Engineering Drawing

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Srccnidhi Inalizutc cl Science and Tcchnclugy

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Introduction to Engineering Drawing

K. Srinivasulu Reddy
Mechanical Engineering Department
UNIT-I
i].I.ntroduction to.-.E}ngi.n.c.cri1:ig Drawing: Drawing
instruments and their uses, types of lines, use of
pencils, lettering, rules of dimensioning.
ii]_Construction of Polygons: Inscription -Ec
superscription of polygons given the diameter of circle.
iiiilntroduction to sca1es[Theory on1g1:Sc-ales used in
Engineering Practice and concept of Representative
Fraction.
iv)Cu1'ves used in Engineering Practice Br. their
Construction: Conic sections including the rectangular
Hyperbola-General Method only.
TEXT BOOKS:
1.Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt I Charotar
Publications
2. Engineering Drawing by K.L.Narayana and
Kannaiah1Scietech Publishers

REFERENCES:
1. Engineering Drawing,K.Venugopall'G.Sreekanjana,
New Age International Publishers
2. Engineering Drawing,B.V.R Gupta,M.Roja Roy
|.K. International Publishing
 i) introduction to Drawing
‘Why and What is Engineering Drawing?
‘Importance of Engineering Drawing
‘Standards
‘List of Drawing instruments
‘Border lines
‘Title block
‘Types of lines
‘Pencils recommended
‘Lettering
‘Dimensioning
 I
I

What is Engineering Drawing ?

.l.
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u-:'-i|:\-..- |
1.-_': 1.! L If:

‘F Drawing is a graphical Language of an Engineer

which communicates ideas and information from
one mind to another.
F it communicates aii needed information from the
engineer; who designed a part, to the workers,
who wiii make it. _ .
 What is Engineering Drawing Contd..
~"Engineering Drawing is a E diniensionai re,oresentaiion of
a iii dirnensionai oizgjeci. Ii is the graphic iangaage, from
which a trained person can wsaaliee the objec-I.

~/ Engineering drawing is formal and precise way of

coninianicaiing fi'ifi'ir'maiiUit about the shape, size,_feaiares
and precision ofpiiysical objects.

'/ Engineering Drawing is the ani'ver.~'rai language of

Engineers
 ENGINEERING DRAWING

The classification of Engineering Drawings include

‘Building drawing
‘Machine drawing
‘Production drawing
‘Electrical drawing etc.
Importance ‘;~Qi_““
.+,,
, .
°;.fi.;‘1“‘:.‘i“.'iI.f“.‘:.".{m seesaw
I Z’cr:.‘fi‘c.‘wiihrcaiclixihoi
“‘Z‘i a"‘i7»'i$c"iif‘
gr ‘F zugbwfiziflftgk In Engineering,
' ' a good
,,P,;*,_,"“;‘-;_,,_,‘,=‘=,, drawing IS worth even
more than a thousand
‘ choc
f.?J..1£i‘.=a.c.a.}. l words.
it
$<oeI:|.F\m.:l‘ipIpil1g.i:rrii¢ 5

A PICTURE SPEAKS A THOUSAND WORDS

 Why instruments for drawing ?
Freehand drawing Instrument drawing
Tire iinesere siretchsdnitiiout usinginstrrrmsrils other instruments are used to draw straight tines, circles, end
than pencils eon‘ erases. cunies concisely end accurately. thus. the drawings are
ususiiy made I'D scsie.
Esampia Example 3|!-.-.

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A typical study ofthe drawing coarse will lead to the
following oliservations.

‘ lt develops a type ofdiscipline in graphical teclrnigaes.

‘ it develops t'ilIillll_'l-’ to rrnalvze and coinrnitr"ricrtte ideas.
‘ lt helps in inragining the proper size, shape & form of an
object.
‘ lt develops capacity ofreasoning driirtlgri-1 enr.
‘ it helps in the study ofother Engineering sal:5iects'.
| ._| _ ._ _ 1 _.
 S TH i\"D./I RDS
‘ For the convenience af exchange of inforrn.ation and to hay or
sell iiiaclrirrery_fi"oni or to a foreign coantr_jv and to _}‘acilitate
it-iterchangealiilitv ofparts it is essential to have standard code
afpractice
‘ Bttreaa of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standards
Body formed by the Governrnent of India on 1 April I98 7,
replacing lndian Standard lnstitittion(lSi) existing earlier: BIS
— SP 46 revised as SP — 46 — 2003
The otherforeign standards are
—DlN ofGerrnany, BS o/Britain
BIS works in association with ISO ( international Standards
Organization i ' ' I"
 Listof drawing instruments
Drawing board
Drawing sheets 8: Supporting sheet .
Mini-drafter
instrument box ‘\-

Drawing pencils (2H,H and HE Grades)

Eraser
Clips and Drawing pins/Adhesive tape
Protractar -
Paper Napkins or Handkerchief
PI 5'-I‘-:1 ..-:...:-_- H'-‘-:|-:t- ‘E-P. 2-.1‘
Drawing Board IS 1444:1989
o To make lines on a drawing paper smooth
and straight, a polished drawing hoard is
one of the top most requirements.
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Drawing board
Si::es aicli'tt1t'iir_t_g iinunls
[]l|:.-ugruttion Size tmml

Hf! lllilllil K Ifiiill

HI I-l'|li H li.'l.lll

H2 500 X TM
153 351.1 K 5-l.l‘ll
 Drawing sheets IS I 0711:2001’

" T718 .S'l£'II’itSIHI"d .§'l.T€.S' O_/I IIIE? END Shoot Trilnmcti

designation sizct mm jl
drawing sheets recornrnended Length it Width
by BIS (Bureau of Indian A, |'l'sess4| I
Standards) '1
A, it-il it 594

‘ AU = l in"? 1
_"l- A, 594 it etc
‘ Drawing sheet A5,. -1 A3 420 it 29?
5.
‘ width to length I: \/5 ii, is? it no
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 Mini-Drafter
IThis instrument gives faster drawing as it serves the
purpose of Set-Square, Protractor and scales.
I

Patallilograrrs liars Fl1"!"'Z1 fianc-

D/ I -.-.-|tllscre-.-.-

at-:i. plate ,.-I E-alc

% Lotsing knob
P-I-I‘; I-'
Pic-lraztcr head
' ' ‘I _I| —_

lt|tlE-:r. plats i Ficl-star:-:-5 marl

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Set — square
oSet-Squares are available in
45° and 30“ 50° angles.
From this type of set, we
can easily draw different
angle lines.
 an
. s needle
ll
I lea

compass
1mm gap
Largo si".-to compass
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Use of Lengthening bar (large compass)

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Small bow compass Dividm,
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scare
aouatc fannttrcgaencg
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fr
or ones

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drawing board
 Fliillil-G CLAMP &
DRAWING SHEET /'
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fif ‘~\ Drawing Clips
ALIGNED TD BOTTOM "E"
Hi I-5‘. aososs LINE \ 3i Pifi5
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MINIDRM-TIER i r'~'=‘ _. - .-. T __
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| :¢'i:"l"‘ |f I-,__' 1:‘-l_.

LCiCKlNG KNOB DRAWING BOARD

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Procedure for clamping the mini-dr-after
Set the protractor head with _
reference mark indexing zero _‘__|-—-l—'*

degree. then for the clamp of H-in 1

the mirii-drafter at the top left _ , ,_,,,,,,|,_i.,i-i|.s_
corner either along the top ~'
mffllrflai
re" 1"‘ ,,_,,,. ,,,-“ac MHFE
——

horizontal edge of the hoard in-I ii -'-F —--

or along the left vertical edge ll
of the board. ' l

Wlth the drawing sheet

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.-t..._..-~i“ __,,_--. -:.:iT-"T1

unr-
placed underneath the scales | It .

of the miril-dratter, fii-t the L i_

drawing sheet to ii-is drawing Q3 —..|I-—

board with the scales of the -_ _

mini-drafter aligned either
with the vertical or the
horizontal horderlines of the
drawing sheet.
 BORDER LINES

Perfectly rectangular working space is determined by drawing

the borderlines
‘ Ell min space {IUD-‘i'i?UIIUIl't cfi right hand etlges ol'tlii:* paper
‘ Chi the left liaiici side sltiriiiii I
ao ,
' l
—- in-— —~ -in more;
TB-5 -0-
*1-"lT ALL
_2_l. _ _ DIMENSIONS
T —‘is.=-.s=...=..ri=.i.=.. " ARE IN I'l'1l‘t‘l
Faust
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TITLE:
NAME‘
ROLL N0; llSECTION
NO: UDATE: 5%

TITLE BLOCK

.-ALL D.lMEl\lSlONS ARE IN lulu

 DRAWING PENCILS
Pencils from QB to 9H. B means sott, H means hard: the higher the number the haroerisofter
the pencil is. Use H pencils when you want lighter liriesishading, use B when you want
clarlter linesishading.

---KI-K-
HH B EH E-B 45 EB EB TB BB ‘BB

'_—l—---2
!HBHTl"Hii-Hfit-iii-H31-i2HH F
 Pencils recommended
l-‘I-I.“~{tI'l[ l.lT\l|-F-L

214-l Initial work, construction lines, center line,

hatching lines, locus lines, projectors, extension
lines etc.
I-I Lettering, dimensioning, figures in the assumed
position and anything given in the problem,
section lines etc.,
HB Aim of the problem (Result), outer lines

‘ """"""""'|""'_ ;;;;;;;;;; ,. ll-'l 1|. I ‘II - II. _ 4|

'-u .|.i-._.. |.||.. "nu."
.-.-.-ii

tL""— l|‘J'iil -1 I"l---‘I -- |-stint I IHIHP "_'.|__'|Hn"_H|

i.. - ,| i- .|- all ||. -.|. -
TYPES OF LINES:
|"|'|‘1 I I"'il I11‘-il.'Hi|I'Il[H‘-' l.il"‘-'| Ii-'\l..\.|'|'| If '\| |f1"'~f'_-
I

Cnualinmnns thick \-'inihk- nutlinn-5

A
~- 1
(1-L'|l11iIll.ll;llL'iI|'ii|'l Inmginalj-' lines ufintv.-r.~:c|:Hn|:
£a:r..\i|._m| or Dimurmicrn lines
-zurvctt] Prujcctiun lim.-5
:1 i I i-|:.rul1:r limrs
i||illH."|li|‘|g
Ulnlinlrs of n:\'nl'n:d 5-:cliu-mi i I1
|1||u4.'¢
Shun crnlcr linn.-5
Cumiluumns |l|-in i.in1it== ufpunillt ur in|¢m|pl¢d
L —-“ii-— fn:|:hmm:l viw-\':i umd :~i¢1.‘linI1.\i. ifthv-: |imi1 is
nul u. chain thin line
C'1‘1|'|'|inum|s |l|-in Lung hruuk linu-
D l’ L [straight wilh
zigrug-5]

Hinl-11:11 uullincs
Dasha-:1 lhicl; ilinhlm edges
I 1 .- --
 Eii|:id::11 uutlim:-st
flushed thin I iiidd:-n cdgus
_ Ccntcr liru:
Chain thin Linus ui':.-zjymmcllj-r
trajectories
Chain thin, ; Cutting plnncs
think ul ends
and changer-
L’-J‘. uf diraciiun
indication of lines or surfllccs
Chain thick - In 1.1.-iiich u special r-.11 uin:n1cnt
; applies
— t_Uut1int:s of u|:ij:11:|:ut parts —
Chain thin Ed . Ailumuliw: uni] :1-xtrr:rm:
au..|¢-n.--.n.u»-¢.n.|n-in
dnuhlt: dash Pusitiuns nf mm-:1h|r: pans
' Ccntmidnl lines
tuiti:1i0utlincs print to fuming
- Parts situated in frunt uftllu
crutting plunc.
I | 1
 Basic lines :
TYPES OI LINES APPEHTGDCE
Name according
tn appncauon

Continuous thick line L Visible line

Ciuntinuuus thin line i DiIT1E|"lSiDl"I |iflE

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line — -- — —- -- Hidden line

Chain thin line -—- - -—- - -— Center line

 LINES:
Uscd for Pencil Sump]:
Type nf lint:
t:||11wiT‘|g Gracie Drawing
Cnniinunui H1 lick Vhibln cmiii rm; H
Cunlimmui lhin Dimension lnejeucler
iim-,i:n‘msI-uwv, cutsfiucfi-:11 ‘Iii
lm-:1 and hurchng inn
Cbniiml-uul. ihin lvtcguluf 'bflruI1-rim"! 1"!-I —1
[drqmrn lmq hand] lin-:..:hnrI hr:-01: hm:
Coniinuuu: thin
with figwng
Lang b-moi: iinn ‘Ill -'~.-~.-».-
Short dnshci Invifiblc cclgu ll K-11-Ziliiiiiil
{Hi=c|dnn lint!)
Lung -chain {thin} Ccnlcr Inn-5 IH i -. i

.':.:*::n::fl!;".,.:'
I.

whim!)
I1 i ' ici-t -
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IIEEH _-ti-kn-Q?
gg_g~_rrn§ Lil’)-‘E __ cuTT|_i_~gt:=-_r-‘- AME Lin
CE-T1 “*-- %H5

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' HID-DEH LIME

D_'-[El-IH. —i i __-_.l.
G") 5., _ _ as-_ __
DIHEH5ID_H__LM §E_I§';i§_H5I H H
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(5 ‘

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 LETTERING
Writing titles, dimensions, notes, and other iinportnnt
particulars on n drawing is celled lette1'ing..
Single stroke letters (recommended by BIS)
i) Vertical (mostly used) ii) Inclined
Gothic letters(main titles of ink drawing)
flilfiflllfifijféibfllfll
fi1i.5Flfi@1B@3R$
flEitl‘iz3'W_3€
‘P Inclined letters are lean to the right, the slope being
75° with the horizontal.

F lettering is generally clone in capital letters

ABCDEFGH/JKLM/V
OPO/i’5 TU I/WXYZ
/23456 7890 & 295
 LETTERING

~" Engineering drawings use single-stroke SANS SERIF

vertical CAPITAL letters because they are highly legible
and quick to draw.
~/ Lower case letters are used for abbreviations like mm, cm
ETC.

\/Left to right & top to bottom

_ §’°""i%
ERI
Is Size of letters is measured by height ‘h’ of capital letters
as well as numerals.
Standard heights: 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7,10,14, 20 mm

Main title: 5 or 7 or 10 mm Sub-titles: 3.5 or 5 mm

Dimensions, notes etc: 2.5, 3.5, 5 mm

Capital letters Size-10:7(height : width) Gap:2 or 3 mm
TOMQVAXY -10:8 ; W-10:12; l- 10:2; others 10:7
Lower-case: 0.7 times capital letters

Numericals(0 to 9 except 1)- 10:6 and 1 - 10:2

 Difterent sizes of letters used for different purposes

The main titles are generally written in 6mm to 8mm size.

Sub titles in 3mm to 6mm size.
Notes, dimension figures etc in 3mm to 5mm size.
The drawing number in the block is written in numerals of
10 mm to 12 mm size.
The widtir of the normal letter is about 0.67 times the
height.
It is often desirable to increase or decrease the size of the
letters in order to make them neat 8: pleasing to the eyes.
_,t_

10

I
let ~l|~
‘ID

10

n 1| iivlr-:tr.t
 iDEFl£5ltllUll€l
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L UELUBTBTT
22- l natal 5%
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L Le-i.l:-:t'lit-1'» ‘l|'|lIIIl'I. |.|-dfi
:1‘ fill Ill-t. | it I-t 11. . pk.-:.. .;5F..
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it-_'i|"|I h \t.i(tl]' |ri.1l.'r -ulrt-i' 5-ultiltt n'it.1t'. lcli.-rl'tt itl ' T CHIQ. \t'|\.'li'l" 4|irflIt.|iti1't|'tnt lt.'l-|.'~—fl \t.tIl"t\rI't| Hr 5, rlt.t.-|.1‘l -ldi-rt.l'i|'lt'

Curved-litre letters
.__,.-'. 1 J 't.,_ ._,.-L 1 J '5.,_ . L" t:__
.. it J’ _ J - __
- I ¢ E‘

It t‘ |- tl I, t - - 5 I; I t '-I __ _; 1 _.__ . _ __‘ t

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RH rt \___ __ 4- -t._____ -1 t.__\__ _-J -.\___ -23‘.1-._._ M; __'___.* .-.‘ '_’_.r
- Tl't-r it.-trtnt-t. -C1,]; C_ II. .-tint III arr named uli 1 iiut strut-
' .Tllt‘lfl\Irri|‘.|t.n'[-l-titht:lIl*n-]dI1tlLll1rll|'|.'IiLfl|

C'il|'\l'll"fl- Ilrtc lllllllli -ll'id fll.liI'ltEI-Il‘i-

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a. -. 1- P" .'= +11 sf‘ "1
It G1 -". i '. 1"’. . ht
. . . . . . . .1‘ . . . . ._-I ti-‘H J‘. *5‘. |-J-Al 5- . . . I-Flt . . |

3 - -I" -1- - -1- - 1- -- ;____-.

lit: i-i. rt. t-antportru ul two -t-i.i-pt-t-t. Th: i_'.i_..tt-tit.I.2'.tt.trl.tain'-tlt'.tt\tIt/4'11

Curwd-llne lttitlm -and rtumeralt-

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if-at
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Htuttitrt t it. a tlrligltt: litbt litr a, n_mu it an -tt-;.-tut
 Lowercase letters are rarely used in engineering
sketches except for lettering large volumes of notes.
Vertical lowercase letters are used on map drawings,
but very seldom on machine drawings.

tt 1-t

llllljl€VyW-
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> .--I .
Topics Covered

1.What is Engineering drawing

2.lmpottance of Engineering drawing
3.Drawing Instruments
4.Lettering
 DIMEHSIDNING

Which is better ?

ti.15tl'+ tiltll"

. \ t
 B250“ 1.001" I llmflt-ti 1 _m3~.

.750“ 1 .El'l}3" —|>- .250“ i .003"

Dimension placement Dimension placement

matches intent does NOT match intent
 IJIMESIONING
The infonnation of size on the drawing is called “llimensioning”. it plays
an important role as it helps itt giving the correct and accurate size of the
part to be ntanufactured.
' Drawing without dimensiotts is meaningless
The elcmettts ol'di1ttensicning are:
- Ditnension line
— Extension line
— Arrowheads
-—- Dimension figures
— Leaders
— Notes
*Dimension lines should always be parallel to the line it dimensions.
*Extension line should extend sliahtlv bevond the dimension line.‘ '
 _M|_m

D5/W
1/ l
J

i
®®'Dlmansinnlng cl‘ Circle:

BU‘
SD‘
'~.
E-U‘

Ill
30"

ggl IE-D‘

Diman stoning of Angles

| . .'_\_
 Lines used in Dimensioning
o Dimensioning requires the use of

*Z*Dimension lines
*2*Extension lines
*Z'Leader lines

oAll three line types are drawn thin.

 Dimension line
c Dimension line: A line terminated by arrowheads, which
indicates the direction and extension of a dimension.

o Extension line: An extension line is a thin solid line that

extends from a point on the drawing to which the
dimension refers.

oteader Line: A straight inclined thin solid line that is

usually terminated by an arrowhead.
 mmhaitm
Syrgbol

l. . . . .
Note ‘~ 2 Holos.iEI12

Leader
{ell 3D=-,45'=*.EI[i**l

/l \ l
- ltna
Extanston - Dimension line
/‘
Djmemmn “gum Arrotttt-head
 Dimension line

Feeturtt Size

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Ti“?
—
R2

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 SYSTEM OF DlMEhlSlOi\llNG
l..i‘.l-I('_il\‘|-'.lIl F.i‘t"S'l'l-It-1
2.UNl-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM
ln the aligned system, dimensions are placed
perpendicular to the dimension line in such a way
that it may be read from bottom edge or right hand
edge of the drawing sheet.
F» In Unidirectional Method of Dimensioning,
dimension line should be cut at center and
dimensions should be placed in the middle of
dimension lines. - - -
 ALIGNED HETIIUD t'.ilF DIHENSIGNJNG

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fill

40
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UNI-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM

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 PRINCIPLES TU BE. FEILLOWED IN DIMENSIOHING

The aligned system of giving dimensions should be

followed.
' As far as possible all the dimensions should be placed
outside the object placing dimension lines at least Srnm
from the outlines and from one another.
The dimensions should never be crowded.
The diameter can be dimensioned by giving CD or D before
the measurement.
'-t I-i
The angles shuuld be dirnensiuned as shnwn beiuw

.-. I-
‘H

‘K

‘I-
 PARALELL DIMENSIUNING
Dimensinns star! from a cummnn datum
Cumulative crrnr can be avoided.

-Q

-1 I-—
 PROGRESSIVE DIMENSIUNING

T|'l¢ datum is indicated by :1 clut and the Cli|Tl¢fl5i{}I1‘.:i are

placed in line with the projection line

-1; p. 1. p. p. 1
What are the 5 dimensioning
mistakes?

it [
@191
 Mistakes are:
i:§.E_aE:i'
it
"fl ED -J
50
1 _
F2) Don't dim. inside the obj-eat. I
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' +_ 3 8; 4) Text
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3" "1 ‘\ 5) Nu e-an \ R

eat ,

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 Correctly Dimensioned

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 COMPUTER A5 A DRAFTING TOOL
Most people who create technical drawings use
CAD. The advantages include accuracy, speed, and
the ability to present spatial and visual information ir
3 Variety of ways‘ ‘Even the most skilled CAD users.
_—? need to also be skilled in
“ freehand sketching, to quickly get
ideas down on paper. _
One benefit of CAD is the ability to draw perfectly straight
uniform fines and other geometric elements. Making
changes to a CAD drawing takes about a tenth the time that
it takes to edit a drawing "by hand."
 Summary
le Border lines are to be drawn with HB pencil.
is-Title block and main figures are to be drawn with HB pencil.
5'-‘-"Arrow heads, dimensioning and lettering should be done with HB Pencil.
1i=~Construction lines, guide lines and dimension lines should be drawn with
2H pencil lightly.
lie Arcs and circles are to be drawn with HB pencil lead.
3* The main title ofthe drawing should be 5 — 6 mm height and all other sub
titles should be of 3 — 4 mm height.
Ie~The dimension should be given above the dimension line at the center-
Aligned dimensioning system.
 Summary Contd..
Ii-“*For vertical and inclined lines the dimensioning are given in such
a way that they can be read clearly from the right hand side of the
sheet
All letters should be unifonn in size, slope and intensity.
Leave one letter gap between words.
All dimensions are in mm.
:1
 Exercise: Sheet No.1 (A)
Tltlei LETIE_Fl.ll5lF5_Et|5l.D Qll‘!'l_E_N51l!3’ l‘rlJ_h!_G_
1. Print the letters A to Z lh=1lIl mm).
(Gap between letters =2mm Width of all letters: 6mm except M
W and I. For M,W the width is Bmm and for I the width is 2mm]
2. Print letters a to z (h=10)
3. Print the Numerals 0 to 9, {h=10mm)
 Exercise Sheet 1(A) Contd..
1.ENGWEEHlNG DRAWING IS THE LANGUAGE or ENGINEERS
2. SCIENTISTS sruor THE woeto AS IT ls!
ENG NEERS CREATE THE woato THAT NEVER HA5 BEENH
3.Pl_Al'~. YOUR worn: AND woek voue PLAN
4.5TAh.DARD5 CONNECT THE WORLD
5.PaAcT|cE MAKES YOU PERFECT
6.THEHE IS NOTHING PERMANENT EXCEPT CHANGE
N.D.Bhatt Exercise-1:
Fig.1-38(a to f) : 6 Figures
Fig 1-40 (a) 1-40(b): 2 Figures
 ii) Construction of Polygons
Polygons
- A Polygon is any plane figure bounded by straight sides.
' If the polygon has equal angles and equal sides, it can he inscribed in or
circumscribed around a circle and is called a regular polygon.

[T r'n$crr'bed Cfrcumscrioed g El

F 1
TRIANGLE SQUARE PENTAGDH
(A) (A) (cl
 9 5lDE5=
HUHAGDN
ID SIDES:
OECAGON
IE. 5lDE5=
HEXAGON HEPTAGON ocmeon DODECAGON
(d) (E) (1’)
 Why Geometric Construction
Construction of primitive geometric forms (points, lines and planes etc l that
serve as the building blocks for more complicated geometric shapes.

I'll
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rum I-=1: Htgflfls
unlit: “I ‘

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hon milk
 ~ I - Dlvlcllngallne Into equal parts
5 I U H U O

Ii / A /(<\
ii hl 1.1 H ii H u u M :4
-;i-vu Eire I 5*! 2' 5‘1'rll"-l 4'“ "
- Draw a line MD at any convenient angle (preferably an acute angle) from point
M.
1- From M and along MO, cut off with a divider equal divisions [say three] of any
convenient length.
1- Draw a line joining HO.
I Draw lines parallel to NU through the remaining points on line MU. The
intersection of these lines with I_lne MN will divide the line into 3 equal parts.
 O
O
I

M H ll h
kl H
Elpp ' 51+: .1
I 1--ll“
-

Cl
U

M H ll ' I H

5'-21: 3 _ 5-'.e-,:- 4
|
 Bisecting an angle
l'i.H‘t' CDHVENIEHT
C \\ReHu5 C

Angle BAG is to be bisected

l5l‘iI'EH .=-nlstt; .-., __"p _...
1-"- Strike large arc Ft B -r B

I
;-- From intersection points C & B,
strike equal arcs r with radius |"=
—-'E'i2l'lJ-i'i-L AME-LE5
E _ C \
slightly larger than half BC, to _' r __- \ E'_| C

intersect at D A D '.t eisl-:c'roe'

I
1' r A v P
F-Ev
:-- Draw line AD, which bisect the II FrB
III
angle
 Drawing any polygon, when side is given
General method-I
Draw AB = given length of polygon
At B, Draw HP perpendicular & = AB
Draw Straight line AP
With center B and radius AB, draw arc AP.
The perpendicular bisector of AB meets straight line G

,.H \__.
I

AP and arc AP in 4 and E respectively.

Draw circles with centers as 4, 5,& E and radii as dB,
5B, & EB and inscribe a square, pentagon, St
“"'/
\..
-'~ ‘m.Q‘.
l
I
n

hexagon in the respective circles.

Mark point 7, 8, etc with 6-7,?-B,etc. = 4-5 to get the
centers of circles of heptagon and etc. _
P Draw circles by taking the points 4,5,6,?,8 as center points
and divide the respective circles with the compass
measurement equal to the distance of the line AB.
P Connect the divided points of respective circles in sequence
with straight lines to get respective polygons. Like Square,
Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon and Octagon.

- l
\ya.‘ |
ix?
M
 E E

Wca?
ll

a Eh
I-15"‘-I ..
 General Method-ll
1.Draw a semi circle with side of polygon as radius
2.Divide the semi circle into n equal parts.
Angle = 18Uino. of sides
3. Join A and 2
4. Extend the lines from A3, A4 etc.
5. With length of side from 2 cut on the line extended A3 etc
T5
F ll '3'
.-"'

2 »--""1
id-|'I._ ._ -_I
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C Heptagon
1,.»- ’.

t_ _.= pr"
l L,-" .- .-'-
"
l___ 44.
: __--

F‘ A B
 Inscription and superscription of Polygons
When diameter is given
~=-~A.cr-one corrlor::—l Iiacross Fl-til'a......

I‘ ' Divl-do
into nix
s net-or":

r H-e-:n:~:|i:|n
Inside
circle
,
i Q_l-
,l
I"|,|| |
1 . 1-tattoo’-o
-outside
l:|r't:i‘fl

re ' -
- Hot-tog-on
hoqd
H53‘!-it-I3":-"|'*l nut H EXAGDH
IHEC WEED _ _ CIHCUMSCRIBED
 Regular polygons inscribed in circle, when circle dia. is_g_i_ven
P
'/Draw the circle with diameter AB.
v’Divide AB in to “n” equal parts.
v’ Number them. *"'\
-/with center A & B and radius AB, E
draw arcs to intersect at P. \
‘rt’ n n
Draw line P2 and produce it to A '
meet the circie at C. ?
-/AC is the length of the side of the D D
polygon. I
' c
pqyg
RE E U h r D_ D W E U H 5 _m 5 C ___%%_
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SuperscriptionlDescribelCircumscribe a Polygon
When Circle diameter is given

tgE“ 5
A _‘_\E\

6o
4.‘) a

Flats are horizont al

.1
F 1
A

E §
C

V
2

F T“-w’ El
5
E

Flats are vertical

3
B

(Vertical diameter) ' (Horizontal diameter)

 Exercise: Sheet No. 1(B)
1.Construct pentagon, hexagon and octagon of side 35
mm in the same diagram adopting inscription of circle
method.

\.2-K
.‘

whl sq,
.
A
.,
-1-
1
/
2.lnscribe a Decagon in the circle of radius 30mm
(inscribe a polygon in a given circle)

Pentagon Alp El
.
 _ -\"'\-_, _\_
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.T .. Decagon
3.Construct a regular hexagon, given the distance
across the flats as 60mm.
Dia. of inscribed circle in the hexagon is nothing but
distance across flats. Hence draw circle of Q 60
1 A 2
.1 ‘T _ _ I _ ----T‘-__
‘H.

c, _,l ii . F
r fl
'1'
E. l K ;~»|<.,o_fi 1| B
_- _‘\- '

.--"T l E-1' D

E \,_ I ,_,_./r (Super scribe)

s ' B 4
 4.Construct a regular hexagon given distance
across corners is 50mm.
Diameter of circumscribing circle is nothing but
distance across corners. Hence draw a circle of 6 50

F ___--T‘-——-.
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/ Ill ‘III.

A i D l! I

l. -IIP
ll c'.|.\i..~‘l- E

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5.Describe a hexagon about a circle of 60 mm dia
With one side a)vertical b)horizontal

1*
FD
s 4
(tit:
lug“/~
6. Super scribe a regular octagon about a given
circle of 70 mm dia.

E“,

A ‘ B

I-'1 !'-1| -'. ..'-:...:|- '-'--1-:. :‘. 5:-'

T. Divide a of a line of 90 into 8 equal parts

umnilvMIausmiiv.W3'HH;W- H
8. Divide a circle into 12 and 8 parts

he he
-** .;
up 1 ' 115'
1 r-‘ .-
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33 15,
24
'_ 300°
ea 3

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 E Practical Methods E

EAl B /“
... 11 BA F

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 inscribe a circle inside a regular polygon

Bisect any two adjacent internal angles

of the polygon (angle bisection). A
From the intersection of these lines,
draw a perpendicular to any one side of E
the polygon (say OP). with OP as radius,
draw the circle with O as center.
( )
IL.I
==-v'
 Exercise- Sheet No.1 (C)
Title: PLANE HGURES
Sheet No.1 [C]
Ci. Construct the following:
ii Equilateral triangle of side 50mm by using compass l{Equllateral triangle)
iii isosceles triangle of base 50mm and altitude T"iJmm.
iii} Rectangle of length l5l'Jmm and width 40mm
iv} Square of side 50mm
vi Rhombus of diagonal 30mm Bi 50mm.
vii Regular pentagon side 2"-Dmm
viii Regular hexagon of side 30mm.
viii} Regular octagon of side Ztimm
 Exercise- Sheet No.2(A)
Title: INSCRIPTION OF POLYGONS
1. inscribe the following polygon in a circle of diameter ?0mm
ii Pentagon 72°
ii] Hexagon 60“
iii) Heptagon 52“
iv) Octagon 45“
Title: DESCRlPTiON OF POLYGONS
Sheet No.2(B)
1. Describe the following polygons about a circle of diameter
60mm.
i) Square
ii) Pentagon
iii) Hexagon
iv] Octagon
 iii) Scales
Dimensions of large objects must be reduced to accommodate on
standard size drawing sheet. This reduction creates a scale of that
reduction ratio, which is generally a fraction. Such a scale is called
REDUCING SCALE and that ratio is called REPRESENTATIVE
FRACTION (RF) is less than unity.
Similarly in case of tiny objects dimensions must be increased for
above purpose. Hence this scale is called ENLARGING SCALE.
Here the ratio called representative factor(RF) is more than unity.

R_;=_ = LENGTH or DRAWING in cm

ACTUAL LENGTH in cm
 Scale recommended for use in ED

FOR FULL SIZE SCALE

R.F.=1 on (1;1 )
1 1 1:2 1=2o 1o=1 “Ems DRAWN“
8. OBJECT ARE OF
1 : 2.5 1 : 50 5:1 SAME SIZE‘

1:5 1:100 2.1

1:10 1:200
iv) Curves used in Engineering Practice and
their construction
CONIC SECTIONS
 TYPES OF CURVES
1.Conic Sections
2.Cycloida1 Curves
3 .Invo1utes
4.Evo1utes
5. Spirals
 1.CONlC SECTIONS

These are the intersections of a right regular cone,

by a cutting plane in different positions relative to
the axis of the cone
Circle
 ELLIPSE -Definition
‘PA regular oval shape, traced by a ii E
point moving in a plane so that "'--'.,__fi ‘I

-'
_ ‘I

Ti‘-
the sum of its distances from two .5
§ .
| .,
fixed points (the foci) is constant, LT ‘I

or resulting when a cone is cut by Fl-H-c

an oblique plane which does not

P
intersect the base. -
1I"_.-_ lb
--.

T» " a
-trlt cuts all generators so we get
closed Ellipse.
+:+¢_-I 3,-.. B
Ellipse
*t+It is a curve traced by a
point moving such that at any
position, its distance from a
fixed point (focus) is always
less to its distance from fixed
straight line (directrix).
er‘-I1
H ‘I
__ I. T.

E.'ju-
1..-
Iu -I --

‘I
l
.'- -.. U _ i _ l i i n

A - |- --ii a

_
._ 5 i _ 1' _- " I-I -. .-
‘m,-.-, U‘ H __ " _.-
i __
ll! "'"-.__ Ellipse
-P are o -=i
E I-

-E'F'=E’
,|.
is
Ellipse in Nature
 C
|

PARABDLA -Definition
*I* It is a curve traced by a point rnoving such H d
that at any position its distance from a fixed n = v ""1? M
oint [focus] is always egual to its distance
iiom fixed straight line [ irectris). E1-
I--:

"2' e=1 i'E= C1 ,,-'_ Pflfnbolu

F'H'P F-|.|I"P' I] :1

*2- Cutting plane angle is say o , Cone Apes

half angle is say B then for Parabola o = B. A l\ 5
\
*1‘ Section plane A-A parallel to a generator 11"=tfl_ ". 1"
Fl '-
I |' '\_
"-

..-It is not closed curve. it-1

*2-The size of parabola depends upon the -

distance of the section plane from the t \A
generator. ' "' "
 _£%Parab0|a Applications
I

I I It
ta’? 5'“
"1.
\
I . \-
I| '1‘? .-J "k

ti‘ ~‘" , _
, _ _ . -_. .d|I||
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-:—.~." :"'?"". ' . ‘ -T . -

. “'
1 f .
J

ii
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‘“' s -=. A
0 “O1 “I 9'
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‘II
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_ _|_|_|__
 HYPERBULA —Definition
I
*I~ lt is a curve traced h a point moving such that
at any position, its distance fi‘D1‘fl a fixed point NM-“'--.
~.“flu
Pocus] is always greater to its distance from
txed straight line i. e directrix. e.‘->1
\-.\\E
ta
‘_-

‘F Cutting plane angle is say :1 , Cone Apex half |.' . i’-'1'.»-\"

angle is say B then for Parabola ct < El.
In?I k
"-I-iIt
$ Even ti = [Lprovided section plane parallel to axis 5:. .-img/_.»-1
-.-.
""
not passing through the apex of the cone is also C __.--"" e=P I-T, .-“P D J-I
Hyper Para ola. D

*9 If section plane passes Uurough Apex the

section produced is Isosceles Triangle.

4* If double cone is cut by section plane we get

A i\ l _- .. _.._#:i=_
‘U '||r-rlru
ll lL‘N'll\
'F
symmetric Hjrperbola. I-

.
'.'\|
_
|.I.
. |..
-.""-'..- '
|.|
1.‘ EiIirst
U
 Hyperbola Applications

Cooling Towers of Nuclear l

Reactors and Coal-fired Power
Plants

. The shadow of a lampshade or a flashli

e=B.BB
circle
CONSTRUCTION OF ELLIPSE
BY
DIFFERENT METHODS
 (NariThe sections obtained by the Cirfilllr
intersection of a right circular cone by a ,,_.__.,,,,,_,_.,
plane in different positions relative to ,,,.|,,_,.,,_,,,,
the axis of the cone are called conics. _, .| ,-
Pr
--
l'_.l-

Ellipse: Inclined to axis, cuts all the generators on one side of

apex, not passing through base
Parabola: Inclined to axis, parallel to one of the generators,
passing through base
Hggerbola: Not parallel to generator, passing through base
Rectangular hgperbolaz cutting plane is parallel to the axis of
c:one(but not pass through Apex) "
 Conic : The locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way
that the ratio of it distances from a fixed straight line IS
always constant
The fixed point is called FOCUS
The fixed line is DIRECTRIX
ECCENTRICITY (e) = The ratio of Distance of the point
from the Focus to the Distance of the point from the
Directrix.
Ellipse : e *1
Parabola: e
Hyperbola: e 11>
lu l: PSE
Ir-

Co-Verteit

Focus
W
Co~Vertex
 ELLIPSE
d.

Qt‘ 2 H‘ '" .
M '14
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'1‘ " ‘ll-ll'r_§*
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-- was 5"-Ax5 __;.il_._2tlfi____________
Q -I

Axis B
A Ea*~,jF0¢u5 o Focus;-fir 5
A' v '1 l MHDFI

Fl
.
Ellipse
l D - -_++i I‘
E:P HIP Q-:1 ‘x ___.

‘M, Ix
‘U’-‘ii'E:i'l-i:li:
i=i,r2-Fuel _
D
ractr
AXES AND FDCI

I-
 ill. l't*t"i=:~ lrnrn l"i1'.'-.l]|."L ].'- i i=-iii
it

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is
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ELL|PSE- GENERAL METHOD

Br -- >.
Problemfionstruct an E ll'ip s e, with distance of the foc us from the directrix as
50 and eccentricity as 2,/3. Also draw norms l an d tangent to the curve at a p oint
40 from the directrix. s‘F. H if
I: I5’ 1| cl

5' I
5- U 1*‘ I
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1' 2' E PT
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as N it s u 'ti '1 gs v’

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'' . VF, 3
. Eccenrciy VA 3
l‘l 1' =--=.._ H’
 -‘> ,. .
ikghi
rig”
//. H ‘-,,
Tangent ~,,
Ihrnul
li-Si-riii-as.iii.i Redd yyyyST
 Eccentricity method-Construction procedure
Draw the axis AB and directrix CD at right angle to each other.

Mark focus F1 on the axis such that AF1=5D

Divide AF1into 5 equal parts.

Locate the vortex V on the third division from point A.

Draw a line ‘l.-‘E perpendicular to AB such that 'l.FE=‘t.-‘fl

Join A,E and extend- By construction VENA = VFf‘VA=.'-U3 the ecceritricitv.

Mark a number of points 1,2,3 To the right of V on the axis which need not be
equidistant.
Through the points 1,2,3... draw lines perpendicular to the axis and to meet the line
AE extended at 1’ , 2’ , 3* etc.

With centre F1 and radius 1-1’ draw arcs intersecting the lirie through 1 at P1 and P1’.
P1 and pl’ are the points on the ellipse, because the distance of P1 from f1 is 1-1’
and from CD, it is A-1 and 1-1’{A-1 =VE;’VA=2,{3 the eccentricity.

Similarly locate the points P2,P2’: F'3,P3’eti:., on either side of the axis.

Join the points bv a smooth cunie, forming the required ellipse.

 Arc of circle method
C

I’.-1 -=- - Fe

ll

.t all
*-—---___ iii 1 H

1-—____L__l I ‘-ii-2 __—__

-H l ‘!"——s——-_;-____|i_i W
ii _-—— _______fi

P H
l l"
Problem: The maior and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and ED. Draw an Ellipse.

P3 C
P pi. 1" ' l ' i-Q3 a '1-
1‘ ' i ‘Q11

—. -.--- _ __ _ | __ _____ ___ cit

b
-‘-"/ -,1- 5 5 Ful- ‘In- '0 /é 5°“

i P1,, n ~I 6:" tat

P1: I .2‘. I 2 It
_ _ 'l2D_ _ __ _ '
"-l
FF1 + PF2=AB= Major axis
i F1, _F2 centers, ALB1 radius. I CF1- |'.'.F2-lit AB-AD or CH + CH: AB

Construction of an Ellipse-—.FcicilArcs ofscircles method

 Construction Procedure
Draw the major and minor axes and locate the centre D.

With centre E or D and radius 'DA{=DB]i draw arcs intersecting the major axis at F1 and F2 the
foci.

Marl: a number of points 1,2,3 etc., between F1 and D which need not he equidistant.

with centers F1 and F2 and radii A-1 and B-1 respectivelv, draw arcs intersecting at points P1
and P1’.

With centers F1 and F2 and radii E.-1 and A-1 respectivelv, draw arcs intersecting at points C11
and £11‘.

Rippeat the steps 4 and 5 with the remaining points 2,3,4 etc., and obtain additional points on
t e curve.

Join all the points we get ellipse.

 -\H'i|\\\ if-II____.-' x
'-R‘ -I,1"

H.
X.‘-

i >< |i-
-H.-"' it \

.»"
.1” ‘H.“"~
' Xx, .

CONCENTRlC__CI§CLE NIETHOD
Problem: The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 12D and Bi). Draw an Ellipse.

2" i ‘so

1
-v
L
im

i
om Bil

“ H _o J;
a
aifi
_.,.-,___ 120 *9 "1
Construction of Ellipse-Concentric circles method
_i. I
..-| .
 Construction procedure
1.Draw the major and minor axes and locate the centre D.

2.With centre D and major and minor axes as diameters draw

two concentric circles.

3-Divide both the circles into the same number of parts sav 12 by
radial lines.

-'-i.Considering radial line D-1'-Ii. draw a horizontal line from 1’

and vertical line from 1 intersecting at P1.

5.Ftepeat the construction through all the points and obtain

P2,P3, etc.,

E. loin all the points we get ellipse.

 C
iai 1""
I

s. ‘ ==
a
P_-- Dj-

l '- 94
- " i 1! 5 4
_ u n ll in

1_ _-.--

TJ
OBLDNG METHOD (DR) RECTANGLE METHOD
Problem: The major and minor axes ofan Ellipse are 12D and ED- Draw an Ellipse.

H- Fl .1-
“I'D

"" %
X
31

Eli

iiQ: is
1|’

—|-

Bil

K I
~ W
--_ I-_
___.
..___,3 _ L
Cl ‘___
F‘ _ 'l2U ___ ____ _-__

Construction of an ellipse-Oblong
method . . _ . 1 .
 Construction Procedure-Oblong method
1.Draw the major and minor axes and locate the centre D.

2.Draw the rectangle I-iti‘v1N passing through D,B,C and A.

3.Divide AD and AN into the same equal number of points.

4..Ioin C with the points 1’,2', and 3’.

5.ioin D with 1,2 and 3 and extend till they meet the above lines C-1', C-2‘ and C-3*
respectively. At points P1 ,P2 and P3.

E.Repeat the steps 3 to 5 and obtain the points in the remaining quadrants.

?..Ioin all the points we get ellipse.

Problem:
A parallelogram has sides 1DD and SD,-at an angle of 70“. inscribe an Ellipse
in the parallelogram. Find the major and minor axes of the cuwe.
N _ _|'_-i __H
" -I__
_.-—*

CD

§.'%‘%\\~tlt ig.wt/7
.- -r _
I

H Z ii

CDHEIFUGIIUH DI‘ B11 Blllpfifl--Parflllqlqiigrgffl |-|-,|5-[had

 Construction Procedure
1.Draw the parallelogram l{LMi'ii of given sides and inclined. Two axes EF and EH
are called the conjugate axes {diameters}.

2.Divide ED and EN into the same number of equal parts and number the
division points.

3.loin G with 1’,2' and 3’.

4.loin H with 1,2,3 and extend till these meet the lines G1',G2’ and G3’ at P1,P2
and P3 respectively.

5.P.epeat the steps 2 to 4 and obtain the points in the remaining quadrants.
E~.With D as centre and DE as radius, draw the semi-circle cutting the ellipse at a
pointl

?.Draw the line GI

3.Through D draw a line parallel to GI and cutting the ellipse at points C and D. CD is
the minor axis

9.Through D, draw a line perpendicular to CD and cutting the ellipse at points A and
B. AB is the major axis
 Exercise
Construct an ellipse when the major axis is 120 and the
distance between the foci is 108. Determine the length of the
minor axis.
Tip: OF1=OF2= ABi2= 108i2=56
OA as radius, F1 or F2 as centers, draw an arc to cut the
ellipse, which is minor axis.
c
Major Axis = iilil rrim
Minor Axis = SD mrn
A B cF,=xns=Ao
_ F,F, = Bil mm
D
CONSTRUCTION OF PARABOLA
BY
DIFFERENT METHODS
Problem: Construct a Parabola , with the distance of the focus from the directrix as SD. Also draw normal and
Tangent to the Curve, at a point 40 from the dlrectrix.
C

a‘ P_._P5
kl
/‘
2'P
tirectr'ir
-vi

Fi
T
A- I-___ __ Axis

I
- .
Eccentricity =
l

/- "=1 e.'i_Ft as 1
ii-1.

2
D to P5,
Paraboia-Eccenlricitjr lvielhod
 I-./"

II

o _/11;’ Paraboila- General Method

I-'

db‘!-IrlI'fi

.7/7.1’
A L,-"' I
'v"r" vivi-
/'
:-

"- I I I i
 Construction Procedure

. Draw the axis AB and the directrix CD at right angies to each other.
. iviarli the focus F on the axis such that AF=5D.
. Locate vortex iii" on AB such that Alii='ii'F=25.
- Draw a line VE , perpendicular to AB such that ‘v'E=VF.
1— oin A,E and extend. Bv construction ‘v'E,l'VA = VFNA = 1.

Locate a number of points 1,2,3,etc., to the right of V on the axis, which need
not be equidistant.
2. Through the points 1,2,.‘-i, etc., draw lines perpendicular to the axis and to meet
the line AE extended at 1' . 2’ . 3', etc.
8. With center F and radius 1-1’ drew arcs intersecting the line through 1 at P1 and
pl’. These p1 and p1’ are the points on the Parabola because the distance of pl
{p1'] from F is 1-1’ and from CD it is A-1 and 1-1’,l'A-1 = ‘u'E,i"v'A = VFNA = 1.
9. Similarlv locate the points P2,P2’ :P3,P3*: etc., on either side of the axis.
1D.loin the points hv a smooth curve , forming the required parabola.
 Construction Procedure —Tangent and Normal
1.tocate the point M which is at ii-D from the directrix.

2.loin M to F .

3.Diaw a line through F perpendicular to MF meeting the ciirectrix at T.

4.ioin T and M and extend ,T-T is the tangent to the Parabola.

5.D raw a line perpendicular to tangent T-T name as N-iii is the normal to the
Para bola.
Problem: Construct a parabola ,with the length of base as ED and axis 30 long. Also , draw a
tangent to the curve at a point 25 from the base.
I
e

it
5 0 1'
is 0
3‘ "
3 .-";'-
H ‘-—i
ill‘-'
F
___
LI

in-
LI“l _,*""""
1 ic-.1 - 5

AL
_- _
II Ga
i
it _ B

Construction of Parabcila- Tangent

method
I-‘I I-I -- ..-:.. '- '-'-- E-L. .-‘1!-
e o F

1
l

a c 5

Rectangle Method-Parabola
I-'1 !'-.-' :'. ..-:...:i.- '~'r-:|-:i '2-P1
 HiU_M“1|i1|‘lE
_\I
AH
M I_\

‘___
AX
W H/if _ _ ~j__R

_mF;

B H ____ ID "___E m _D O H
 Construction Procedure
i. Draw the base A.B=B[l and the axis DD=3D such that DD is perpendicular
bisector to AB.

2. Produce GD to E such that DE=DD.

3. -Join E .A and E,E. These are the tangents to the Parabola at A and E.

4. Divide AE and BE into the same number of equal parts and number the
points.

5. Join i—l' , 2—2' , 3—3' , etc., fanning the tangents to the required parabola.

A smooth curve passing threuah A.D and B and tangential to the above line is
the required Parabola.
 Construction Procedure —Tangent and Normal
1. Locate the point M which is 25 from the base.

2. Draw a horizontal line through M meeting the axis at F.

3. Mark G on the extension of the axis such that DG=FD.

4. -.loin G and M and extend forming the tangent t O

Parabola at M.
Problem: Construct a parabola with the base Ev-D and length of the axis All Draw a tangent to
the curve at a point 20 from the base. Also, locate the focus and directrix to the Parabola.

'e

L _ ___ D K
l. I i F ‘ '
3l___,.--"T __ _ II _I; _ _ PIIIIII:
F5 1
2. j _IFl. IIII, '3
. PI . _ ___ , I

ii _ jfi l
I .
A i‘ 1* 5- 3 2&5 '" r " IB T

Construction of parabola-Rectangle method

 Construction Procedure
I. Draw the base AB=EU and the axis CD=4D sueh that GD is perpendicular
leiseeter te AB.

2. Construct the rectangle ABKL passing through I].

3. Divide AC and AL into the same number ef equal parts and number the
p-eints.

4. Join 1.2.3 tn D.

5. Through 1' _2' _3' draw lines parallel te axis intersecting the lines
1-D ,2—D.3—D at PLP2 and P3 respectively.

6. Perebela is symmetric se drew the remaining half pertien.

Join all the pp-ints we get Perahela

Problem:
Construct a Para beta in a paraiielegram ef sides 100 and Bi}, and with an included angle ef T5“

ru

// ~%
ixF Qi'\.s‘Q:
Genstruetien ei parabola-Peralieiegram |'l'|Er|hud
47
E
PI ..‘-:...:-_- '~'-'-:l-:t '2-P1 2-.-=
 Cc:-nstructien Prccedure
I. Draw the base AB=EU and the axis GD=4IEl such that GD is perpendicular
leisecter to AB-

2. Genstruct the rectangle ABEL passing threuah D.

3. Divide AC and AL into the same number af equal parts and number the
p-eints.

Ii. Jnin 1.2.3 ts D.

5. Through 1' _2' _3' draw lines parallel to axis intersecting the the lines
1-D .2—D,3—D at PLP2 and P3 respectively.
E-. Parahpla is symmetric se draw the remaining half pcrtien.
-Jain all the paints we get Parabela
CONSTRUCTION DF HYPERBULA

BY

DIFFERENT METHODS
 5
Problem: E i ‘P l%

Construct a Hyperloola , Ihi

so 3 Ii
l“
" IE‘
with the distance J1‘
between the focus and
the directrix as SE! and "12 ‘I5;-‘L‘*-. I‘-"1:

N
eccentricity as 3f2. Also
draw normal and ‘Fr use
tangent to the curve at a
point 30 from the
50'
direttrizt. I 1

. Pi Eccentricity =% = %
D | P3 T

Constnrcticn of Hyperbela- FL
Eccentricity method
 Construction Procedure
1.Draw the axis AB and the directrix GD at right angle to each other.
2.l'vlarl-: focus F on the axis such that AF=5U.
3.Divide AF in 5 equal parts.
4.Locate the vertex V on the second division point From A.
5.Draw a line VE perpendicular to AB such that "v'E=VF.
E.Join A.E and extend. By construction , VEIVA = VFIVA = 3.1"2 .the eccentricity.
7. Locate a number of points i.2.3.etc.. to the right of V on the axis. which need not be
equidistant.
I-‘. Through the ooints 1.2.3. etc.. draw lines perpendicular to the axis and to meet the line
AE extended at l' . 2’ .3'. etc.
B. With center F and radius 1-'1' draw arcs intersecting the line through 1 at Pl and pl '.
These pl and pi‘ are the points on the Hvperbole.
9. Similarly locate the points F‘2.F'2' : F’3.P3' : etc., on either side of the axis.
TCI.-Join the points by a smooth curve . Forming the required Hyperbola.
 C1, C1
Q3 I P3-
Problem: Q1 _ F1
-‘itta-
G1| HI
Construct a Hvperbola with
its loci ?iJ apart and the
major axis 45. Draw a
tangent to the curve at a
A
-
F1 V1
5 .o Fll 3
l
F: 1 2 EL
l
point 20 from the focus.
Also determine the ; -‘$5
eccentricity of the curve.
o‘1. to Pl
r I P‘
2 It -
cg PB
U1 D1

Construction of hyperbole-Arcs of
_- I
circles method
 Construction Procedure
1.Draw the axis AB and locate a point U on it.

2.Locate the foci F1,F2 such that F1F.1=i‘tZi and locate vertices V1342 such that v1v2 =45 on AB

3.tviarir a number of points 1,2,3 etc., on AB to the right of F2 which need not be equidistant -

4.With center F1 and radius v1-1 draw arcs on either side if the transverse axis.

5. with center F2 and radius v2-1 draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at P1 and P11

6. With center F2 and radius v1-1 draw arcs on either side if the transverse axis.

7. With center F1 and radius v2-1 draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at C11 and C11’.

E.lFtepeat the steps 4 to 7' and obtain the two branches of the hyperbola.
 Construction Procedure —Tangent and Normal

1. Locate the point M which is 20 from the focus say F2.

2. Then join M to foci Fl and F2..

3-.Draw a line T-T biseoting {FlMF2 forming the required

tangent.
 Eccentricity calculation

Eccentricity e = DFIIDV1
= ore,/ova
= 35,iE2.5

e = 1.56
 Rectangular Hyperbola
‘P A hyperbole for which the asyrnptotes
are perpendicular, also called an equilateral
hyperbole or right hyperbole.
PFBSS Llll! "il'Ull.Iil'lE 1H s
Ex: Boyle's law PV=C Pitts I-'="1"1 .
l

'9.
EUU Si '5
130
As the pressure lrlii is '15- ‘\-
“he.
it'll]
increases, its volume B5 eass
Tl] I‘-\lfl'ri-I|?h

decreases. Bi] é ECGLHHJF-g

s's'réa'
pI[lt.Fa
Construct e Rectangular Hvperbola ,when a point P on it is at a
distance of 13 and 34 from two asymptotes. Also draw a tangent to
the curve at a point 20 from an asymptote .
E

B P‘ v“
t-r l i-7*
5 5__
it at-
._.

st-. \..
‘H

'-I
'l"'.lI

1'3
P4 I
_ 5 Ps

o"
l ta *r=. A
I""—"i"'i

Construction oi rectangular hyperbota

 Construction Procedure
1.Draw the asvm ototes DA and DB at right angle to each other and locate the
given point P.

2.Draw the lines CD and EF passing through point P and parallel to DA and GB
respectively.

3-l.ocate a number of points 1.2.3.etc., along the line CU . which need not be
equi -distant.

4.Join 1,2,3,etc., to D and extend if necessary . till these lines meet the line EF
at points 1' , 2’ , 3', etc.

5.Draw tines through 1,2,3,etc.,para|lel to EF and through 1' , 2' , 3', etc. parallel
to CD to intersect at P1,F'2,P3.etc.
 Tangent to rectangular Hvperbola

1.Locate Point M on the curve by drawing a line GM parallel to GA and at a distance of 20 lrorrr it

2.Locate the point H on DB such that GH = DE.

3-.The line HT passing through M is the required tangent to the curve.

 Projection Methods: r",.,,i,,,,i.,,, s Symbol
Notation
Forr.1.r1h quadrant
First qrredrwn
First ongle
ee l-

‘_'-I-__
1-

-=L________

fi________

1‘ir_ird.c|r.rer.lrmt

l". §.'.|' ..'\g. j

Second quartlranl

Qt @Q
 Projection Symbol

i
First Angle G Eurcrlilean

Third Angle lg’

American
7I\l‘1'_'-'\I'r.'I.ii"".li:".“'|
 E __ F Fr
‘I_: __ ___ if
‘(Ir fl_ _|_____ _____| __|||_
I 1r I_ _ _I flfl __ __ _ __ __ _
__' I_
_ IfI§ J'__ J r |__
I _