4.

A rod of length and cross section area A has a variable thermal conductivity

given by K = T, where  is a positive constant and T is temperature in Kelvin

scale. The two ends of the rod are maintained at temperatures T1

and T2 ( T1  T2 ) . Heat current (rate of heat flow) flowing through the rod in the

steady state will be

A)
(
A T12 − T22 ) B)
(
A T12 + T22 ) C)
(
A T12 + T22 ) D)
(
A T12 − T22 ) Key : D
3 2

2 T
dT
Sol : Heat current: i = −kA , idx = −kA dT , i dx = − A  T dT
dx 0 T1

i = − A
(T 2
2 − T12 ) ,  i = A ( T1
2
− T22 )
2 2
5. A sphere and a cube of same material, surface finish and same total surface area are
placed in the same evacuated space turn by turn after they are heated to the same
temperature. Find the ratio of their initial rates of cooling in the enclosure.
   
A) :1 B) :1 C) :1 D) :1 Key : A
6 3 6 3
d surface area A
Sol : −  R
dt volume , v For sphere,
4R2
3
Rs = (K ) = K
4 3 R
R
3
6 2 6K Rs
Rc = (K) 3 = =
For cube R c 2R ……………… (1)
2
6 2
= 4R 2  =
Since surface area is same, . R 3 ……….. (2)
Substitue (2) in (1)
A and B are two points on uniform metal ring whose centre is C. The angle ACB =  .
6.
A and B are maintained at two different constant temperatures. When  = 180 , the rate
n
of total heat flow from A to B is 1.2 W. When  = 90 , this rate is found to be times
3

1.2 W. Find n?
Key : 4
Let R be the total resistance of the string.
Sol :
T
When  = 180 , Req = R/4 So, 1.2 =
R/4
 3R T 4  4T  4
When  = 90 , Req = So, i = =   = (1.2W )
16 3R /16 3  R  3
7. A parallel-sided slab is made of two different materials. The upper half of the slab is
made of material X, of thermal conductivity ; the lower half is made of material Y, of
thermal conductivity 2.In the steady state, the left hand face of the composite slab is
at a higher, uniform temperature than the right-hand face, and the flow of heat through
the slab is parallel to its shortest sides. What fraction of the total heat flow through the
slab passes through material X?

1 1 1 2
A) B) C) D)
4 3 2 3 Key : B
Q
Rate of heat flow, , through a parallel–sided slab of cross–sectional area A and thermal
Sol : t

Q d d
conductivity  is given by = − A where is the temperature gradient across the slab.
t dx , dx

d
Now Y = 2X = 2, and −A = constant = c for both materials X and Y.
dx

 Qx
 = c
Q QX QY
Hence  t and = + = 3c
 Qy = 2c t t t
 t

QX c 1
 fraction of total flow through the slab process through material X= = =
Q 3c 3

8. Radiation from a small spherical black body at the thermodynamic temperature T 1 is

measured by a small detector at distance d1 from it. When the temperature is increased
to T2 and the distance to d2, the power received by the detector is unchanged. What is
the ratio d2/d1?
2 2 4
T2  T2   T1   T2 
A) B)   C)   D)   Key : B
T1  T1   T2   T1 
9. A body X at an original temperature 100°C and another body Y at an original
temperature 0°C are placed in an evacuated enclosure, the walls of which are
maintained at 10°C. Which one of the following statements is consistent with
Prevost’s Theory?
2
 A) X emits but does not absorb heat.
B) Y absorbs but does not emit heat.
C) The final temperature of the bodies will be the mean of their initial temperatures
(i.e. 50°C).
D) The walls of the enclosure radiate heat. Key : D
10. Ice starts forming in a lake with water at 0°C when the atmospheric temperature is
−10C . If time taken for 1 cm of ice to be formed is 7 hour, the time taken for the
thickness of ice to change from 1 cm to 2 cm is (assume cross section of the lake is
invariant along its depth)
A) 3.5 hour B) 7 hour C) 14 hour D) 21 hour Key : D
11. The amount of heat conducted out per sec through a glass window, when inside
temperature is 100C and outside temperature is –100C is 750J. Same heat will be
conducted through window when outside temperature is –130C and inside temperature
can be _______
A) 230 K B) 240 K C) 280 K D) 286 K Key : BC
Sol : Out side temperature = 260 K
Temperature difference for same heat transfer = 200C, Hence 240 K & 280 K
12. A metal rod A of 25 cm length expands by 0.05 cm when its temperature is raised
from 0 0 C to 1000 C . Another rod B of different metal of length 40cm expands by 0.04
cm for the same raise in temperature. Third rod C of 50 cm length is made up of rods
A and B placed end to end expands by 0.03 cm on heating from 0 0 C to 500 C . The ratio
of lengths of B and A is Key : 4
Sol : l1 + l2 = 50  Al1t +  Bl2 t = 0.03cm

21. A black body which is initially at 200C is kept in room of constant temperature of

dQe
300C. Re = is the radiancy power of the black body (consider only emission in
dt

dQa
calculation of R e ). Ra = is the rate of absorption of energy of the surface of black
dt

body. (consider only absorption in calculation of R a ).

3
 Column – A Column – B

dR e dR a
dt dt

Mark A If quantity in column A is greater than the one in column B

Mark B If quantity in column A is lesser than the one in column B

Mark C If both the quantities are equal

Mark D If relation between the two quantities cannot be determined from the

information given Key : A Sol : Rc  Tb4 Ra  T54

23. A uniform rod (area of cross section = A) made of a non–uniform conducting material
has its thermal conductivity varying linearly along its length from K0 to 2K0. When the
rod was in steady state it was observed that a heat current P was entering the left end
as shown.(neglect heat loss through curved surface of the rod)
A B
P

K0 2K0

Statement – 1 : Temperature gradient at A is lesser than that at B.

Statement – 2 : Heat current at A is equal to heat current at B.
(A) Statement– 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is a correct explanation
for Statement – 1.
(B) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is NOT a correct
explanation for Statement – 1.
(C) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False.
(D) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True. Key : D
dT  dT   dT 
Sol : P = KA .Same P should flow through A and B,      as KA < KB.
dx  dx  A  dx B
24. A rod of length l = 0.693 m with thermally insulated lateral surface consists of
2
material whose heat conductivity coefficient varies with temperature as K = , where
T

T is the temperature in Kelvin.The ends of the rod are kept at temperature

T1 = 400 2K and T2 = 200 2K [ Given ln 2 = 0.693 ]
The temperature in kelvin at the mid point of the rod
A) 200 K B) 300 K C) 400 K D) 500 K Key : C
4
 Sol : The quantity of heat flowing   = − K
dQ AdT
 dt  Tdx
l T1
dT 2 log e (T1 / T2 )
Insteady state   dx = −  2 T
0 T2
Q=
l
= 23 / s
,
At a distance x from the end whose temperature is T
x/l
T 
Q( x) = ( 2loge T1 / T ) Or T ( x) = T1  2  T ( x = l / 2) = 400K
,  T1  ,
25. A metal block of heat capacity 80 J/ C is placed in a room at 200C is heated
0

electrically. The heater is switched off when the temperature reaches 300C. The

temperature of the block rises at a rate of 2 0c/s just after the heater is switched on and

falls at the rate of 0.2 0C/s just after the heater is switched off. Assume Newton’s law

of cooling to hold. Find the power radiated by the block when the temperature of the

block is 250C.

A) 2 W B) 4 W C) 8 W D) 32 W Key : C
d  dQ   d 
Sol :   = Pheater = ms 9(2)(80) = 160W
dQ
  ms   = (.2)(80) = 160W
 dt  dt ,  dt lossby block  dt 
26. Water is being boiled in a flat bottom kettle placed on a stove. The area of the bottom
is 3000 cm2 and the thickness is 2 mm. If the amount of steam produced is 1 g/min.
Calculate the difference of temperature between the inner and outer surface of the
bottom. Thermal conductivity for the material of kettle is 0.5 cal / 0C / s / cm and the
latent heat of steam is 540 cal/gm.(Temperature of steam =1000C)
A) 1.2 x 10–3 0C B) 2.4 x 10–3 0C C) 3.6 x 10–3 0C D) 4.8 x 10–3 0C Key : A
Sol : Mass of steam produced 1/60 g/s = dm/dt
d dm KA
Hence heat transferred per sec to water , =l = Hence  = 1.2 x 10–3 0C
dt dt d ,
27. If a body takes 6 minutes to cool from 800C to 700C, how long will it take to cool from
600C to 500C, if the surrounding temperature is 250C?(Assume Newton’s Law of
Cooling is valid)
A) 8 min B) 10 min C) 12 min D) 14 min Key : B
80 + 70
Sol : As per Newton law of cooling − 25  rate of cooling R1
2
60 + 50 R 5 1
− 25  rate of cooling R2  1 = But time of cooling 
2 R2 3 R

5
 R1 t2 5
Hence = =  6 = 10 min
R2 t1 3
29. The initial rates of fall of temperature of two solid spheres (equal radii and same thin
layered black coating on their surface) are equal. The two spheres are at equal initial
temperature but are made of different materials. (Assume same surrounding
temperature)
A) their specific heat capacities are equal B) their heat capacities are equal
C) their specific heat capacities are proportional to their densities
D) their specific heat capacities are inversely proportional to their densities
30. Two containers A and B are connected by a conducting solid cylindrical rod of length
242
cm and radius 8.3 cm. Thermal conductivity of the rod is 693 W/m–K and the
7

specific heat of the rod is negligible.

A B

O
2 H
e

The container A contains two mole of oxygen gas and the container B contains four
mole of helium gas. At time t = 0 temperature difference of the containers is 50ºC,
after what time (in seconds) temperature difference between them will be 25ºC.
Transfer of heat takes place through the rod only. Neglect radiation loss. Take R = 8.3
22
J/mole–K and  = . Key : 3
7

Sol : Thermal resistance of the rod, R=

kA
When heat is transferred from first vessel to second, temperature of first
vessel decreases while that of second vessel increases. Due to both there
reasons, difference between temperature of vessels decreases.
Let at an instant t, the temperature difference between two vessels be .
 KA KA
H= = dQ = Hdt = dt …(i)
R
Since gases are contained in two vessels, therefore, processes on gases in
two vessels are isochoric.
dQ dQ dQ
Hence, decrease in temperature of gas in first vessel, 1 = = =
nCV 2  5R 5R
2
dQ dQ
Increase in temperature of gas in second vessel is 2 = =
3R 6R
4
2
6
  Decrease in temperature difference (–d) = 1 + 2
dQ 11 KA11
− d =  , or, − d = dt
R 30 30R
d KA 11 KA  11
25 t
−
30 R 0
or = dt , or, n2 = t
50
 30 R
.693  30  242 10−2  8.3  7
or t= = 3 seconds.
693  7  22  8.3 10−4 11
31. Consider two identical iron spheres, one which lie on a thermally insulating
plate, while the other hangs from an insulator thread. Equal amount of heat is
supplied to the two spheres:

A
B

A) temperature of A will be greater than B

B) temperature of B will be greater than A
C) their temperature will be equal
D) can’t be predicted Key : B
Sol : Gravitation potential energy of sphere “A “is increases and for the sphere "  " decreases

hence temperature of the sphere  is greater then the sphere A

32. A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one end A in ice at 0°C and the other end
B in water at 100°C. If a point P on the rod is maintained at 400°C, then it is
found that equal amounts of water evaporate and ice melt per unit time. The
latent heat of evaporation of water is 540 cal/g and latent heat of melting of ice
is 80 cal/g. If the point P is at a distance of  x from the ice end A, find the
value of  . [Neglect any heat loss to the surrounding.] Key : 9
Sol : L vap = 540cal /g L fusion = 80cal / g
T = 400°C

Ice P1 P2 Water
at At
0°C x 10x − x 100°C

 400 − 0   400 − 100 

In steady state, P1 = K.A.   and P2 = K.A.  
 x   10x −  x 
d d dM dM
Also P1 = Mice .L fusion  and P2 = Mw .L vap  ,  P1 = L fusion . ice and P2 = L vap . w
dt dt dt dt
dMice dMw
Now, = , Hence, solving, we get  = 9
dt dt

7
33. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B (radius 18 cm) are at absolute
temperatures T1 and T2 , respectively. The maximum intensity in the emission
spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in that of B is at 1500 nm (Wavelength).
Considering them to be black bodies, what will be the ratio of the rate of total
energy radiated by A to that of B? Key : 9
Sol : By Wien’s, displacement law,  max . T = constant
 max . T =  max 2 .T2 Thus, (500  T1 ) = (1500 ) ( T2 ) Hence, T1 = 3T2
2
EA  1 
Also EA =  ( 4) ( 6 10−2 ) ( T14 ) , EB =  ( 4) (18 10−2 ) ( T2 ) ,Thus,
2 2 4
=    34 = 9
EB  3 
34. A uniform solid cube and a uniform solid sphere of the same material have equal

surface areas. Both are at the same temperature of 1200C. In the next infinitesimal time

duration,

A) Both the cube and the sphere cool down at the same rate

B) The cube cools down faster than the sphere

C) The sphere cools down faster than the cube

D) Their rates of cooling are different but it cannot be concluded which is faster

Key : BD

35. Two large black plane surfaces are maintained at constant temperatures T1
and T2 (T1  T2 ) . Two thin black plates A and B are placed between the two
surfaces and in parallel to the given plates. After some time, steady conditions
are obtained. By what factor, is the steady heat flow increased due to the
removal of black plates?
T1 T2

A B
Key : 3 Sol : Let the temperatures of A and B be T3 and T4.
( ) ( ) (
In the steady state Q =  T14 − T34 =  T34 − T44 =  T42 − T22 )

8
 In the absence of the plates Q0 =  T14 − T24 ( ),  Q0 = 3Q or
Q 1
Q0
=
3

PASSAGE
A small spherical ball of radius r is maintained at temperature T. The
emissivity of the surface of the ball is 1. There is a cavity with a small hole of
diameter d and perfectly reflecting outer surfaces kept at a large distance ' l '
from the center of the ball.

36. The rate of amount of radiation (emitted from the ball) falling on the hole is
approximately equal to:
 d 2 r 2 T 4 4 d 2 r 2 T 4  d 2 r 2 T 4  r 2 2T 4
A) B) C) D) Key : C
l2 l2 4l 2 d2
37. The equilibrium temperature of the cavity T '' at which the amount of power
striking the hole from both sides is equal is:
r r2 r r
A) T B) T C) T D) T Key : A
l l l2 l
P
Sol : Intensity of radiations at a distance ‘l’ from the point source I = where
4 l 2
P = 4 r 2 T 4 , Power falling on the hole of the cavity
I d 2 P  d 2 Pd 2  d 2 r 2 T 4
= = = =
4 4 l 2 4 16l 2 4l 2
Let the temperature of the cavity be T”, the amount of radiation falling from inside the
1
 d 2 r (T  ) . Equation the two powers we get.
4
cavity on the hole will be
4

 d 2 r 2 T 4 1 r
=  d 2 (T  )  T  = T
4
2
4l 4 l

38. The temperature of end A of a rod is maintained at 0°C. The temperature of end B is
changing slowly such that the rod may be considered in steady state at all time and is
given by T(B) = t ; where  is positive constant and t is time. Temperature of point C, at a
distance x from end A, at any time is
L

x
A C B
TA =0°C TB = t

9
 xt xt 2 x 2t ( L − x)
(A) (B) (C) (D) t Key : A
L 2L 2L L
dT TB − TA t  dT  ( t ) x
Sol : = = TC = TA +  x=
dx L L  dx  L

39. Three rods of the same cross section and made of the same material form the sides
of a triangle ABC as shown. The points A and B are maintained at temperatures T
and 2T respectively in the steady state. Assuming that only heat conduction takes
place, the temperature at point C is
A

600

B C

2 2 + 3   3 2   2   5
A)  T B)  T C)   T D)   T Key : A
 2+ 3  2+ 3   3  2 
Sol :
T
A
600
/2
B 300 C
2T T'
3
2

      2T = T ' T '− T 2 2+ 3
  =  , =  T ' =   T
 L  BC  L CA 3  2 + 3 
2
40. In a black body radiation at certain temperature T1 , the wavelength having
0
maximum intensity of radiation equals 9000 A . When the temperature is
increased from T1 to T2 the total radiation increases 16 times. The
radiation (at T2 ) with wavelength corresponding to maximum intensity is found

to be capable of ejecting photoelectrons. The maximum kinetic energy of the

photoelectrons is if the work function of the metal is 1.88 eV (Approximately)
A) 0.44 eV B) 0.66 eV C) 0.88 eV D) 1.1 eV Key : C
hc 0
Sol : T2 = 2T1 , l 2 = 2l 1 = 4500 A , K=
- j = 1.9 eV , \ j = 0.88ev
l2
41. The graph shown in the diagram represents the variation of temperature (T) of the
10
 bodies x and y having same surface area with time (t) due to the emission of
radiation. Find the correct relation between the emissivity and absorptivity of the two
bodies.
T

y
x

A) E x  E y anda x  a y B) E x  E y anda x  a y
C) E x  E y anda x  a y D) E x  E y anda x  a y Key : C
 dT 
Sol : Rate of cooling  −  emmissivity ( ) From the graph,
 dt 
 dT   dT 
 −    −   e x  e y
dt x dt y
Further emissivity ( e)  absorptive power (a) (good absorbers are good emitters
also)  ax  ay
Note : Emissivity is a pure ratio (dimensionless) while the emissive power has a unit
J/s or watt.
42. A planet radiates heat at a rate proportional to the fourth power of its surface
temperature T. If such a steady temperature of the planet is due to an exactly
equal amount of heat received from the sun then which of the following
statement is true?
a) The planet’s surface temperature varies inversely as the distance of the sun
b) The planet’s surface temperature varies directly as the square of its
distance from the sun
c) The planet’s surface temperature varies inversely as the square root of its
distance from the sun
d) The planet’s surface temperature is proportional to the fourth power of its
distance from the sun
key :C
sol : Rate of loss of energy by unit area of the planet = T 4 , where  is the
Stefan’s constant. Let Q be the total energy emitted by the sun in every
second. If d is the distance of the planet from the sun ,then Q falls
uniformly over the inner surface of the sphere of radius d rate of gain of heat
Q
by unit area of planet 2
4d
For steady temperature of planet
1/4
Q Q  Q  1
T =
4
T =
4
or T =   T
4d 2
4d2
 4d2  d
43. A body cools in a surrounding which is at a constant temperature of 0 .
Assuming that it obeys Newton’s law of cooling, its temperature  is plotted
against time t . Tangents are drawn to the curve at the points
11
 P ( temperature = q 2 ) and Q ( temperature = q1) . These tangents meet the time axis at
angles of 2 and 1 respectively, as shown. Then

2 P

 Q
1
2 1
0 t

tan 2 1 −  0 tan 2  2 −  0 tan 2 1 tan 2  2

a) = b) = c) = d) = key : B
tan 1  2 −  0 tan 1 1 −  0 tan 1  2 tan 1 1
sol : For  − t plot,rateofcooling = ( d / dt ) = slopeof thecurvve

44. Which of the following statement is correct regarding heat transfer between
two given bodies A and B? [Temperature of A is greater than temperature of
B]
a) Conduction does not need the bodies to be in contact
b) Convection does not need any medium to exist between the bodies
c) If only conduction is taking place heat transfer happens from A to B and
also from B to A
d) If only conduction is taking place heat transfer happens from A to B only
key : C
You are on a summer tour to a remote hill station. You do not
Passage
have facility of an electric freezer and you want some ice. Unfortunately the air
temperature drops to only 6 0 C each night. Being a physicist you know that a clear,
moonless night sky acts like a black body radiator at a temperature of Ts = −230 C and
decides to make ice by letting water radiate energy to such a sky. You take a
container, thermally insulated from ground and pour water in it to form a thin,
uniform layer with mass m = 4.5 g , top surface area A = 9cm 2 ,depth d = 5mm and
emissivity = 0.9 ,of course the initial temperature is 6 0 C .Remember that water can
freeze at 0 0 C and while the water loses energy by radiation to the sky, it also
absorbs energy radiated from sky, neglect the presence of atmosphere and use
W
following data and facts to answer the question Stefan’s constant  = 5.67 10−3
m − K4
2

The absorptive power (a) of a body is fraction of the incident radiation that is
absorbed by it and is same as its emissivity [Assume radiation only happens
from the top surface of the cylinder]
Specific heat of water , s = 4190 J / kg − K , latent heat of fusion of
ice, L = 3.33 105 J / kg
45. The total required energy loss for the above sample of water to freeze is
a) 1612J b) 1512J c) 113J d) 1499J key : A
sol : The water will radiate energy to drop its temperature to 00 C and there after it will lose latent
12
 heat to solidify total heat loss required for this is Q = ms ( TI − TF ) + mL
46. What is the approximate rate of loss of heat by the water sample?
a) 7.5 10−2 J / s b) 9.0 10−3 J / s c) 2 10−2 J / s d) 110−4 J / s key : A
sol : Net rate of energy loss P =   A ( T4 − Tsky 4 )
47. The temperature drops through a two layer furnace wall by 9000 C . Each layer is
of equal area of cross – section. Which of the following actions will result in
lowering the temperature  of the interface?
inner outer
layer layer

10000 C 1000 C

a) By increasing the thermal conductivity of outer layer

b) By increasing the thermal conductivity of inner layer
c) By increasing thickness of outer layer
d) By increasing thickness of inner layer key : AD
48. The solar constant (intensity of radiation from sun on the surface of the planet)
for a planet is S. The surface temperature of the sun is T K. If the sun
subtends a small angle  at the planet, then
a) S  T 4 b) S  T 2 c) S   2 d) S   key : AC
sol : Power radiated from the sun = ( 4R ) T
2 4
=P

49. The arrangement as shown, temperatures of ends P and R are 200C and 0C .
The lengths of rods are shown. The length of rod RS is IL, if no heat
flows through QS where I is an integer. Find the value of I.
Q

L 3L

P R(00C)
0
(200 C)
2L

P R
Key :6 Sol : =
Q S
50. Three bars of different materials but same length and area of cross-section are
joined. One end of the composite rod is maintained at 2000C and the other
end is maintained at 350C. Loss of heat from the sides by radiation is made
negligibly small. The temperatures of the junctions in the steady state are
1100C and 800c as shown in the figure

13
 2000C 1100C 800C 350C

(A) (B) (C)

The coefficient of thermal conductivities of
a) A and B are in the ratio 3 : 1 b) B and c are in the ratio 3 :2
c) A and c are in the ratio 2 : 1 d) A, B, and C are is 1 : 3 : 2 key : BD
sol : The same quantity of heat is conducted across each bar, therefore
K1 ( 200 − 110 ) K 2 (110 − 80 ) K 2 (80 − 35 )
= = or K1 : K 2 : K3 = 1: 3: 2 (B) and (D)
l l l
51. A spherical black body has a radius R and steady surface temperature T, heat sources
ensure the heat evolution at a constant rate and distributed uniformly over its volume.
What would be the new steady surface temperature of the object if the radius is
decreased by half ? Assume surrounding to be at absolute zero and heat evolution rate
through unit volume remain same.
4 1 1
A) 2T B) 4 T C) 2T D) T Key : B
2 2
Sol : Net heat getting generated in complete volume of sphere = rate of heat
1
 4 3 T   1 4
3 
4
(
radiated by its surface. P   r  =  e 4 r Ts , Ts  r ,
2 4

T  2
) 1
=   ,T  = 4 T
2
52. Two spherical black bodies A and B, having radii rA and rB where rB = 2rA emit
radiation with peak intensities at wavelength 400 nm and 800 nm respectively. If
their temperatures are TA and TB respectively in Kelvin scale, their emissive
powers are EA and EB and energies emitted per second PA and PB then
TA PA EA E
A) =2 B) =4 C) = 8 D) A = 16 Key : ABD
TB PB EB EB
Sol : rB = 2rA..................(I),TA= 2TB ...................(II), E =  eT 4
EA PA AATA4
= 16 , = =4
EB PB ABTB4
53. The temperature drop through a two layer furnace wall is 900°C. Each layer is
of equal area of cross section. Which of the following actions will definitely result
in lowering the temperature  of the interface?
Inner Outer
layer layer

1000°C 100°C

A) by increasing the thermal conductivity of outer layer

14
 B) by increasing the thermal conductivity of inner layer

C) by increasing thickness of outer layer

D) by increasing thickness of inner layer Key : AD

Sol : Net resistance of two wall=  l1 l2  1

 k + k  A
1 2

 
Temperature of interface =  T  l1
 = 1000 −   .....(1)
l l 
 1 + 2  k1
 k1 k2 
or equation 1 & 2 shows on increasing thermal conductivity of outer layer temp
of interface certainly decreases.
IN same way on increasing thickness of Inner layer temperature of interface

decreases

54. Consider the shown case of a freezing lake due to negative environmental
temperature (− 0C ) . Thickness (x) of ice layer is small in comparison to depth of
lake. Rate of increase in x will be greater:
− 0C
ice x

water

(A) if environmental temperature increases

(B) For larger thickness of ice layer
(C) If environmental temperature decreases
(D) For smaller thickness of ice layer. Key :CD
KA(T ) KA[0 − ( )] d KA
Sol : Q = = ; =
x x dt x
55. Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivities of 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The
outer surface areas of the two bodies are same. The two bodies emit total radiant
power at same rate. The wavelength B corresponding to maximum spectral
radiancy in the radiation from B shifted from the wavelength corresponding to
maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from A by 1  m . If the temperature of A is
5802 K:
A) The temperature of B is 1934 K B) B = 1.5 m

15
 C) Temperature of B is 11604 K D) Temperature of B is 2901 K Key : AB
1/4
TA  eB 
1/4
 0.81  TA 5802
Sol : eA T A = eB T A ,
4
A B
4
=  =  = 3 , TB = = = 1934 K
TB  eA   0.01  TB 3
 TB  B
mT = b = Wien's constant , So, TAA = BTB , A = B  =
 TA  3
B
And given, B − A = 1 m , So, B − = 1.5 m , Or B = 1.5 m
3
57. Two metallic spheres S1 and S2 are made of the same material and have identical
surface finish. The mass of S1 is thrice that of S2. Both spheres are heated to the same
high temperature and placed in the same room having lower temperature but are
thermally insulated from each other. The ratio of initial rates of cooling of S1 to that of
S2 is.
1/3

D)  
1 1 1
A) B) C) (3)1/3 Key : D
3 3  3

dT  4r 2 .eT 4
1/3
dQ 4 dT  1 
Sol : = AeT 
4
= m = r 3 .   
dt dt m.s , 3 dt  m 

58. A solid copper sphere S1 having radius R1 = 10 cm at initial temperature of 320 K is

placed in an evacuated chamber maintained at 300 K. Another solid copper sphere
S 2 having radius R2 = 32 cm at an initial temperature of 370 K is placed in another
evacuated chamber maintained at 350 K. Both the spheres have identical surface
finish. Find the ratio (in nearest integer) of rate of change of temperature of first
sphere to the second sphere. Key : 2
dT
dt 1 T01 R2 (300)3  32
3
4 3 dT
Sol :  R S = −e 4 R 4T0 (T − T0 ) ,
2 3
 = = = 2.0151  2
3 dt dT R1T032 10  (350)3
dt 2
59. At the earth’s surface, the radiant power received from the sun normally is
1.3  103 W per square metre. The power radiated by the sun is the same
everywhere over the sun’s surface. The earth orbits at a distance of 1.5 1011 m
from the sun. Using mass energy relation, E = mc 2 , calculate the approximate
loss of mass of the sun due to energy being radiated away per second. Give
the answer in the multiples of 109 kg / s Key : 4
60. A heated body emits radiation which has maximum intensity of frequency vm . If the
temperature of the body is doubled (Increases by a factor means the ratio of final value that
of it’s initial value)
A) The maximum intensity radiation will be at frequency 2vm
B) The maximum intensity radiation will be at frequency (1/ 2) vm
16
 C) The total emitted energy will increase by a factor 16
D) The total emitted energy will increase by a factor 2 Key : AC
T
Sol : According to Wein’s law, lmT = constant or = constt
Tvm
So if T is doubled, vm is also doubled, Further according to Stefan’s law E  T 4 ,
When T is doubled, E increases by a factor of 16
61. Three concentric thin spherical shells are shown in figure. Outer most sphere can’t radiate in
outer space. The inner most and the outer most shells are maintained at T1 K & T2 K
respectively. Assume the three shells behaves as black body .
1/ 4
T4 T4  x
The steady state temperature of the middle shell is  1 + 2  . Value of is
 x y  y

2R
T2

3R R
T1

T14 T24 4
Key : 4 Sol : Net heat transfer rate to middle sphere is zero,q = +
5 ( 5 / 4)

62. A metal cylinder of mass 0.5kg is uniformly heated electrically by a 12 W

heater in a room at 15o C . The cylinder temperature rises to 25o C in 5 min &

finally becomes constant at 45o C . Assuming that the rate of heat loss is

proportional to the excess temperature over the surrounding (Newton’s law of

cooling)

A) The rate of loss of heat of the cylinder to surrounding at 20o C is 2W

B) The rate of loss of heat of the cylinder to surrounding at 45o C is 12 W

240
C) Specific heat capacity of metal is J / kg −0 C
ln(1.5)

D) Specific heat capacity of metal is 240 J / kg −0 C Key : ABC

dT
Sol : From energy conservation ms = 12 − K(T − 15)
dt
dT
At T = 45 C, =0
o
Where T is temperature of cylinder at any time t.
dt
17
 12 2
 Rate of heat loss = K(45 − 15) = 12W K= = W /o C
30 5
2
At T = 20 C , rate of heat loss =
(20 − 15) = 2W
o

5
25 560
2 dT 240
 (20 − 15) = 2W  ms  =  dt  S = J / kg −o C
5 15 12 −
2 ln(3 / 2)
(T − 15) 0
5
Paragraph for Question
Light from the sun arrives at the earth, an average of 1.5 1011 m away, at the rate
of 1.4 103 W / m 2 of area perpendicular to the direction of light. Assume that
sunlight is monochromatic with a frequency of 5 1014 Hz .
For this situation answer the following questions.
63. The number of photons reaching per second on each square metre of the
earth’s surface directly facing the sun are –
A) 12.4 1029 B) 4.2 1021 C) 1.2 1045 D) 1.4 1013
Key : B
Sol :
64. Near to surface of earth how many photons per cubic meter are there
A) 12.4 1029 B) 4.2 1021 C) 1.2 1045 D) 1.4 1013
Key : D
Sol :

18