CHAPTER – 13 (PROBABILITY) 13.

If E and F are events such that 0 < P(F) < 1,

then:
Multiple Choice Questions a. P (E / F) + P (𝐸̅ / F) = 1
1. If P(A) = 4/5 and P(A∩B) = 7/10, then P(B/A) b. P (E / F) + P (E / 𝐹̅ ) = 1
is equal to: c. P (𝐸̅ / F) + P (E / 𝐹̅ ) = 1
a. 1/10 b. 1/8 d. P (E / 𝐹̅ ) + P (𝐸̅ / 𝐹̅ ) = 0
c. 7/8 d. 17/20 14. If A and B are events such that
2. For two events A and B, if P(A) = 0.4, P(B)=0.8 P (A/ B) = P (B / A) ≠ 0, then:
and P(B/A) = 0.6, then P(AUB) is: a. A ⊂ B, but A ≠ B
a. 0.24 b. 0.3 b. A = B
c. 0.48 d. 0.96 c. A ⋂ B = 𝜙
3. If P(A) = 2/5, P(B) = 3/10 and P(A ∩ B) = 1/5, d. P(A) = P (B)
then P(A'/B'). P(B'/A') is equal to: 15. Suppose that five good fuses and two
a. 5/6 b. 5/7 defective ones have been mixed up. To find the
c. 25/42 d. 1 defective fuses, we test them one-by-one, at
4. The events E and Fare independent. If P(E) = random and without replacement. What is the
0.3 and P(E ∪ F) = 0.5, then P(E/F) - P(F/E) probability that we are lucky and find both of the
equals: defective fuses in the first two tests?
a. 1/7 b. 2/7 a. 1/42 b. 2/21
c. 3/35 d. 1/70 c. 1/18 d. 1/21
5. If A and B are two independent events such that 16. If six cards are selected at random (without
P(A) = 1/3 and P(B) = 1/ 4, then P(B'/A) is: replacement) from a standard deck of 52 cards,
a. 1/4 b. 1/8 what is the probability that there will be no pairs?
c. 3/4 d. 1 (two cards of same denomination)
6. Given two independent events A and B such a. 0.28 b. 0.562
that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6 and P (A' ∩ B') is: c. 0.345 d. 0.832
a. 0.9 b. 0.18 17. Five fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The
c. 0.28 d. 0.1 probability of the events that atleast one head
7. If A and B are events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) comes up is:
= 0.3 and P (A U B) = 0.5, then P(B' ∩ A) equals a. 27/32 b. 5/32
to: c. 31/32 d. 1/32
a. 2/3 b. 1/2 18. An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls.
c. 3/10 d. 1/5 Two balls are drawn from the urn one after the
8. If A and B are two events such that P(B) = 3/5, other without replacement, then the probability
P(A/B) = 1/2 and P (AUB) = 4/5, then P (A) that both drawn balls are black, is:
equals to: a. 2/7 b. 1/7
a. 3/10 b. 1/5 c. 5/7 d. 3/7
c. 1/2 d. 3/5 19. Let A and B be independent events with
9. If P(B) = 3/5, P(A/B) = 1/2 and P(AUB) = 4/5, P(A)=1/4 and P (A U B) = 2 P(B) - P (A). Find
then P (A U B)' + P (A' ∪ B) is equal to: P (B).
a. 1/5 b. 4/5 a. 1/4 b. 3/5
c. 1/2 d. 1 c. 2/3 d. 2/5
10. If P (A) = 7/13, P(B) = 9/13 and P (A ∩ B) = 20. If A and B are two independent events with
4/13, then P(A'/B) is equal to: P(A) 3/5 and P (B) = 4/9, then P (A' ∩ B') equals
a. 6/13 b. 4/13 to:
c. 4/9 d. 5/9 a. 4/15 b. 8/45
11. If A and B be two events such that P(A)=3/8, c.1/3 d. 2/9
P(B) = 5/8 and P (AU B) = 3/4 then P (A/B). 21. The probability that A speaks the truth is 4/5
P(A'/B) is equal to: and that of B speaking the truth is 3/4. The
a. 2/5 b. 3/8 probability that they contradict each other in
c. 3/20 d. 6/25 stating the same fact is:
12. Let E be an event of a sample space S of an a. 7/20 b. 1/5
experiment, then P(S/E) = c. 3/20 d. 4/5
a. P (S ∩ E) b. P(E) 22. A problem in Mathematics is given to three
c. 1 d. 0 students whose chances of solving it are 1/2, 1/3,
1/4 respectively. If the events of their solving the a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 48
problem are independent then the probability that 31. For the following probability distribution:
the problem will be solved, is: X -4 -3 -2 -1 0
a. 1/4 b. 1/3 P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
c. 1/2 d. 3/4 E (X) is equal to:
23. A university has to select an examiner from a a. 0 b. -1 c. -2 d. -1.8
list of 50 persons, 20 of them are women and 30 32. The probability distribution of a random
men, 10 of them knowing Hindi and 40 not, 15 of variable X is:
them being teachers and the remaining 35 not. X 0 1 2 3 4
What is the probability of the university selecting P(X) 0.1 k 2k k 0.1
a Hindi knowing woman teacher? where k is some unknown constant.
a. 1/125 b. 2/125 The probability that the random variable X takes
c. 4/125 d. 3/125 the value 2 is:
24. A bag contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. If 3 balls a. 1/5 b. 2/5 c. 4/5 d. 1
are drawn at random without replacement, then 33. Let X denotes the number of hours you study
the probability of getting exactly one red ball is: on a Sunday. Also it is known that
a. 45/196 b. 135/392 0.1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
c. 15/56 d. 15/29 P (X = x) = {𝑘𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 2
25. Assume that in a family, each child is equally 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
likely to be a boy or a girt. A family with three where k is a constant. What is the probability that
children is chosen at random. The probability that you study atleast two hours?
the eldest child is a girl given that the family has a. 0.55 b. 0.15
atleast one girl is: c. 0.6 d. 0.3
a. 1/2 b. 1/3 34. In a college, 30% students fail in Physics, 25%
c. 2/3 d. 4/7 fail in Mathematics and 10% fail in both. One
26. If a die is thrown and a card is selected at student is chosen at random. The probability that
random from a deck of 52 playing cards, then the she fails in Physics, if she has failed in
probability of getting an even number on the die Mathematics is:
and a spade card is: a. 1/10 b. 2/5
a. 1/2 b. 1/4 c. 9/20 d. 1/3
c. 1/8 d. 3/4
27. A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls Assertion & Reason Type Questions
and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random 35. Assertion (A): Two coins are tossed
from drawing 2 green balls and one blue ball is: simultaneously. The probability of getting two
the box without replacement. The probability of heads, if it is known that at least one head comes
a. 3/28 b. 2/21 up, is 1/3.
c. 1/28 d. 167/168 Reason (R): Let E and F be two events with a
28. Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the random experiment, then P(F/E) = P(E∩F)/P(E)
sum of numbers on the dice was less than 6, the 36. Assertion (A): Consider the experiment of
probability of getting a sum 3, is: drawing a card from a deck of 52 playing cards, in
a. 1/18 b. 5/18 which the elementary events are assumed to be
c. 1/5 d. 2/5 equally likely. If E and F denote the events the
29. A and B are two students. Their chances of card drawn is a spade and the card drawn is an ace
solving a problem correctly are 1/3 and 1/4, respectively, 1 then P(E/F) = 1/4 and P(F/E) =
respectively. If the probability of their making a 1/13.
common error is 1/20, and they obtain the same Reason (R): E and Fare two events such that the
answer, then the probability of their answer to be probability of occurrence of one of them is not
correct is: affected by occurrence of the other. Such events
a. 1/12 b. 1/40 are called independent events.
c. 13/120 d. 10/13 37. Assertion (A): Let E and F be events
30. The probability distribution of a discrete associated with the sample space 5 of an
random variable X is given below: experiment. Then, we have P(S/F) = P(F/F) = 1.
X 2 3 4 5 Reason (R): If A and B are any two events
P(X) 5/k 7/k 9/k 11/k associated with the sample space S and F is an
The value of k is: event associated with S such that P(F) ≠ 0, then
P((A∪B)/F) = P(A/F) + P(B/F) - P((A ∩ B)/F). 48. Find P(A∪B) if 2P(A) = P(B) = 5/13 and P
38. Let A and B be two events associated with an (A/B) = 2/5.
experiment such that P(A∩B) = P(A) P(B). 49. A and B are two independent events. If P(A) =
Assertion (A): P(A/B) = P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B) 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4, then find (i) P(A∩B) (ii)
Reason (R): P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AUB).
39. Let H1, H2,……..Hn be mutually exclusive and 50. Suppose A and B are independent events, such
exhaustive events with P(Hi) > 0, i = 1,2,….n. Let that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4, then find P (A/B).
E be any other event with 0 < P(E) < 1 51. If P(A) = 1/2, P(B) = 1/3 and P(A∪B) = 2/3.
Assertion (A): P(Hi / E) > P (E /Hi) × P(Hi) for i = Are events A and B independent?
1, 2, ……n. 52. If A and B are two independent events then
Reason (R): ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑃(Hi) = 1 prove that the probability of occurrence of at least
40. Assertion (A): An urn contains 5 red and 5 one of A and B is given by 1-P(A') P(B').
black balls. A ball is drawn at random; its colour is 53. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of
noted and is returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 52 cards one-by-one without replacement. What is
additional balls of the colour drawn are put in the the probability of getting first card red and second
um and then a ball is drawn at random. Then, the card Jack?
probability that the second ball is red is 1/2. 53. Three distinct numbers are chosen randomly
Reason (R): A bag contains 4 red and 4 black from the first 50 natural numbers. Find the
balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. probability that all the three numbers are divisible
One of the two bags is selected at random and a by both 2 and 3.
ball is drawn from the bag which is found to be 54. If P (not 4) = 0.7, P(B) = 0.7 and P(B/A) = 0.5,
red. Then, the probability that the ball is drawn then find P(A/B).
from the first bag is 2/3. 55. If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = p, P(AUB) = 0.6 and A
41. Assertion (A): The mean of a random variable and B are given to be independent events, find the
X is also called the expectation of X, denoted by value of 'p.
E(X).
Reason (R): The mean or expectation of a random Short Answer Type Questions
variable X is not sum of the probabilities of all 56. A room has three lamp sockets. From a
possible values of X by their respective collection of 10 light bulbs of which only 6 are
probabilities. defective, three bulbs are selected at random and
42. Assertion (A): The mean number of heads in placed in the socket. What is the probability that
three tosses of a fair coin is 1.5. there will be light in the room?
Reason (R): Two dice are thrown simultaneously. 57. Find [P(B/A) + P(A/B)], if P(A) = 3/10, P(B)
If X denotes the number of sixes, the expectation = 2/5 and P(AUB) = 3/5.
of X is 1/3. 58. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find
the conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8,
Very Short Answer Type Questions given that the red die resulted in a number less
43. Let A and B be two events such that P(A) = than 4.
5/8, P(B) = 1/2 and P(A/B) = 3/4. Find the value 59. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a
of P(B/A). box after thoroughly mixing. One card is drawn
44. A pair of dice is thrown and the sum of the from the box at random. If it is known that the
numbers appearing on the dice is observed to be 7. number on the card is more than 3 then find the
Find the probability that the number 5 has probability that this number is even number.
appeared on atleast one die. 60. A couple has 2 children. Find the probability
45. The probabilities of A and B solving a problem that both are boys, if it is known that
independently are 1/3 and 1/4 respectively. If both (i) one of them is a boy, (ii) the older child is a
of them try to solve the problem independently. boy.
What is the probability that the problem is solved? 61. From a pack of 52 playing cards, two are
46. The probability that A hits the target is 1/3 and drawn one by one. After drawing they are not
the probability that B hits it, is 2/5. If both try to returned to the pack again, then find the
hit the target independently, find the probability probability of both cards to the betel.
that the target is hit. 62. Given two independent events A and B such
47. If E and F are two events such that P(E) = 0.6 that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.6, find P (A' ∩ B').
P(F) = 0.3 and P(E∩F) = 0.2. Find the values of 63. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green
P(E/F) and P(F/E). is tossed. Let A be the event "number is even" and
B be the event "number is marked red". Find 77. In a class 40% students read Mathematics,
whether the events A and B are independent or 20% read Biology and 10% read both
not. Mathematics and Biology. One student is selected
64. Prove that if E and Fare independent events, at random. Find the probability that:
then the events E and F' are also independent. (i) he reads Mathematics, when it is known that he
65. A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, B3 times reads Biology.
in 4 shots and C 2 times in 3 shots. Find the (ii) he reads Biology when it is known that he
probability that target will be hit. reads Mathematics.
66. There are 4 red and 5 black balls in a bag A. In 78. A card from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing
another bag B there are 6 red and 3 black balls. cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the
One red ball is taken from bag A and transferred to pack, a card is drawn at random and is found to be
bag B. After this one ball is taken from bag 5, find a King. Find the probability of the lost card being
the probability of that to be red. a King.
67. A speaks truth in 80% cases and 8 speaks truth 79. Three friends go for coffee. They decide who
in 90% cases. In what percentage of cases are they will pay the bill, by each tossing a coin and then
likely to agree with each other in stating the same letting the odd person pay. There is no odd person
fact? if all three tosses produce the same result If there
68. Three persons A, B and C, fire at a target in is no odd person in the first round, they make a
turn, starting with A. Their probability of hitting second round of tosses and they continue to do so
the target are 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Find until there is an odd person. What is the
the probability of two hits. probability that exactly three rounds of tosses are
69. A pair of dice is thrown simultaneously. If X made?
denotes the absolute difference of the numbers 80. Suppose that 5 men out of 100 and 25 women
appearing on top of the dice, then find the out of 1000 are good orators. Assuming that there
probability distribution of X. are equal number of men and women, find the
70. A bag contains 1 red and 3 white balls. Find probability of choosing a good orator.
the probability distribution of the number of red 81. A bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and
balls if 2 balls are drawn at random from the bag bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die is
one-by-one without replacement. thrown. If 1 or 2 appears on it, then bag A is
71. Two balls are drawn at random from a bag chosen, otherwise bag 5. If two balls are drawn at
containing 2 red balls and 3 blue balls, without random (without replacement) from the selected
replacement. Let the variable X denotes the bag. then find the probability of one of them being
number of red balls. Find the probability of X. red and another black.
72. Two Cards are drawn successively with 82. A bag contains (2n + 1) coins. It is known that
replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 (n -1) of these coins have a head on both sides,
Cards. Find the probability distribution of the whereas the rest of the coins are fair. A coin is
number of spade cards. picked up at random from the bag and is tossed. If
73. A biased die is such that P (4) = 1/10 and other the probability that the toss results in a head is
scores are equally likely. The die is tossed twice. 31/42, determine the value of n.
If X is the 'number of four obtained, find the mean 83. Three machines E1, E2 and E3 in a certain
of X. factory producing electric bulbs, produce 50%,
74. There are 4 cards numbered 1, 3, 5 and 7. one 25% and 25% respectively, of the total daily
number on one card. Two cards are drawn at output of electric bulbs. It is known that 4% of the
random without replacement. Let X denote the bulbs produced by each of machines E1 and E2 are
sum of the numbers on the two drawn cards. Find defective and that 5% of those produced by
the mean of X. machine E3 are defective. If one bulb is picked up
75. Find the mean of the number obtained on a at random from a day's production, calculate the
throw of an unbiased die. probability that it is defective.
76. There are 4 white and 3 black balls in a bag. In 84. A biased die is twice as likely to show an even
this ball drawn one by one without replacement number as an odd number. If such a die is thrown
then find the probability that first ball is white, twice, find the probability distribution of the
second ball is black, third ball is white, fourth ball number of sixes. Also, find the mean of the
is black, fifth ball is white, sixth ball is black and distribution.
seventh ball is white. 85. Three cards are drawn successively, without
replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled
cards. What is the probability that first two cards contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are
are kings and the third card drawn is an ace? transferred at random from Bag I to Bag II and
86. A and B are two independent events. Prove then a ball is drawn at random from Bag II. Find
that: (i) A' and B' will also be independent events the probability that the drawn ball is red in colour.
(ii) P(B/A) = P(B/A') = P(B) 96. A patient travels to a doctor by train, bus,
87. A man is known to speak truth 7 out of 10 scooter or any other means of transport whose
times. He threw a pair of dice and reports that probabilities are 3/10, 1/5, 1/10 or 2/5
doublet appeared. Find the probability that it was respectively. If he travels by train, bus or scooter,
actually a doublet. he reaches late and their probabilities 1/4, 1/3 or
88. A person A speaks truth in 70% of the cases 1/12 respectively. He reaches on time if he travels
while second person B speaks truth in 80% of the by any other means of transport. If he reached
cases. Find the probability that in what percentage late, find the probability of his coming by train.
of cases they will: 97. The random variable X can take only the
(i) agree (ii) oppose values 0, 1, 2, 3. Given that P(2) = P(3) = p and
to each other, for the same statement of fact. P(0) = 2P(1). If ∑ 𝑃𝑖 x12 = 2 ∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝑥𝑖 , find the value
89. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A of p.
wins the game if he gets a total of 9 and B wins if 98. The random variable X has the following
he gets a total of 7. If A starts the game, find the probability distribution where a and b are some
probability of winning the game by B. constants:
90. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, X 1 2 3 4 5
she tosses a coin three times and notes the number P(X) 0.2 a a 0.2 b
of tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin If the mean E(X) =3, then find values of a and b
once and notes whether a head or 'tail' is obtained. and hence determine P(X ≥ 3).
If she obtained exactly one 'tail', what is the 99. Find the mean number of defective items in a
probability that she threw 3, 4, 5 or 6 with the die? sample of two items drawn one-by-one without
91. In a shop X, 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 replacement from an urn containing 6 items,
tins of ghee of type B which look alike, are kept which include 2 defective items. Assume that the
for sale. While in shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee items are identical in shape and size.
of type A and 60 tins of ghee of type B are there. 100. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6
One tin of ghee is purchased from one of the defective bulbs, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at
randomly selected shop and is found to be of type random one by one with replacement. Find the
B. Find the probability that it is purchased from probability distribution of the number of defective
shop Y. bulbs and hence find the mean number of
92. Of the students in a school, it is known that defective bulbs.
30% have 100% attendance and 70% students are 101. Two fair dice are thrown simultaneously. If X
irregular. Previous year results report that 70% of denotes the number of sixes, find the mean of X.
all students who have 100% attendance attain A 102. Two numbers are selected at random (without
grade and 10% irregular students attain A grade in replacement) from the first five positive integers.
their annual examination. At the end of the year, Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers
one student is chosen at random from the school obtained. Find the mean of X.
and he was found to have an A grade. What is the 103. There are 4 cards numbered 1 to 4, one
probability that the student has 100% attendance? number on one card. Two cards are drawn at
Is regularity required only in school? Justify your random without replacement. Let X denote the
answer. sum of the numbers on the two drawn cards. Find
93. An urn contains 3 red and 2 white marbles. the mean of X.
Two marbles are drawn one by one with
replacement from the urn. Find the probability Long Answer Type Questions
distribution of the number of white balls. Also, 104. In answering a question on a multiple-choice
find the mean of the number of white balls drawn. test, a student either knows the answer or guesses.
94. Often it is taken that a truthful person Let 3/5 be the probability that he knows the
commands, more respect in the society. A man is answer and 2/5 be the probability that he guesses.
known to speak the truth 4 out of 5 times. He Assuming that a student who guesses at the
throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the answer will be correct with probability 1/3. What
probability that it is actually a six. is the probability that the student knows the
95. Bag I contain 3 red and 4 black balls. Bag II answer, given that he answered it correctly?
105. A and B are two independent events. The 2. What is the probability of the 'person to be
probability of their simultaneously occurrence is tested as COVID positive given that he is actually
1/6 and the probability of their simultaneously not having COVID'?
non-occurrence is 1/3. Find the probabilities of the 3. What is the probability that the 'person is
occurrences of A and B separately. actually not having COVID?
106. A manufacturer has three machine operators 4. What is the probability that the 'person is
A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1% of actually having COVID' given that he is tested as
defective items, whereas the other two operators B COVID positive?
and C produces 5% and 7% defective items 5. What is the probability that the 'person selected
respectively. A is on the job for 50% of time, Bon will be diagnosed as COVID positive'?
the job 30% of the time and C on the job for 20%
of the time. All the items are put into one stockpile Case Study 2
and then one item is chosen at random from this An insurance company believes that people can be
and is found to be defective. What is the divided into two classes: those who are accident
probability that it was produced by A? prone and those who are not. The company's
107. An un contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn statistics show that an accident-prone person will
at random from the urn (without replacement) and have an accident at sometime within a fixed one-
are found to be white. What is the probability that year period with probability 0.6, whereas this
all the four balls in the urn are white? probability is 0.2 for a person who is not accident
108. A box contains 10 tickets, 2 of which carry a prone. The company knows that 20 per cent of the
prize of ₹ 8 each, 5 of which carry a prize of ₹ 4 population is accident prone.
each and remaining 3 carry a prize of ₹ 2 each. If Based on the given information, solve the
one ticket is drawn at random, find the mean value following questions:
of the prize. 1. What is the probability that a new policyholder
109. Let a pair of dice be thrown and the random will have an accident within a year of purchasing
variable X be the sum of the numbers that appear a policy?
on the two dice. Find the mean or expectation of 2. Suppose that a new policyholder has an
X. accident within a year of purchasing a policy.
110. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or What is the probability that he or she is accident
successively without replacement) from a well prone?
shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean of the
number of kings. Case Study 3
111. Three numbers are selected at random A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1,
(without replacement) from first six positive A2, A3. They are sold in the form of a mixture,
integers. If X denotes the smallest of the three where the proportions of these seeds are 4:4:2.
numbers obtained, find the probability distribution respectively. The germination rates of the three
of X. Also, find the mean of the distribution. types of seeds are 45%, 60% and 35%
respectively.
Case Study Based Questions Based on the above information, solve the
Case Study 1 following questions:
The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified 1. Calculate the probability that a randomly
as follows: chosen seed will germinate.
Of people having COVID, 90% of the test detects 2. Calculate the probability that the seed is of type
the disease but 10% goes undetected. Of people A2, given that a randomly chosen seed germinates.
free of COVID, 99% of the test is judged COVID
negative but 1% are diagnosed as showing Case study 4
COVID positive. From a large population of Airplanes are by far the safest mode of
which only 0.1% have COVID, one person is transportation when the number of transported
selected at random, given the COVID PCR test, passengers are measured against personal injuries
and the pathologist reports him/her as COVID and fatality totals. Previous records state that the
positive. Based on the above information, solve probability of an airplane crash is 0.00001%.
the following questions: Further, there are 95% chances that there will be
1. What is the probability of the 'person to be survivors after a plane crash. Assume that in case
tested as COVID positive' given that 'he is of no crash, all travellers survive.
actually having COVID'?
Let E1, be the event that there is a plane crash and Rohit, Jaspreet and Alia appeared for an interview
E2 be the event that there is no crash. Let A be the for three vacancies in the same post. The
event that passengers survive after the journey. probability of Rohit's selection is 1/5. Jaspreet's
Based on the above information, solve the selection is 1/3 and Alia's selection is 1/4. The
following questions: event of selection is independent of each other.
1. Find the probability that the airplane will not Based on the given information, solve the
crash. following questions
2. Find P(A/E₁) + P(A/E₂). 1. What is the probability that at least one of them
3. Find P(A). is selected?
Or 2. Find P(G/𝐻 ̅ ) where G is the event of Jaspreet's
Find P(E₂/A). selection and 𝐻̅ denotes the event that Rohit is not
selected.
Case Study 5 3. Find the probability that exactly one of them is
A building contractor undertakes a job to construct selected.
4 flats on a plot along with parking area. Due to Or
strike the probability of many construction Find the probability that exactly two of them are
workers not being present for the job is 0.65. The selected.
probability that many are not present and still the
work gets completed on time is 0.35. The Case Study 7
probability that work will be completed on time A departmental store sends bills to charge its
when all workers are present is 0.80. customers once a month. Past experience shows
Let E1: represent the event when many workers that 70% of its customers pay their first month bill
were not present for the job in time. The store also found that the customer
E2: represent the event when all workers were who pays the bill in time has the probability of 0.8
present and of paying in time next month and the customer
E: represent completing the construction work on who doesn't pay in time has the probability of 0.4
time. of paying in time the next month. Based on the
Based on the above information, solve the above information, solve the following questions:
following questions: 1. Let E₁ and E2 respectively denote the event of
1. What is the probability that all the workers are customer paying or not paying the first month bill
present for the job? in time. Find P(E1) and P(E₂).
2. What is the probability that construction will be 2. Let A denotes the event of customer paying
completed on time? second month's bill in time, then find P(A/E1) and
3. What is the probability that many workers are P(A/E2).
not present given that the construction work is 3. Find the probability of customer paying second
completed on time? month's bill in time.
Or Or
What is the probability that all workers were Find the probability of customer paying first
present given that the construction job was month's bill in time if it is found that customer has
completed on time? paid the second month's bill in time.
Case Study 6
Answer Key
1 c 11 d 21 a 31 d 41 c
2 d 12 c 22 d 32 b 42 b
3 c 13 a 23 d 33 c
4 d 14 d 24 c 34 b
5 c 15 d 25 d 35 a
6 c 16 c 26 c 36 a
7 d 17 c 27 a 37 b
8 c 18 d 28 c 38 c
9 d 19 d 29 d 39 d
10 d 20 d 30 c 40 b