry x=2
Using h formula
Step 1: find: a=1 b = -4 c = -5
−b −b −(−4) 4
Step 2: Use: h = h= = = =2 , h
2a 2a 2 (1) 2
=2

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
Step 3: Find the y coordinate of the vertex, how? Substitute the
value
of x or h in the equation. (x = 2)
y = x2 – 4x – 5
y = 22 – 4(2) – 5
y=4–8–5
y = -9
Step 4: Vertex: (2, -9)
Axis of symmetry: x=2

GRAPH:
1. Find the x intercepts
2. Find y intercepts
3. Graph

Try this:
1. f(x) = -x2 – 2x + 8
2. f(x) = x2 – 6x – 6
3. f(x) = -x2 + 5x – 6

A. QUADRATIC EQUATION: VERTEX FORM TO STANDARD FORM:

f(x) = a(x-h)2 + k f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

1. f(x) = (x+3)2 – 5
Factor: (x+3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9 x2 + 6x + 9 – 5
f(x) = x2 + 6x + 4

Try this:

1. f(x) = 4(x+4)2 – 3

B. QUADRATIC EQUATION: STANDARD FORM TO VERTEX FORM

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c f(x) = a(x-h)2 + k

1. f(x) = -x2 + 2x -4
y = -1(x2 - 2x) – 4

() ( )
2 2
b −2
completing the square:use : = =1
2 2
2
y = -1(x - 2x + 1 – 1) -4
y = -1(x2 - 2x + 1) -1(-1) -4
y = -1(x-1)2 +1 – 4
y = -1(x-1)2 -3

2. f(x) = 3x2 + 12x +13

y = 3(x2 + 4x) +13

() ()
2 2
b 4
completing the square:use : = =4
2 2
y = 3(x2 + 4x + 4 – 4) +13
y = 3(x2 + 4x + 4) +3(-4) +13
y = 3(x+2)2 -12 +13

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9
 y = 3(x+2)2 +1

3. f(x) = x2 - 4x -5

() ( )
2 2
b −4
completing the square:use : = =4
2 2
y = (x2 - 4x +4 – 4) -5
y = (x2 - 4x +4) -4 -5
y = (x2 - 4x +4) -9
y = (x-2)2 -9

References:
E-Math Worktext in Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce/Marilyn O. Mendoza Grade 9