Solution

CH 1,CH 5,CH8,CH 12&CH 13

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
For wave to suffer diffraction, the wavelength should be of the order of size of the obstacle. The wavelength of radio waves
(short radio waves) is order of the size of the building and the other obstacles coming in their path and hence they easily get
diffracted.

Section B
2. i. Distance of closest approach: It is the minimum distance of α -particle from the centre of nucleus at which its total kinetic
energy gets converted into electrostatic potential energy.
2
1 2Z e
ro =
4πϵo EK

Impact parameter: Perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector of the α- particle from the centre of the nucleus.

2
1 2Z e
ii. r o =
4π∈o EK

9 −19 2
9× 10 ×2×79× (1.6× 10 )
ro =
−13
3.95×1.6×10

= 57.6 × 10-15 m
hence,the distance of closest approach will be 57.6 × 10-15 m
3. 1

λs
=
1

R
[
1

2
−
∞
1
] =
R

16
4

λs =
16

R
=
16

7
m = 14.54 × 107m = 1454 mn
1.1×10

This wavelength belongs to the infrared region of the e.m. spectrum,

2 2

4. The radius of the nth orbit of a hydrogen atom is given by r = n h

2 2
4π mke

Radius of the innermost orbit, called Bohr's radius, is obtained by putting n = 1 It is denoted by r0
2
h
∴ r0 =
2 2
4π mke

−34 2
(6.6× 10 )
= m
2 −31 9 −19 2
4π ×9.1× 10 ×9× 10 × (1.6× 10 )

- 0.53 × 1010 m = 0.53 A

˙
.
Section C

5.

F0
6. As, F =
K
, therefore, force decreases, when K increases.

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1
 −1

7. χ m =
H
I
=
Am

−1
= 1
Am

∴ χmhas no units.
Here I is intensity of magnetization and H is magnetizing field.
8. Given: χ = −0.5
Therefore, it is diamagnetic material as magnetic susceptibility is negative.
9. The force of attraction or repulsion between two stationary point charges q1 and q2 is directly proportional to the product q1q2 and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. Mathematically,
q q
F=k 1

2
2

The proportionality constant k depends on the nature of the medium between the two charges and the system of units chosen to
measure F, q1, q2 and r. For free space and in SI units,

= 9 × 109 Nm2C-2, ε is called the permittivity of free space and its value is 8.854 × 10-12 C2N-1m-2.
1
k= 4πε0
0

1 q1 q2
Hence Coulomb's law in SI units may be expressed as F = 4πε0
⋅
2
r

10. An electric line of force is a smooth curve drawn in an electric field. The tangent at any point on the curve indicates the direction
of the electric field at that point.
Properties:
The lines of force start from the positive charge and end at the negative charge.
Electric field lines never form closed loops.
11. i. Two characteristics of the material used for making permanent magnets are
a. High coercivity so that its magnetisation is not easily destroyed by temperature, stray magnetic fields.
b. High retentivity to produce a strong magnetic field.
c. High permeability
ii. The core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic material because of its
a. Low coercivity: To destroy its magnetic field easily by small and opposite magnetic field.
b. Low retentivity so that magnetisation is lost as the current is switched off.
12. i. The torque acting on a bar magnet of magnetic moment m⃗ placed in magnetic field B⃗ at an angle θ with it is given by
⃗
τ ⃗ = m⃗ × B

Magnitude of torque, τ = mB sin θ

If B = 1, θ = 90o, sin θ = 1, then τ = m

Hence magnetic moment may be defined as the torque acting on a magnetic dipole placed perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field of unit strength.
ii. Potential energy, U = -mB cos θ
When θ = 0o, U = -mB cos 0o = -mB × 1 = -mB
Thus the potential energy of the magnet is minimum when its magnetic moment m⃗ is aligned parallel to the field B⃗ .
13. i. X-rays/γ -rays
ii. infra-red radiation
iii. microwaves
14. The momentary deflection is due to the transient current flowing through the circuit when the capacitor is being charged or
discharged. The deflection would be zero when the capacitor gets fully charged/discharged.
Ampere's circuital law and its modification.

According to Ampere's circuital law,

→
⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = μ0 I

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 For surface P,
→
⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = μ0 IC

For surface S,
→
⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = 0
−
→ →
⃗ ⃗
∴ ∮ B ⋅ dI ≠ ∮ B ⋅ dl
P S

This is in contradiction to Ampere' circuital law. Hence the law needs modification. Maxwell suggested that during
charging/discharging of the capacitor, there is a current flow between its plates also. This current is called displacement current.
dϕE
ID = ε0
dt
→
dϕE
Hence, the modified form of Ampere's circuital law is ∮ ⃗
B ⋅ dl = μ0 [ IC + ε0
dt
]

15. a. n + 235
92
U⟶
144
Z
Ba +
A
36
X + 3n,

From law of conservation of atomic number

0 + 92 = Z + 36
⇒ Z = 92 - 36 = 56

From law of conservation of mass number,

1 + 235 = 144 + A + 3 x 1
A = 236 - 147 = 89
b. i. BE of 235
92
U < BE of ( 144
56
Ba +
89
36
X) and due to difference in BE of the nuclides. A large amount of the energy will
released in the fission of U 235
92

ii. Mass number of the reactant and product nuclides are same but there is an actual mass defect. This difference in the total
mass of the nuclei on both sides, gets converted into energy, i.e., ΔE = Δmc2.
16. Neutrons produced during fission get slowed if they collide with a nucleus of the same mass. As ordinary water contains hydrogen
atoms (of mass nearly that of neutrons), so it can be used as a moderator. But it absorbs neutrons at a fast rate via the reaction:
n+p→d+γ
Here d is deuteron. To overcome this difficulty, heavy water is used as a moderator which has negligible cross-section for neutron
absorption.
17. Electric field of a line charge, E = , acting radially outward
λ

2π ε0 r

i. At the two plane end faces,

⃗
ϕE = ∫ E ⋅ dS
⃗
=0
ii. Any finite distance from the line charge, E⃗ cannot be zero.
iii. At all points of the curved surface, |E⃗| is constant.
iv. At the plane end faces, |E⃗| decreases with the increase in distance r.
18. a. X-rays
b. By using X-rays tubes (Or: By bombarding a metal target with high energy electrons)
c. The wavelength range of X-rays is from (10 nm to 10 pm)
d. Alertness, empathy; concern for her mother, knowledgeable.
19. i. Gamma(γ ) rays have the highest frequency (as these waves have the highest energy) in the electromagnetic waves. These rays
are of the nuclear origin and are produced during the disintegration of radioactive atomic nuclei and during the decay of
certain subatomic radioactive particles, associated with the decay of alpha(α ) and beta(β ) rays. They are used in the treatment
of cancer and tumors i.e. in radiotherapy/chemotherapy.
ii. Ultraviolet(UV) rays lie near the high-frequency end of visible part of EM spectrum. These rays are used to preserve food
stuff and in water purifiers to kill the germs for giving pure drinking water. The harmful effect from exposure to ultraviolet
(UV) radiation can be life-threatening and include premature ageing of the skin, suppression of the immune systems, damage
to the eyes and skin cancer.
20. i. A nucleus, that spontaneously decays by emitting an electron, and an antineutrino is said to undergo −β-decay. In beta-minus
decay, an energetic negative electron is emitted, producing a daughter nucleus of one higher atomic number and the same mass
number.
Radioactive nuclei can emit β -particles i.e., electrons or positrons even though they do not contain them. The reason is that
neutron or proton present in the nucleus gets interconverted and emitting electron or positron. Electrons or positrons are

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 emitted in β -decay process along with neutrino or antineutrino. The energy of these emitted neutrinos or antineutrinos is
different which affects the energy of electrons or positrons.
ii. The daughter nuclei have more binding energy per nucleon.
21. The oscillating charge produces an oscillating (i.e. time-varying) electric field. The oscillating electric field produces a magnetic
field which is also time-varying. This time-varying magnetic field produces an oscillating emf or voltage. An oscillating voltage
(emf) produces an oscillating magnetic field and so on. This, in turn, produces an oscillating electric field and so on. Thus
oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other producing electromagnetic wave propagating through space. In this
way, the oscillating charge produces an electromagnetic wave.
An oscillating L-C circuit can produce electromagnetic waves of frequency as charge oscillates across the capacitor's plates in this
−−
−
circuit. The frequency of oscillation is given by ν = √LC . This frequency is equal to the frequency of EM waves. The sketch
1

2π

of linearly polarised EM wave propagating in Z-direction is shown in the diagram below.

The direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave is determined from the cross product of electric and magnetic field i.e.
⃗
E × B
⃗
. Hence the electric field intensity, E⃗ will be along X-axis and magnetic field intensity, B⃗ will be along Y-axis because the
two fields are perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. i.e.
perpendicular to the Z-axis.

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