2023/06/20 15:17 1/3 Situated Learning

Situated Learning

General

Situated learning or situated cognition is a learning theory developed in the late 1980s by Jean Lave
and Etienne Wenger and soon expanded by John Seely Brown and his colleagues. Situated learning
theory is based on the assumption that knowledge should be presented in authentic context
that involves its application. Both authors argue that learning should not be viewed as
transmission of abstract and contextualized knowledge between individuals, but a social process
within certain conditions which include activity, context and culture.

“The theory of situated cognition… claims that every human thought is adapted to the
environment, that is, situated, because what people perceive, how they conceive of their
activity, and what they physically do develop together.”1)

What is situated learning?

The claims of situated learning theory can roughly be divided in following categories:

Learning - Learning, according to Lave, occurs only if learner is put into an authentic real-
world situation or context and into interaction with other people and cannot be separated
from other human activities. There is also no capacity that should be filled with knowledge.2)
Learning does not occur as the objective, but rather as the byproduct of the situation. The
failure to learn or diagnoses of learning disabilities are phenomena resulting from formal
educational systems which mostly ignore mentioned prerequisites of learning.
Knowledge - In contrast to formal education system which addresses knowledge as objective,
decontextualized, apolitical and asocial, situated learning theory sees knowledge as social and
context dependent.
Learning transfer - Since learning is tightly related to the context, it cannot be transferred to
new contexts unless they are nearly same.
Context - Lave's assumptions about learning were derived from her studies of people's
performance in mathematics, where mathematics was chosen just for simplicity of test design
and results measuring. In one experiment, performance on arithmetical tasks was measured
during everyday shopping in the supermarket and on arithmetical test that questioned same
skills. The results on test were worse then same tasks performed in supermarket even though
test contained just the arithmetical tasks that were observed during shopping in the
supermarket. Although basically it was basic mathematics in both cases, on test people
performed according to what they learned in school and in supermarket according to their own
methods. Her experimental conclusion was that when people acquired out-of-context skills in
the classroom, they generally were unable to apply them in real-life situations for which
they were predicted. The real-world context is necessary for a skill to be learned and should be
provided in a so-called community of practice. Still, people manage to develop their own,
often very effective, ways of doing things.
Learning abstract concepts - learning abstract concepts is decontextualized and therefore of
little use.
Social environments - Social interaction is also an important component of situated learning

Learning Theories - https://www.learning-theories.org/

— learners become a part of a “community of practice” which presents certain beliefs and
behaviors to be acquired. Moving from the periphery of the community to its center represents
becoming an expert in some field. Learning needs to occur in complex social environments.

What is the practical meaning of situated learning?

Since situational learning theory is not necessarily oriented on formal institutional sites of learning, it
is also not necessarily orientated on improving the practice of educationalists and practices
performed on those sites. Still, a model of how situated learning theory should affect instructional
design was suggested in 1989 by Brown, Collins and Dugid. This model is called cognitive
apprenticeship.

Criticisms

Some of the criticisms to situated learning theory state that3):

it is untrue that concepts learned in classroom cannot be applied in other contexts (like math).
The fact that learning and performance was sometimes (but not always) context dependent is
known for a long time now. Experiments have shown that for example divers remember worse
what they have learned in other context (water/land and vice-versa)4), or the inability to apply
mathematics knowledge outside the classroom5), but others have failed to find context
specificity of learning6), for example in transfer of reading from one context to another.
there is plenty of research proving transfer of learning,
practical examples have shown that training in abstraction can be of use,
research in psychology supports the idea that training is often more effective when basic skills
are learned before combining them together for a complex performance.

Keywords and most important names

situated learning theory, real-world situation, context

Bibliography

Fox, Stephen. Situated learning theory versus traditional cognitive learning theory: Why management
education should not ignore management learning. Systems Practice 10, no. 6: 727-747. 1997.

Anderson, John R., Lynne M. Reder, and Herbert A. Simon. Situated Learning and Education.
Educational Researcher 25, no. 4: 5 -11. May 1, 1996.

Devlin, K. Supermarket Math. Saint Mary's College of California. Retrieved April 13, 2011.

Situated Learning Theory (Lave) at Learning Theories. Retrieved April 3, 2011.

https://www.learning-theories.org/ Printed on 2023/06/20 15:17

Lave, J. Cognition in Practice: Mind, Mathematics and Culture in Everyday Life (Learning in Doing). NY:
Cambridge University Press. 1988.

Read more

Lave, Jean, and Etienne Wenger. Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge
University Press, 1991.

Fernandez, A., and M. A. Alonso García. The relative value of environmental contex reinstatement in
free recall. Psicológica 22, no. 2: 253–266. 2001.
1)

Clancey, William J. Situated cognition: on human knowledge and computer representations.

Notice this approach is quite the opposite from cognitivist approach to learning, where knowledge and
learning are isolated from other human activities and there is a mental capacity to be filled with
knowledge.
3)

Anderson, John R., Lynne M. Reder, and Herbert A. Simon. Situated Learning and Education.
Educational Researcher 25, no. 4: 5 -11. May 1, 1996.
4)

Godden, D. R., and A. D. Baddeley. Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: on land
and underwater. British Journal of Psychology 66, no. 3 (n.d.): 325-331. 1975.
5)

Lave, Jean. Cognition in practice: mind, mathematics, and culture in everyday life. Cambridge
University Press, 1988.
6)

Fernandez, Angel, and Arthur M. Glenberg. Changing environmental context does not reliably affect
memory. Memory & Cognition 13, no. 4: 333-345. 1985.

From:
https://www.learning-theories.org/ - Learning Theories

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Last update: 2023/06/19 18:03

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