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English Grammar

The document is a comprehensive guide to English grammar, covering sentence structure, parts of speech, tenses, clauses and phrases, active vs passive voice, direct and indirect speech, as well as modals and conditionals. It outlines the types of sentences, the eight parts of speech with examples, and various tense forms. Additionally, it explains the differences between active and passive voice, how to convert direct speech to indirect speech, and the use of modals and conditional sentences.

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11 views16 pages

English Grammar

The document is a comprehensive guide to English grammar, covering sentence structure, parts of speech, tenses, clauses and phrases, active vs passive voice, direct and indirect speech, as well as modals and conditionals. It outlines the types of sentences, the eight parts of speech with examples, and various tense forms. Additionally, it explains the differences between active and passive voice, how to convert direct speech to indirect speech, and the use of modals and conditional sentences.

Uploaded by

camosor399
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complete English Grammar Guide

1. Sentence Structure

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. It has a subject and a
predicate.

Types of Sentences:

1. Declarative I love English grammar.

2. Interrogative Do you like English grammar?

3. Imperative Learn English grammar carefully.


4. Exclamatory Wow! This guide is amazing!

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2. Parts of Speech

There are eight parts of speech:

1. Nouns (Person, Place, Thing, Idea)

Common noun dog, school, book

Proper noun John, Nepal, English

Abstract noun love, happiness, freedom


Collective noun team, flock, bunch

Countable noun apple, car, bottle

Uncountable noun water, air, rice

2. Pronouns (Replaces nouns)

Personal I, you, he, she, we, they

Possessive my, your, his, her, our, their

Reflexive myself, yourself, himself

Demonstrative this, that, these, those


Interrogative who, whom, which, whose

3. Verbs (Action or State)

Action verbs run, jump, eat, study

Linking verbs is, are, was, seem, become

Auxiliary (helping) verbs am, is, was, have, do, will

4. Adjectives (Describe nouns)

Descriptive big, red, beautiful

Comparative bigger, more beautiful


Superlative biggest, most beautiful

5. Adverbs (Describe verbs, adjectives, adverbs)

Manner quickly, slowly

Place here, there

Time yesterday, now, soon

6. Prepositions (Show relationship)

Place in, on, under, beside


Time before, after, during

Direction to, from, towards

7. Conjunctions (Join words or clauses)

Coordinating and, but, or, so

Subordinating because, although, if, when

8. Interjections (Express emotion)

Wow! Oh! Ouch! Hey!


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3. Tenses

Tenses indicate time of action.

Present Tenses:

1. Simple Present I eat an apple every day.

2. Present Continuous I am eating an apple now.

3. Present Perfect I have eaten an apple.


4. Present Perfect Continuous I have been eating apples for two hours.

Past Tenses:

1. Simple Past I ate an apple yesterday.

2. Past Continuous I was eating an apple when you called.

3. Past Perfect I had eaten an apple before you came.

4. Past Perfect Continuous I had been eating apples before dinner.


Future Tenses:

1. Simple Future I will eat an apple.

2. Future Continuous I will be eating an apple at 5 PM.

3. Future Perfect I will have eaten an apple by tomorrow.

4. Future Perfect Continuous I will have been eating apples for one hour.
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4. Clauses & Phrases

Clauses (Contain subject + verb)

Independent clause I love English. (Complete sentence)

Dependent clause Because I love English (Incomplete sentence)

Phrases (No subject-verb combination)

Noun phrase The black cat

Verb phrase is sleeping on the mat

Prepositional phrase Under the tree


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5. Active vs Passive Voice

Active She wrote a letter.

Passive A letter was written by her.

How to Change Active to Passive:

1. Identify subject, verb, object.


2. Move the object to the subject position.

3. Use the correct be + past participle form.

4. Change the subject to "by" + agent (optional).

Example:

Active The teacher teaches English.

Passive English is taught by the teacher.

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6. Direct & Indirect Speech


Used to report someone's words.

Direct Speech:

She said, "I am happy."

Indirect Speech:

She said that she was happy.

Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect Speech:

1. Change tenses (past form)


"I am happy." She said she was happy.

2. Change pronouns

"I like apples." He said he liked apples.

3. Change time expressions

"I will go tomorrow." He said he would go the next day.


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7. Modals & Conditionals

Modals (Helping Verbs):

Can Ability (I can swim.)

Could Past ability (I could swim when I was 5.)

May/Might Possibility (It may rain today.)

Must Necessity (You must study.)

Shall/Should Advice (You should sleep early.)

Would Hypothetical (I would go if I had time.)


Conditional S

entences:

1. Zero Conditional If water reaches 100°C, it boils.

2. First Conditional If it rains, I will stay home.

3. Second Conditional If I were rich, I would travel the world.

4. Third Conditional If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

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