Chapter 8:

Measures of Central Tendency

• What is a measure of central tendency?
• Measures of Central Tendency
– Mode
– Median
– Mean
• Shape of the Distribution
• Considerations for Choosing an Appropriate
Measure of Central Tendency

Chapter 4 – 1
 What is a measure of Central
Tendency?

• Numbers that describe what is average or

typical of the distribution

• You can think of this value as where the

middle of a distribution lies.

Chapter 4 – 2
 The Mode

• The category or score with the largest

frequency (or percentage) in the
distribution.

• The mode can be calculated for variables

with levels of measurement that are:
nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio.

Chapter 4 – 3
 The Mode: An Example
• Example: Number of Votes for Candidates for
Mayor. The mode, in this case, gives you the
“central” response of the voters: the most
popular candidate.
Candidate A – 11,769 votes The Mode:
Candidate B – 39,443 votes “Candidate C”
Candidate C – 78,331 votes

Chapter 4 – 4
 The Median

• The score that divides the distribution

into two equal parts, so that half the
cases are above it and half below it.

• The median is the middle score, or

average of middle scores in a
distribution.

Chapter 4 – 5
 Median Exercise #1 (N is odd)
Calculate the median for this hypothetical distribution:
Job Satisfaction Frequency
Very High 2
High 3
Moderate 5
Low 7
Very Low 4

TOTAL 21

Chapter 4 – 6
 Median Exercise #2 (N is even)
Calculate the median for this hypothetical distribution:
Satisfaction with Health Frequency
Very High 5
High 7
Moderate 6
Low 7
Very Low 3

TOTAL 28

Chapter 4 – 7
 Finding the Median in
Grouped Data

N (.5)  Cf
Median  L  w
f

Chapter 4 – 8
 Percentiles
• A score below which a specific percentage of
the distribution falls.
• Finding percentiles in grouped data:

N (.25)  Cf
25%  L  w
f

Chapter 4 – 9
 The Mean

• The arithmetic average obtained by

adding up all the scores and dividing by
the total number of scores.

Chapter 4 – 10
 Formula for the Mean

Y
Y
N
“Y bar” equals the sum of all the scores, Y, divided by
the number of scores, N.

Chapter 4 – 11
Calculating the mean with
grouped scores

fY
Y 
N
where: f Y = a score multiplied by its frequency

Chapter 4 – 12
Mean: Grouped Scores

Chapter 4 – 13
Mean: Grouped Scores

Chapter 4 – 14
Grouped Data: the Mean & Median
Calculate the median and mean for the grouped
frequency below.

Number of People Age 18 or older living in a U.S. Household

in 1996 (GSS 1996)

Number of People Frequency

1 190
2 316
3 54
4 17
5 2
6 2
TOTAL 581

Chapter 4 – 15
 Shape of the Distribution
• Symmetrical (mean is about equal to median)
• Skewed
– Negatively (example: years of education)
mean < median
– Positively (example: income)
mean > median
• Bimodal (two distinct modes)
• Multi-modal (more than 2 distinct modes)

Chapter 4 – 16
Distribution Shape

Chapter 4 – 17
 Considerations for Choosing a
Measure of Central Tendency
• For a nominal variable, the mode is the only
measure that can be used.
• For ordinal variables, the mode and the median
may be used. The median provides more
information (taking into account the ranking of
categories.)
• For interval-ratio variables, the mode, median, and
mean may all be calculated. The mean provides the
most information about the distribution, but the
median is preferred if the distribution is skewed.

Chapter 4 – 18
Central Tendency

Chapter 4 – 19
Measure of Position

Chapter 4 – 20
 Measure of Position

 Z Score (or standard score)

the number of standard deviations a
score is above or below the mean

Chapter 4 – 21
Measure of Position
z-score
Sample

x
z= s– x

Chapter 4 – 22
Measure of Position
z-score
Sample Population

x – x z= x – µ
z= s 

Chapter 4 – 23
Measure of Position
z-score
Sample Population

x – x z= x – µ
z= s 
round to 2 decimal places
Chapter 4 – 24
FIGURE

Interpreting Z Scores

Unusual Ordinary Unusual

Values Values Values

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Z

Chapter 4 – 25
Example

Chapter 4 – 26
Measures of Position

Quartiles, Deciles,
Percentiles

Chapter 4 – 27
Quartiles

Chapter 4 – 28
Quartiles
Q1, Q2, Q3

Chapter 4 – 29
 Quartiles
Q1, Q2, Q3
divides ranked scores into four equal parts

Chapter 4 – 30
 Quartiles
Q1, Q2, Q3
divides ranked scores into four equal parts
25% 25% 25% 25%

Q1 Q2 Q3

Chapter 4 – 31
 Deciles
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9
divides ranked data into ten equal parts

Chapter 4 – 32
 Deciles
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9
divides ranked data into ten equal parts

10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9

Chapter 4 – 33
 Percentiles
99 Percentiles

or

k th Percentiles (for a given number k)

Chapter 4 – 34
Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles

Fractiles

Chapter 4 – 35
 Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles

Fractiles
partitions data into approximately equal parts

Chapter 4 – 36
Finding the Percentile of a
Given Score

Chapter 4 – 37
 Finding the Percentile of a
Given Score

number of scores less than x

Percentile of score x = • 100
total number of scores

Chapter 4 – 38
Finding the Score
Given a Percentile

Chapter 4 – 39
 Finding the Score
Given a Percentile

n number of scores in the data set

k k percentile being used

L= •n
L locator that gives the position of a
100
score
Pk kth percentile

Chapter 4 – 40
 Start

Rank the data.

(Arrange the data in
Finding the Value
order of lowest to
highest.) of the
Compute kth Percentile
L= k
( n) where
100
n = number of scores
k = percentile in question
The value of the kth percentile
is midway between the Lth score
Is and the next higher score in the
L a whole Yes original set of data. Find Pk by
number
adding the L th score and the
?
next higher score and dividing the
No
total by 2.
Change L by rounding
it up to the next
larger whole number.

The value of Pk is the

Lth score, counting
from the lowest Chapter 4 – 41
Quartiles
Q1 = P25

Q2 = P50

Q3 = P75

Chapter 4 – 42
Quartiles Deciles
Q1 = P25 D1 = P10
D2 = P20
Q2 = P50 D3 = P30
•
Q3 = P75 •
•
D9 = P90

Chapter 4 – 43
Interquartile Range: Q 3 – Q1
Q3- Q1
Semi-interquartile Range:
2
Midquartile: Q1+ Q3
2

10 -90 Percentile Range: P90 - P10

Chapter 4 – 44
Interquartile Range: Q 3 – Q1
Q3 – Q 1
Semi-interquartile Range:
2
Midquartile: Q1+ Q3
2

10 -90 Percentile Range: P90 - P10

Chapter 4 – 45
Interquartile Range: Q 3 – Q1
Q3 – Q 1
Semi-interquartile Range:
2
Midquartile: Q1 + Q3
2

10 -90 Percentile Range: P90 - P10

Chapter 4 – 46
Interquartile Range: Q 3 – Q1
Q3 – Q 1
Semi-interquartile Range:
2
Midquartile: Q1 + Q3
2

10–90 Percentile Range: P90 – P10

Chapter 4 – 47