Building drawing by Pramod sir

1.
Drawing Instruments & Accessories
♦ Basics of Engineering Drawing Drawing Instruments and Accessories
 Language of an engineer by which he/she can  It is used to prepare drawing easily and accurately.
represents his/her imagination on paper with proper  Mainly the following instruments are used in
dimensioning and accuracy. engineering drawing-
 It is the graphical representation of an object
containing all necessary information like actual 1. Drawing Board 2. T-Square
shape, size etc. required for the manufacturing of an 3. Mini-Drafter (MD) 4. Protractor
engineering component.
5. Pencil 6. Set square
7. Scale 8. French curve
9. Drawing Sheet 10. Eraser (Rubber)
11. Divider 12. Compass
13. Drawing board pins, 14. Clinograph
Clips or Cello tapes
Classification of Engg. Drawing
1. Geometrical • Art of representation of geometrical
Engg. objects on paper e.g. rectangle, cube, 15. Drawing Templates 16. Pencil cutter and
Drawing cylinder, sphere etc. sand paper
• It is two types– 17. Duster 18. Roll-N-Draw
i. Plain G.D.–Art of representation of
2D objects on paper. 19. Drawing Instruments
Ex. square, hexagon, rectangle etc. Box
ii. Solid G.D.–Art of representation of
3D objects on paper.
1. Drawing Board
Ex. sphere, cone, cylinder, pyramid
etc.
2. Mechanical • Art of the representation of
Engg. mechanical engg. parts or machine
Drawing parts and machine tool parts on
paper.
e.g. drawing of tool parts, IC engine
parts, automobile parts etc.
(Also called Machine drawing)
3. Civil Engg. • Art of the representation of civil
Drawing engg. objects on paper.
e.g. drawing of buildings, road, bridges
etc. (or structure)  It is rectangular in shape and made of strips of
4. Electrical • Art of the representation of well-seasoned soft wood.
Engg. electrical engg. parts on paper.
Drawing  One of the edges of the board is used as working
e.g. drawing of circuits', motors,
generators, transformers etc. edge, on which the T-square is made to slide.
 It is used to provide support to the drawing sheets
5. Electronics • Art of the representation of
Engg. electronics engg. objects on paper. or papers.
Drawing e.g. drawing of electronic circuit, T.V.  Top working surface of the board should be
circuits, computers etc. smooth in order to prepare quality drawings.
 2D ⇒ Two-Dimensional, 3D ⇒ Three-Dimensional  Drawing boards are made in various sizes.
 Hence, Engineering drawing is also known as the
universal language of engineers or engineer's  Its selection depends upon the size of the drawing
language. sheet to be used.
Engineering Drawing 5 =
YCT
 Sizes of drawing board–  It can also be used as a base for drawing the
 According to IS : 1944-1989, drawing board is various angles with the help of set squares.
represented by 'D'.  The stock (or head) is placed adjoining the working
 According to IS : 46-1988, drawing board is edge of the board and is made to slides on it as and
represented by 'B'. when required.
 Standard size of drawing board according to IS :
 Length of the blade is selected so as to suit the size
1944 -1989
of the drawing board.
To be
Size (in mm) :  Length of blade-
used
(Length ×
Designation with Name Designation Length of blade (in mm)
Width ×
sheet
Thickness) T0 1500
size
D0 A0 1500×1000×25 Antiquarian T1 1000
D1 A1 1000×700×25 Double T2 700
Elephant
T3 500
D2 A2 700×500×15 Imperial
 T-square is not used to draw inclined lines.
D3 A3 500×350×15 Half Imperial
D4 A4 350×250×15 Quarter
Imperial
 Mostly imperial size (D2) drawing board is used in
engineering drawing.
2. T- Sqaure
 It is made of hard-quality wood such as teak or
mahogany etc.
Consists of two parts → (1) Stock (2) Blade
 Stock and blade joined together at right angle (90o)
by means of screw and pins.
Used for → Drawing horizontal and parallel lines.

X 3. Mini-Drafter or Drafting Machine

 The advantages of T-square, set-square, scale and
the protractor are combined in mini-drafter.
 Mini-drafter can be used to draw horizontal,
vertical and inclined parallel lines on the sheet
with saving of time.

Engineering Drawing 6 &

YCT
 5. Pencils
 These are the primary tools in engg. drawing used
by engineers to communicate their ideas through
test or drawing.

 The blades may be set at any desired angle with the

help of the protractor markings.
 This instrument is now commonly used by the
college students and draughtsmen.
4. Protractors
 They are made of wood, transparent celluloid or
plastic materials.
 They are circular (Circle master), semi-circular or
flat in shape.
 Used to measure angles and to draw angles with
L.C. = 1o.

 Lead of pencil is made of graphite or kaolin or

clay.
 The grade of a pencil lead is usually shown by
alphabets and letters marked at one of its end.
 Grades of pencil-
 Various grades of pencils available today are as
follows–

Grade Uses
Hard grade (9H, 8H, Used to draw light and fine
7H, 6H, 5H, 4H) lines
Medium grade Used for lettering and
(3H, 2H, H, HB, B) dimensioning
Soft grade Used to draw thick and
(2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, shiny lines
7B)
 Important Points–
 The diameter of semi-circular protractor is • HB denotes ⇒ Medium, soft• Grade H ⇒ Harder
generally 100 mm and its circumferential edge is than F, HB etc.
graduated to 10 division. (Angle ⇒ 00 to 1800) • Grade B ⇒ Soft than HB
 Circular protractor is called as circle master.  Generally in Engg. drawing mostly HB, H, 2H, and
(Angle ⇒ 00 to 3600) 4H pencils are used.

Engineering Drawing 7 YCT

&
  H and HB pencils are used in free hand drawings 6. Set-Square
and lettering works.  Triangular in shape & are made of celluloid or
 2H & 3H Pencils ⇒ Used for drawing dimension plastic materials.
lines, centre lines and projection lines.  Used for drawing all straight lines except the
 H⇒Used for drawing dimension, hatching, horizontal lines which are usually drawn with the
lettering, circle curves. T-square.
 Lead of hard pencil has small diameter where as  Vertical lines can be drawn with the T-square and
lead of soft pencil has comparatively greater the set-square.
diameter.  They are – (i) 30o - 60o - 90o set square
 Neat clean, and precision drawing depends on (ii) 45o - 45o - 90o set square
pencils.
 Generally 18 grades of pencils are used in Engg.
drawing.
 The lead of pencils may be sharpened to two
different forms–i. Conical point ii. Chisel edge

 Length of 300–600–900 set square ⇒ 250 mm

 Length of 450–450–900 set square ⇒ 200 mm
 The two set squares are used simultaneously along
with the T-square will produce lines making angles
 Conical point ⇒ Used in sketch work and for of 150, 750, 1050 etc. ( Multiple of 150)
lettering. 7. Ruler or Scale
 For making conical end, the pencil should be  Made of wood, steel, celluloid or plastic.
rotated between the thumb and fingers, while  Edges of the scale are marked with division of
rubbing the lead. centimeters which are sub-divided into millimeters.
 Chisel edge ⇒ Used for drawing long thin lines of
uniform thickness.
 This edge is prepared by rubbing the lead on a sand
paper block.
 Remember–
 Pencil lead is made of the composition of graphite
and clay content.
9H → Very hard grade pencil (Clay content↑)
7B → Very soft grade pencil (Graphite content↑)
 When clay content ↑ ⇒ Pencil lead becomes light  Rustless steel scales are more durable.
and hardness ↑  Scales may be flat or of triangular cross section.
 When Graphite content ↑ ⇒ Pencil lead becomes  15 cm long and 2 cm wide or 30 cm long and 3 cm
dark and softness ↑ wide flat scales are in common use.
 Pencils are made by various companies. e.g. Vinus  Both the longer edges of the scales are marked
Short hand, Kutubminar, Artiste, Kohinoor, with divisions of centimeters, which are sub-
Nataraj, Apsara etc. divided into millimeters.
 Now a days mechanical pencils or clutch pencils  Scales are used to transfer the true or relative
are mostly used. dimensions of an object to the drawing.

Engineering Drawing 8 YCT

6
 8. French Curve  The surface of sheet must be smooth.
 Used to draw curve which cannot be drawn with  Size of drawing sheet is represented by ratio of
compass or for irregular curves. length and width of the sheet.
Where, x → Length of sheet
x : y = 1: 2
y → Width of sheet
 Standard size of the drawing sheet according to
IS : 10811 : 1983

 Made of wood, plastic or celluloid.

 They are made in various shapes.
 A continuous smooth curve required through a set
of points that do not lie on a straight line or on a
circle can be drawn with the help of French curves.
9. Drawing Sheet

 Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object

is drawn which is available in various sizes.
 The successive sheet sizes are obtained in the same
ratio by halving the length dimension such that its
area
is half of area of previous sheet.

Designation Trimmed size Untrimmed

(in mm) size (in mm)
A0 841×1189 880×1230
A1 594×841 625×880
A2 420×594 450×625
A3 297×420 330×450
A4 210×297 240×330
A5 148×210 165×240
 A2 size drawing sheet is mostly used by engineering
drawing students.
 Area of A0 drawing sheet is 1 m2.
10. Rubber or Eraser
 Made of rubber
 Used to erase extra or wrong pencil work.

 Standard sizes of trimmed drawing sheets are

commended by IS 10711 : 2001  It should be of good quality and soft.
 Required property of drawing sheets–  It should not damage the paper while erasing.
 It should be of good quality.
 It should be white in cooler with uniform thickness  Soft India rubber is the most suitable kind of
with must resist the easy torn of paper. eraser for pencil drawings.

Engineering Drawing 9 YCT

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 11. Divider 13. Drawing clips or drawing pins
 Used to divide straight or curved lines into desired
 They are used to fix the drawing sheet firmly in
number of equal parts.
position to the drawing board.

 It looks like a compass, but the difference is

the two legs of divider are provided with needles.
 It is also used to check the measurements.
12. Compass
 Used for drawing circles and arcs of circles of
required diameter.

 Care should be taken while removing the clips or

tapes otherwise the sheet may tore.

14. Clinograph-

 It is adjustable set-square
 Made of wood or plastic
 Used to draw parallel lines to the inclined lines.

 It contains one adjustable wing or strip which

can be adjusted to required angle.

15. Drawing templates-

 It is generally made of steel and consists two legs–
 These are made of plastic or wooden boards,
1. One leg contains needle at the bottom
which contains spaces of several shapes or
2. Other leg contains a ring in which a pencil is
placed. letters.
 The needle tip is placed at the respected point and  Non-dimensional shapes or variety font letters
pencil tip is adjusted to the height at least 1 mm are drawn by these which makes drawing easier
just above the tip of the needle. and perfect.

Engineering Drawing 10 &

YCT
  The rubber crumbs formed after the use of the
rubber should be swept away by the duster (not by
hand).

18. Roll-N-Draw-
 It is used to draw vertical lines, parallel lines,
16. Pencil Cutter and Sand Paper charts, horizontal lines, 3-D drawings, Engg.
drawings, angles, circles, graphs, musical lines and
 Pencil cutters or sharpeners are generally made of many other technical drawings.
plastic or Aluminium in which a cutter blade is fitted  It is a multipurpose or universal drawing
by a screw. instrument that lets us measure in cm.
 These are used for removing the cover of pencil lead
and sharpening the lead of pencil fastly.
 For drawing work mostly table pencil cutters are used.
 To make the sharp lead and chisel edge lead of pencil,
zero no. or double zero no. and paper blocks are used.
 Sand paper block consists of a wooden block about
150 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm thick with a piece of sand
paper pasted or nailed on about half of its length.

19. Drawing instrument box-

• The drawing instrument box contains following

instruments they are–
(i) Lengthening bar
(ii) Small bow compass
(iii) Large size divider
(iv) Small bow divider
(v) Small bow ink-pen
(vi) Inking pen
(vii) Crockle pen
(viii) Lead case
(ix) A small screw driver

 The sand paper, should be replaced by another, when

it becomes dirty or worn out.
 This block should always be kept within easy reach
for sharpening the pencil lead every few minutes.
17. Duster
 It should preferably be of towel cloth of convenient
size.
 Before starting work, all the instruments and
materials should be thoroughly cleaned with the
duster.
Engineering Drawing 11 &
YCT
 Some important points–  Representative fraction

 Large size compass ⇒ For drawing more than  The ratio of the length of the drawing to the actual
150 mm radius of circle length of the object represented is called the
 Lenghthening bar ⇒ For drawing more than 150 Representative Fraction.
mm radius of circle Length of drawing
 Small size compass ⇒ For drawing 25 to 50 mm R.F. =
Actuallength of object
diameter of circle
 Large size divider ⇒150 mm long  Classification of Engineering Scale
 Small size divider ⇒ 95 mm long  Scales are classified in different ways so that object
 Small size ink-bar compass ⇒ 95 mm long can be accommodated on drawing sheet and can
 Small size pencil bar compass ⇒ 95 mm long
comfortably be drawn and read. They are follows–
 Inking pen ⇒ Used for drawing straight lines and
non circular arcs in ink. (A) According to the size–
 For drawing large circles and circular arcs, inking (i) Enlarging scale • Used for drawing small or
attachment should be fitted in place of the pencil leg very small object in
in the compass. enlarged size.
Scales Ex.– Resisters, screws,
 The proportion by which we either reduce or bacteria's, insects, small
increase the actual size of the object on drawing is electrical parts etc.
called scale.
• R.F. > 1
(ii) Full scale • Used for drawing that
parts which are drawn
easily on the sheet with
 The scales can be expressed in the following ways– their actual size.
Engineering Ex.– Spanner, pen, nut-bolt
• The relation between the
scale etc.
dimension on the drawing and
the actual dimension of the • R.F. = 1
object is mentioned numerically (iii) Reducing scale • Used for drawing huge
in the style as 10 mm = 5 m etc. objects in reduced size.
• It is not possible or convenient Ex.– Buildings, bridges,
to draw drawings of an object to boilers, ships, aeroplanes
its actual size. etc.
• For instance, drawings of very • R.F. < 1
big objects like buildings,  (i) Representative Fraction (R.F.)
machines etc. cannot be
Length of object in drawing
prepared in full size on the = (In terms of length)
drawing sheet. Actual length of object
• Drawings of very small objects Area of object in drawing
R.F. = 2
like precision instruments e.g. Actual area of object
watch parts, electronic devices
parts, insects, micro processors (In terms of area)
etc. also cannot be prepared in
full size because they would be
Volume of object in drawing
too small to draw and to read.  R.F. = 3
Actual volume of object
• Hence the different types of
Engg. scales are used so that
object can be accommodated on (In terms of volume)
drawing sheet and can  R.F. is unitless.
comfortably be drawn and read. (ii) Length of scale = R.F. × Max. length to be measured
Engineering Drawing 12 &
YCT
Building drawing by Pramod sir
(B) According to type
i. Plain scale

• It can measure two consecutive division or unit.

Ex. m – dcm, dcm – cm, yard – feet
• It is divided into two subdivision, Ex. 30 m – 60dcm.
ii. Diagonal scale

• It can measure three consecutive division or units.

Ex. m – dcm – cm, yard – feet – inch.
• It is divided into three subdivision
Ex. 257km (or 200 km-500hm-700dam).
iii. Vernier scale

• These scales, like diagonal scale, are used to read to a very small unit with great
accuracy.
• It consists in two parts–
 Primary scale
 Vernier scale
• In forward V.S., n divisions on V.S. is equal to (n–1) division on M.S.
• In backward V.S., n divisions on V.S. is equal to (n + 1) division on M.S.

Engineering Drawing 13 #
YCT
 iv. Comparative scale

• It is a plain scale having same R.F. but calibrated to read diff. units.
Ex. km – mile, km – minute etc.
v. Scale of chords

• It is used to measure or draw angles in absence of protractor.

♦ Conversion factors-
 Length conversion factors–
10 mm = 1 cm
10 cm = 1 dm (decimeter)
10 dm = 1 m
10 m = 1 dam (decameter)
10 dam = 1 hm (hectometer)
10 hm = 1 km
2.54 cm = 1 inch
12 inch = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
220 yard = 1 furlong
8 furlong = 1 mile Borders • It is the space left all around and in
1 mile = 1.61 km and between the trimmed edges of the
1 Nautical mile = 1.85 km Frames drawing sheets and the frame.
♦ Scales on Drawings- • More space is kept on the left-hand
side for the purpose of filing or
 When an unusual scale is used, it is constructed on binding if necessary.
the drawing sheet. Left side ⇒ 20 mm to 30 mm (for
 To construct a scale, the following information is A0 and A1) and 10 mm (for A2, A3
required– and A4) and other 3
1. The RF of the scale
sides, ⇒ 5 mm
2. The units which is must represent, e.g. mm and cm
• Frame shows the clear space
or feet and inches etc.
available for the drawing purpose.
3. The maximum length which it must show.
Filling • Margin is provided in the drawing
♦ Layout of drawing sheets– margin sheet by drawing margin lines.
It is defined by choosing suitable scale, providing • It is provided for taking performance
proper margins, along title block, parts list, etc. on the for the purpose of filling the drawing
drawing sheet. sheets.
Engineering Drawing 14 &
YCT
 Title Block • The position of this block should be  Nine folds are allowed to A0 sized drawing sheet
within the drawing space such that
the portion of the title block when they are filed.
containing the identification or  General suggestions for drawing on sheet:-
information of the drawing is
situated in the bottom right hand
corner of the drawing space. (i) Cleaning the Instrument:- Clean all the
• It contains the details of drawing, instruments and materials and place them on a
here we include the names of the neat piece of paper by the side of the board.
persons who have designed and (ii) Pinning the paper to the drawing board : -
drawn.
Place the drawing sheet at about a suitable
Grid • The provision of grid reference
references distance from the edges of drawing board and
system is recommended for all sizes
in order to permit easy location on fix firmly by using of pins or cello tapes etc.
the drawing of details, additions, (iii) Draw Border Lines:- When only one drawing or
modification etc. figure is to be drawn on a sheet, it should be
• The number of divisions should be
drawn on centre of the working space.
divisible by two and be chosen in
relation to the complexity of the For more than one figure, the space should be
drawing. divided into suitable block and each figure should
• It is also called a zone system as the be drawn in the centre of its respective block.
grids divide the sheets into zones.
• The grid reference systems along the  Remember-
width are referred by alphabets A,B,
C, D………
• The grid reference systems along the
length are referred by numerals 1,2,
3,4………
Revisions • For locating a portion of the
of drawing drawing for the purpose of revision
etc., the sides of the three larger
sizes of the drawing sheets viz. A0,
A1 and A2 are divided into a number
of equal zones.
• A revision panel is drawn either
attached to the title block above it or (a) Margins or border lines–
in the top right-hand corner of the Left side ⇒ 20 mm
sheet.
• The revisions are recorded in it Other three side ⇒ 5 mm
giving the revision number, date, (b) Title block
zone etc. and also the initials of the Location ⇒ Right side & lower most
approving authority.
Size = 185 mm × 65 mm
Folding • Folding marks are made in the
marks drawing sheet.
 Information's used in title block–
• They are helpful in folding of prints
in proper and easy manner. 1. Name of institute

2. Scale
3. Projection symbol
4. Title of drawing
5. Name of designer and date
6. Name of invigilator and date
7. Name of standard & date
8. Name of approver & date of approving
9. Drawing no.

Engineering Drawing 15 -
YCT
 Drawing Tools and Equipment Asked in
Building drawing by Pramod sir
RRB, ALP & Technician
Previous Year Questions
1. The ratio of the shorter side of an A4 sheet to • Followings are the various terms and their respective
the longer side of an A3 sheet is _______ . /A4 abbreviations in engineering drawings.
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1: 2 AC Across Corners
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 2 AF Across Flats
RRB ALP & Tech. 21.01.2019 Shift-II AR As Required
Ans. (d) : The ratio of the shorter side of A4 sheet to ASA American Standard Association
longer side of an A3 sheet is 1 : 2.
5. In an engineering drawing, the letter LH
1. The shorter side of an A4 sheet (S4) = 210mm
stands for which of the following?
and, the longer side of an A3 sheet (L3) = 420mm
(a) Left Hand (b) Limit of Height
Then,
(c) Level Hide (d) Low Heat
The ratio of shorter size of A4 sheet to the
longer size of A3 sheet is - RRB ALP & Tech. 23.01.2019 Shift-III
S 4 210 1 Ans : (a) In engineering drawing, the various terms and
= = their respective abbreviations are followings-
L 3 420 2
LH Left-Hand
S4:L3 = 1:2
LMC Least material condition
2. Which of the following is the approximate ratio MFD Manufactured
of length to width of any standard Engineering OD Outer diameter
drawing sheet ? OPP Opposite
(a) 1: 2 (b) 3 : 3 6. 594 mm × 841 mm are the dimensions of _____
(c) 1: 3 (d) 2 : 3 size paper.
RRB ALP & Tech. 22.01.2019 Shift-I (a) A3 (b) A1
(c) A0 (d) A2
Ans. (a) : The approximate ratio of length to width of
RRB ALP & Tech. 08.02.2019 Shift-I
any standard drawing sheet is 1: 2
Ans. (b) : 594 mm × 841 mm are the dimensions of A1
For eg. Width of A0 sheet = 841 mm
sheet size.
length = 841 × 2 mm = 1189 mm • The other sheet sizes are given below-
Width 1 A0 = 1189 × 841 mm
=
Length 2 A3 = 420 × 297 mm
3. If the width of a standard engineering drawing A4 = 297 × 210 mm
sheet is 841 mm, then its length will be ___mm. A5 = 210 × 148 mm
(a) 1189 (b) 1216 7. The area of A0 size sheet is _____.
(c) 1000 (d) 1250 (a) 1cm2 (b) 1000cm2
2
RRB ALP & Tech. 23.01.2019 Shift-III (c) 10000cm (d) 100cm2
Ans : (a) If the width of a standard engineering RRB ALP & Tech 23.01.2019 Shift-II
drawing sheet is 841 mm, then its length will be 1189 Ans : (c) The area of A0 size sheet is 10000 cm2.
mm. • The area of A0 size sheet = 84.1 cm ×118.9 cm
• It is the size of A0 sheet size being 841×1189 mm = 9999.49 cm2
• A0 is the largest sheet size. = 10000 cm2
4. What is the full form of the abbreviation AC in 8. The feature provided on the drawing sheet to
an engineering drawing? show the detail, modification and position of
(a) Aerial Cut (b) Across Corners the drawing on the drawing sheet of all sizes is
(c) Attached Circle (d) Air Conditioning called-
RRB ALP & Tech. 23.01.2019 Shift-III RRB Bhopal Section Engineer, 24.11.2002
Ans : (b) The full form of the abbreviation AC in an (a) Metric reference (b) Grid reference
engineering drawing is across corners. (c) Title block (d) Frame
Engineering Drawing 16 *
YCT
Ans : (b) The feature provided on the drawing sheet to • These are usually measured on the basis of their
show the details, modifications and position of drawing weight, which are known as grams per square meter
on the drawing sheet of all sizes is called grid reference. (GSM).
Grid reference system: The provision of the grid 13. What are the importance and benefits of free
reference system (joining is recommended for all sizes) hand drawing ?
in order to permit easy location on the drawing of RRB Secunderabad Section Engineer
details, addition, modifications etc. (Civil) 29.06.2008
9. For binding and filing a drawing sheet, the (a) It is very quick to design and explains the
area left on the left side of the sheet is given by size
which line ? (b) The practice of free hand drawing gives to
RRB Kolkata Chemical & Metallurgical anyone an excellent idea about measurements
Er., 01.12.2002 (c) It is very useful in generating ideas
(a) Margin line (b) Border line (d) All of the above
(c) Frame (d) Orientation sign Ans : (d) The following are the importance and benefits
Ans : (b) The area left on the left side of a drawing of free hand drawings-
sheet for binding and filing is given by the border line. 1. It gives very quick explaination about, the design
• Border lines are very thick continuous lines used to and shape of the devices.
show the boundary of the drawing or to separate 2. It is very useful in generating ideas.
different objects drawn on same sheet. 3. The practice of free hand drawing gives to anyone an
10. The print of the margin line in the drawing excellent idea about measurements.
sheet is of __________ 14. What are the medium adopted by the engineer/
RRB Bhopal & Mumbai Apprentice Section Eng. draftsman to convey his ideas to the artisans ?
23.03.2003 RRB Thiruvananthapuram Section Eng
(a) Raw size (b) Accurate size (Mechanical) 04.01.2009
(c) Both (d) None of these (a) Orally
Ans : (b) The print of the margin line in the drawing (b) By writing
sheet is of accurate size. (c) In the form of sign or indication or figure/
• The drawing of center marks on all the four sides of (d) All of the above
the drawing sheet is called 'Origin line'. Ans : (d) Engineer/ draughtsman adopts oral form,
11. Which one of the following represents the written form, sign, or indication or figure form to
reducing R.F scale in this? convey his idea to artisans.
(NCVT-2012, Carpenter, Plumber, 15. In an engineering drawing, a list of item gives
Welder, Sheet Metal) which of the following informations?
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 20 RRB Bangalore Section Engineer (Civil)
(c) 50 : 1 (d) 8 : 6 01.02.2009
Ans : (b) (a) Company name, drawing title, scale and
R.F.– 1:20 is a reducing scale or reduction scale. angle of projection
R.F.– 50:1, 8:6 → Enlarging scale (b) Item, description, quantity and substance
R.F.= 1 : 1 → Full scale. (c) Distinctive signs, abbreviations, and units of
measurements
12. What type of paper is generally used for
technical drawings ? (d) None of the above
RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical Ans : (b) In an engineering drawing, a list of item gives
Item, description, quantity and substance.
DRG & Design 11.06.2006
(a) Cartridge paper (b) Tracing paper 16. What do you understand by B.I.S.?
(c) Both of the above (d) None of these RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Electrical) ,
15.03.2009
Ans : (c) Technical drawings are generally drawn on
(a) Bureau of Indian standards
the following types of paper.
(b) Bureau of Indian system
1. Cartridge Paper: This is the best quality paper for
(c) Bureau of Indian instrument
pencil drawings. Its weight is usually 90 GSM. It is
(d) None of these
made from esparto grass.
2. Tracing Paper: Natural tracing paper is a high Ans : (a) The full form of B.I.S. is Bureau of Indian
quality tracing material that can be purchases in 25 standards.
meter rolls. Generally its weight ranges from 38 GSM • BIS is the national standard body of India.
to 63 GSM and its often used for tracing technical • It is a code of practice for general engineering
drawings. drawing.

Symbolic Representation 17
17. ................................. shown in the title block ? 21. Qualitative drawing sheet is used on which of
RRB Chennai Section Engineer, 12.02.2012 the following should be kept in the mind ?
(a) Name of the company RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Civil),
(b) Title of the drawing 26.02.2012
(c) Scale of drawing (a) Neat & clean drawing
(d) All of the above (b) The nature of the ink of pencil
Ans : (d) Name of the company, title of drawing, scale (c) Both a and b
of drawing, type of projection and number of drawing (d) None of these
are shown in the title block. Ans : (c) Some thing should be kept in mind before
using a quality drawing sheet.
for ex.- neat & clean drawing and the nature of ink of
the pencil should be good.
22. The ratio between two adjacent side of a
drawing sheet is
ISRO - (VSSC) Draughtsman (Mech.),
21-02-2015
(a) 1: 2 (b) 1: 3
(c) 1:0.5 (d) 1:1
18. An engineering drawing gives different types of Ans : (a) The ratio between two adjacent side of a
information. What is the most important drawing sheet is 1 : 2
information it gives ?
DMRC Electronics Engineering, 21.09.2014
(a) Length (b) Width
(c) Height (d) Shape Width 1
=
Ans : (d) • The most important information if the Height 2
shape of the object which is given by the engineering
drawing.
• It helps to make more numbers of same object with 23. Area of an A0 size drawing sheet is as closed to.
another object. ISRO - (VSSC) Draughtsman (Mech.),
19. In what form does engineering drawings 21-02-2015
originate as an activity ? (a) 0.25 m2 (b) 0.5 m2
RRB Bhopal & Mumbai Apprentice Section (c) 0.75 m2 (d) 1.0 m2
Eng. 23.03.2003 Ans : (d) Area of an A size drawing sheet is as close as
0
(a) Records (b) Type 1.0 m2.
(c) Product (d) None of these
24. Clinometers are used for
Ans : (a) Engineering drawing is prevalent everywhere,
hence this drawing is called universal language. ISRO - (VSSC) Draughtsman (Mech.),
21-02-2015
• Engineering drawings originate as 'record' as an
activity. (a) Temperature measurement
(b) Linear measurement
20. In Engineering drawing ideas can be expressed
in which form ? (c) Angular measurement
RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical/ (d) Flatness measurement
DRG & Design 11.06.2006 Ans : (c) Clinometers: This is a measuring instrument
(a) Oral (b) Written in which angles are measured with the help of a spirit
(c) Symbolic (d) All of these level. In addition to measuring angles. Clinometers are
Ans : (a) Expression of ideas in engineering drawing used to measure angular surfaces, large cutting tools
can be taken in the following form- and milling cutter insert relief angles.
(i) Oral (ii) Written (iii) Symbolic Other angle measuring instrument-
• According to Mechanical point of view, engineering 1. Vernier bevel protector 2. Spirit level
drawing is divided into following parts - 3. Sine bar 4. Angle pre-measuring
1. Geometrical drawing 5. Divider head.
2. Mechanical or Machine drawing Flatness Measurement:
3. Electrical drawing 1. Surface plate 2. Spirit level
4. Civil drawing 3. Auto clinometer 4. Dial indicator
5. Electronics drawing 5. Optical divider

Symbolic Representation 18
Temperature measurement: 27. What is the dimension of B2 drawing board ?
1. Resistance thermometers RRB RRB Patna/Allahabad ESM-II, 30.01.2011
2. Semi conductor thermometers RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Mech.),
3. Thermostats 26.02.2012
4. Thermo Couples (a) 1500×1000×25 mm (b) 700×500×15 mm
5. Bi-metallic thermometers (c) 1000×700×25 mm (d) 500×350×15 mm
6. Radiation pyrometer Ans : (b) The dimension of B2 drawing board is
700×500×15 mm. B2 size drawing board is called
7. Optical pyrometer
imperial size drawing board.
25. Which one is not the size of a standard 28. What is the limitation of coloured drawing
trimmed drawing sheet? sheet?
ISRO - (VSSC) Draughtsman (Mech.), RRB Bhopal & Mumbai Apprentice Section
25-09-2016 Eng. 23.03.2003
(a) 841 × 1189 (b) 420 × 596 (a) It hinders the emergence of lines
(c) 210 × 297 (d) 297 × 420 (b) It does not allow the sheet to fold
Ans : (b) The above are the standard sizes of drawing (c) Not available in suitable sizes
sheets. So 420×596 is not a standard size of drawing (d) None of the above
sheet. Ans : (a) There are some limitations of the coloured
• Standard size and measurement of BIS based drawing sheet.
drawing sheet- • Mostly white drawing sheet is used in engineering
drawing colored drawing sheet are rarely used.
Designation Size in mm
• It hinders the emergence of lines, so its used rarely.
A0 841 × 1189
29. What is the dimension of A2 drawing sheet ?
A1 594 × 841 RRB Jammu Section Eng. (Mech, Elec/
A2 420 × 594 Elect./Telecom), 2013
A3 297 × 420 (a) 420 × 594 mm (b) 594 × 841 mm
(c) 210 × 297 mm (d) 297 × 420 mm
A4 210 × 297
Ans : (a) The dimension of A2 drawing sheet
A5 148 ×210 (trimming) is 420 × 594 mm.
A6 105×148 • Without trimming the dimension of A2 is 420 ×
• Mostly A2 drawing sheet is used by engineering 625 mm.
drawing students. Standard sizes of drawing sheets
26. Clinograph is used for Specified Size (After Size (without
ISRO - (VSSC) Draughtsman (Mech.), size Trimming trimming
25-09-2016
(a) measuring and setting the angles A0 841 × 1189 mm 880 × 1230 mm
(b) ink work on drawings A1 594 × 841 mm 625 × 880 mm
(c) drawing horizontal lines A2 420 × 594 mm 450 × 625 mm
(d) drawing parallel lines at inclination A3 297 × 420 mm 330 × 450 mm
Ans : (d) Clinograph is an adjustable set-square and is A 210 × 297 mm 240 × 330 mm
4
used to drawn parallel lines at any angle.
A5 148 × 210 mm 165 × 240 mm
• The two sides of Clinograph are fixed at 90° and the
third side can be adjusted at any desired angle. 30. What is the ratio of the length and width of the
drawing sheet ?
• It is adjustable set square made of wood or plastic. It
RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical/
contains one adjustable wing or strip which can be
DRG & Design 11.06.2006
adjusted to required angle.
DRDO Turner 2016
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:3
(c) 1: 2 (d) 3:4
Ans : (c) The ratio of the length and width of the
drawing sheet is 1: 2 .
Ex.: 841 : 1189 = 1 : 2
Clinograph 594 : 841 = 1 : 2

Symbolic Representation 19
31. Match the various instruments used in drawing • They are generally made of wood, plastic or
correctly. celluloids.
A Large (i) To ink the lines • They are made in various shapes.
compass • They are used to draw curve which cannot be drawn
B Large (ii) For holding pencil with compass or for irregular curves.
divider lead 35. Parallel lines can be drawn with the help of–
C Ruling pen (iii) To draw a big RRB Allahabad Signal Maintainer-II, 22.01.2006
circle (a) T-square/ (b) Mini drafter
D Lead case (iv) To divide the line (c) Pair of set-square (d) All of these
RRB Thiruvananthpuram Section Eng Ans : (d) Parallel lines can be drawn with the help of T-
(Mechanical) 04.01.2009 square, mini drafter and pair of set-squares.
(a) A-(i); B-(ii); C-(iii); D-(iv) • The set squares are used for draw all straight lines
(b) A-(iii); B-(iv); C-(i); D-(ii) except the horizontal lines which are usually drawn
(c) A-(ii); B-(iii); C-(iv); D-(i) with T-square.
(d) A-(iv); B-(i); C-(ii); D-(iii) • The set-squares can also be used for drawing parallel
Ans : (b) and perpendicular lines to any given line.
SN. Instrument Uses 36. What do you understand by scale 1 : 2 ?
1. Large Compass To draw a big circle and RRB Kolkata Supervisor (P.Way), 20.02.2000
marking (a) Full size (b) Enlarging size
2. Large divider To divide the line (c) Reducing size (d) None of these
3. Ruling pen To ink the line Ans : (c) 1 : 2 is a reducing size scale because its
4. Lead case For holding Pencil lead representative fraction is less than one.
32. Name of the device which is used for marking • When a drawing of a very large object is to be made,
and dividing small distances. then this type of scale is used.
RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical/DRG • In this, a drawing is made of a smaller size than the
& Design 11.06.2006 actual size of the object.
(a) Small compass (b) Large compass Ex.: Drawing of building, roads etc.
(c) Protractor (d) Inking pen 37. Which scale will you use for drawing watch
Ans : (a) A small compass is used for marking and parts ?
dividing small distances. RRB Kolkata Apprentice Supervisors, 14.10.2001
• Protractor is used to measure angles. (a) Full size scale (b) Enlarging size scale
• Large compass is used to draw large circles and also (c) Reducing size scale (d) All of these
used for marking. Ans : (b) Enlarging size scale is used for drawing
33. For drawing the component of a wrist watch, watch parts because the size of watch parts is very
the scale used is– small.
RRB Bhubaneswar App. Electrical, 19.08.2001 • Therefore, to display it, we will make a drawing of
(a) Full size scale (b) Enlarged scale slightly larger size than the actual size of the parts.
(c) Reduced scale (d) None of these 38. Which objects can be drawn using 1 : 1 scale ?
Ans : (b) For drawing the component of a wrist watch RRB Bangalore Material Superintendent,
enlarged scale is used. 21.11.2004
• The components of wrist watch are very small. For (a) Objects of larger size
giving complete information about the element, you (b) Objects of medium size
have to print it on paper in large form. (c) Object of smaller size
So, the major or enlarge scale is used for this. (d) both 'a' and 'b'/
• For this R.F is kept greater than one. Ans : (b) Drawing of objects of medium size is made
34. To draw smooth curves of any nature, the from scale 1 : 1.
drafting instrument used is a/an– • The drawings of objects of medium size are made
RRB Ranchi Signal Maintainer Group-III, equal to their actual sizes.
20.11.2005 39. Where is the Title block made on the drawing
(a) Template (b) Eraser shield sheet ?
(c) French curve (d) Mini drafter DMRC Station Controller, 09.09.2007
Ans : (c) To draw smooth curves of any nature, the (a) Lower left corner (b) Upper left corner
drafting instrument used is a French curve. (c) Upper right corner (d) Lower right corner
Symbolic Representation 20
Ans : (d) The title block is normally located in the be 2 P.
lower right corner of the drawing sheet. • The area of 2A0 size sheet is 2m2, because area of 'A0'
• Name of the institute, drawing number, name of the size sheet is '1m2'. So area of 2A0 = 2×1 = 2m2
maker of the drawing; type of projection, title of the
drawing etc. are presented on the title block of size 185
mm × 65 mm.

Designation Trimmed size

A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
40. Which size of drawing board you work on ? A2 420 × 594
RRB Bangalore Material Superintendent, 21.11.2004 A3 297 × 420
(a) Bo (b) B1 A4 210 × 297
(c) B2 (d) B4 A5 148 × 210
Ans : (c) Drawing boards are available in different • Area of A0 drawing sheet is1m2
sizes, but in engineering drawing only B2 imperial size 44. According to SP 46 : 2003, what types of marks
is mostly used. are given on drawing sheet to protect the prints
41. In free hand drawing............. is used- of all sizes of drawing sheets ?
RRB Kolkata Diesel/Electrical Ass., RRB Allahabad Junior Engineer-II
06.02.2005 (a) Orientation mark (b) Folding mark
(a) Mini drafter (b) Scale (c) Margin Mark (d) Border Mark
(c) Protractor (d) None of these Ans : (b) According to SP 46 : 2003, folding marks are
Ans : (d) Free hand drawing is that drawing in which given on drawing sheets to protect the prints of all sizes
the parts and lengths of an object are examined by eye of the drawing sheets.
and all the lines are drawn without the help of any 45. Trimmed size of a drawing sheet is given by
drawing instrument. Only pencil, eraser and paper are which line ?
used. RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical/
42. Which of the following statement is false: DRG & Design, 11.06.2006
(a) For 'A' size sheets, mentioning about the (a) Border (b) Border line
length and width of the sheet is a normal (c) Margin line (d) Frame
thing.
Ans : (c) Trimmed size of a drawing sheet is given by
(b) Mentioning GSM value for 'A' size sheets is a
margin line.
normal thing
• A border line drawn around the inside edge of the
(c) For 'A' size sheets, it is common to refer to
paper.
the area of the sheet.
(d) All of the above 46. Name the following scale on the principles of
similar triangles-
Ans : (d) All statements are incorrect. RRB Kolkata Chemical & Metallurgical
a. Often A0, A1, A2, A3 etc. are mentioned. Er., 01.12.2002
b. GSM tells about the quality of the paper. It has (a) Extended Scale (b) Plain Scale
nothing to do 'A' size sheet. (c) Reduced Scale (d) Diagonal Scale
c. it is often referred to A0, A1, A2, A3 etc. Ans : (d) The diagonal scale is based on the principles
43. Which of the following statement is correct ? of similar triangles.
RRB Ranchi Signal Maintainer Group-III, • In the diagonal scale, three ranges of distance are
20.11.2005 displayed simultaneously.
(a) The length of A4 size sheet is the width of A3 47. Drawing boards are come in many sizes.
size sheet. Choose the size of the designated drawing
(b) If the length of 'A1' size sheet is P, then its board D0-
width will be 2 P RRB Kolkata Technical-III, 20.08.2006
(c) The area of 2A0 size sheet is 2m2 (a) 1000×700×25 mm. (b) 500×300×15 mm.
(d) All of these (c) 700×500×15 mm. (d) 1500×1000×25 mm.
Ans : (d) The length of A4 size sheet is equal to the Ans : (d) The size of the D0 drawing board is equal to
width of an 'A3' size sheet. 1500×1000×25 mm.
• If the length of 'A1' size sheet is P, then its width will • D0 is the largest size of the board.

Symbolic Representation 21
54. 2H pencil is used................ Ans. (a) : Figure given above shows a large compass.
RRB Patna Technical Eng., 27.07.2008 Large size compass– This compass is used for drawing
(a) To draw dark lines large circles and arcs of circles.
(b) To draw thick lines 58. Sketch book is used for................
(c) To draw less visible lines RRB Chennai Section Eng., 12.02.2012
(d) None of these (a) Tracing (b) Rough drawing
Ans : (c) 2H pencil is used to draw less visible lines. (c) Graph (d) All of these
This pencil comes under medium grade pencil. Ans : (a) Sketch book is used by artists for tracing,
Lines Used of Pencil drawing or painting as a part of their creative process.
Initial work and construction H,HB 59. What is the width of the border of the drawing
lines sheet of size A0 and A1.........
Outlines, dotted lines, section 2H RRB Chandigarh Section Eng. (Civil), 26.02.2012
plane lines, dimension lines (a) 10 mm (b) 25 mm
arrow heads (c) 30 mm (d) 20 mm
Centre lines, section lines 2H or 3H or 4 H Ans : (d) The width of the border of the drawing sheet
55. The drawing board is made up of the several of size A0 and A1 is 20 mm on the left side and 5 mm
parts. One part among them is the batten. The on the other three sides.
purpose of the batten is- 60. Which of the following set does not occur in the
RRB Chandigarh Section Eng. (Electrical), set square ?
15.03.2009 RRB Chandigarh Section Eng. (Mech.),
(a) to fasten the strips (b) stop warping 26.02.2012
(c) To support the strips (d) Both 'b' and 'c' (a) 150, 760, 900 (b) 450, 450, 900
Ans : (d) Two battens are fixed at the bottom of the (c) 300, 600, 900 (d) None of these
drawing board. The purpose of this batten is to prevent Ans : (a) The set square is generally made of celluloid
warping of the drawing board and to support the strips. or plastic. It is triangular and transparent.
56. Which part of T square is used to draw • Mainly two types of set squares are used.
horizontal parallel lines on drawing sheet ? • In one set square 30° - 60° - 90° angles are made and
RRB Chandigarh Section Eng. (Electrical), in the another set square 45° - 45° - 90° are made.
15.03.2009 • No set square has an angle of 15° - 76° - 90°
(a) Blade (b) working edge 61. The center marking on all four sides of the
(c) Stock (d) Scale drawing sheet is called ?
Ans : (b) Working edge of T square is used to draw UPSSSC Tracer (Tech.) 2015
horizontal parallel lines on drawing sheet. (a) Margin (b) Grid reference
• Horizontal parallel lines are drawn by sliding the (c) Orientation mark (d) Object reference
stock to the desired position.
Ans : (c) The center marking on all four sides of the
• T-square is designated by blade length. drawing sheet is called "Orientation mark".
• It is composed by a long strip called blade, which is
62. On which of the following paper the drawing
screwed rigidity at right angle to a shorter piece head
made is called blue print ?
or stock.
SAIL Bokaro Steel Plant 2016
(a) Tracing paper (b) Sand paper
(c) Ammonia paper (d) None of these
Ans : (c) A drawing made on ammonia paper is called a
'blue print' because by placing tracing paper over the
already made drawing, that drawing is copied by ink pen.
63. What type of pencil lead is shown in figure.
Vizag Steel Fitter 2015
57. Figure given below shows a_____.

(a) Conical lead (b) Chisel lead

(c) Drafting lead (d) Fine lead
(a) Large compass (b) Bow compass Ans : (a) The conical lead type pencil is shown in the
(c) Large divider (d) Drop compass figure.
RRB Patna/Allahabad ESM-III , 30.01.2011 • It is used in sketch work and for lettering.
Symbolic Representation 23
 80. The number of A2 size sheet that can be
trimmed from one A0 size sheet is:
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
Ans. (b) : A0, A1, A2 .......... sheet nomenclature are
practical examples of ratio.
• From the above figure–
We can get 2 A1 sheets from one A0 sheet, likewise,
We can get 2 A2 sheet from one A1 sheet.
Therefore, from A0 sheet we can get 4 A2 sheets.
81. Why always a ratio of 1 : 2 is kept between
the sides of A series sheets?
(a) For ease of printing
(b) For weight reduction
(c) For microfilming
(d) For ease of handling
Ans. (c) : For microfilming always a ratio of 1: 2 is
kept between the sides of a series sheets.
• The area of the successive sizes are in the ratio of 1:2.
78. The smallest size drawing sheet as per ISO-A 82. The area of A1 size sheet is_____.
series has a designation of_____. 1
(a) A0 (b) A3 (a) 0.5 m (b) m 2
2
(c) A2 (d) A4 2
1
Ans. (d) : The smallest size drawing sheet as per ISO- (c) 2m2 (d)   m 2
A series has a designation of A4. 2
• The preferred sizes of the trimmed sheets as selected Ans. (b) : The dimension of A1 size sheet drawing
from the main ISO-A series are given in table– paper = 594 mm × 841 mm.
Designation Trimmed size (in mm) Area of A1 sheet = 594 × 841
= 0.49954
A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841 ≃ 0.5 m2
A2 420 × 594 • Area of A0 size drawing paper is 1 m2 & area of sheet
A2 size sheet is 0.25 m2.
A3 297 × 420
83. The ISO size of A4 sheet is 210 × 297 mm. The
A4 210 × 297
size of A4×3 sheet will be = ?
79. If width (shorter side) of A1 drawing paper is (a) 297 × 630 mm (b) 630 × 891 mm
594 mm, what is the longer side if A2 paper? (c) 210 × 891 mm (d) Not defined
(a) 297 mm (b) 594 mm
Ans. (a) : Special elongated series increasing its
(c) 841 mm (d) 210 mm
widths, double, triple etc. are designated as follows
Ans. (b) : According to question, A3 × 3, A3 × 4 .............
width (shorter side) of A1 drawing paper is 594 mm. The ISO size of A4 sheet is 210 × 297 mm.
and we know, The size of A4 × 3 sheet will be–
Size of drawing sheet A1 = 594 × 841 297 × (3 × 210) = 297 × 630 mm.
The ISO size of A4 sheet is 210 × 297 mm, the size of
A4 × 3 sheet 297 × (3 × 210) = 297 × 630 mm
Special elongated series–
Designation Size
A3 × 3 420 × 891
A3 × 4 420 × 1189
A4 × 3 297 × 630
So, from the above graphic representation longer side of A4 × 4 297 × 841
A2 paper is 594 mm. A4 × 5 297 × 1051

Symbolic Representation 26
Building drawing by Pramod sir
2. Symbolic Representation
Symbolic Representation of Conventions
 Various types of fasteners, sections, joints etc. used
in Engg. drawing are represented or shown by
symbols.
 By this drawings are made easily and fastly. 2. Zinc, Tin, White metal
etc.
♦ Representation of conventions 3. Brass, Bronze, Gun metal
etc.
 Engg. Drawings are completely based on convention.
 By the using of this convention, we can make
drawing of any objects easily and can understand the Cast iron, Aluminium and
drawing in a very low time consuming. its alloys etc.
 As per ISO 696 : 1972, Convention of various parts 4.
or objects, materials etc. are recommended –
Plastic, Rubber, Packing
A. Conventional Representation of Materials material, Marble, slate,
B. Conventional Representation of Breaks Porcelain, Stone,
C. Conventional Representation of Rivets and Bolts 5. Asbestos, Fibre, Felt,
D. Conventional Representation of Welding Synthetic resin products,
Paper, Press-phan, Cork
E. Conventional Representation of Roughness of Linoleum, Leather, Waz
surface insulating and filling
F. Conventional Representation of Machine materials etc.
Elements, Parts and Operation 6. Wood, Plywood etc.
G. Symbolic Representation of Fasteners
H. Conventional Representation of Pipe Fitting and
Valve Joints 7. Earth, Rubble etc.
I. Conventional Representation of Various Beams,
Pipes and Rods
J. Symbols of Electronics and Electrical Elements Brick-work, Masonary,
Concrete, Fire bricks etc.
A. Conventional Representation of Materials 8.
 The conventions for materials are used to represent
various materials in section which saves time, labor
and makes drawing simple. Water, Oil, Petrol,
9. Kerosene etc.
S. Material Conventions
No.

1. Steel
10. Glass

Or
B. Conventional Representation of Breaks

S.No. Object Convention

1. Rectangular Section

2.

Round Section

3. Pipe

38 YCT
Engineering Drawing
&
 4. Tubing

5.
Wood Rectangular Section

6. Rolled Section

7. Channel Section

C. Conventional Representation of Rivets and Bolts

Description Pictorial Method of Drawing in
Representation View Section

Rivet General

Rivet, Countersunk on Back Side

Rivet, Countersunk on Front Side

Rivet, Counter Sunk Back And Front

Side

Bolt, General

Bolt, to Distinguish from the Rivet

Bolt , Place of Nut Indicated (nut)

Bolt , Head Countersunk on Back Side

Bolt, Head Countersunk on Front Side

Bolt to Fit on site

Engineering Drawing 39
(D.I) Conventional Representation of Welding

Types of Welded Symbol Symbolic Representation

Welds Joint Weld on the Weld on the Weld on the Sectional
Arrow size Other Side Both Sides Representation
Single and
Doubles

Single and
Double
Square
fillet

Single-V
Butt

Double-V
Butt

Single-U
Butt

Doubles-U
Butt

Single
Bevel Butt

Engineering Drawing 40
 Double
Bevel Butt

Single-J
Butt

Double-J
Butt

D.II Conventional Representation of Welding and Symbols

Types of Welds Welded Joint Symbol Symbolic Representation Sectional
Representation

Bead Edge or Seal

Plug or Slot

Sealing Run

Backing Strip

Spot

Seam

E. Conventional Representation of Roughness of surface

(S.No.) (Convention) Objects

1. Surface, which is finished by drill

2. Surface, which is finished by grinding

3. Surface, which is finished by Machine

4. Finish of surface up to n+ roughness number

Engineering Drawing 41
 5. Metric thread, which has 20mm diameter and 1.5 mm
pitch
Threaded surface
6.

7. 6 holes of diameter of 8mm

8. Tolerance of hole (H) has 5 grade
9. Maximum and minimum limitations of tolerances
10. Counter bore operations
 Symbols used for indication of surface roughness
Basic symbol

Symbol of surface where machining or material

removal required

Symbol of surface where machining or material

removals are not required

Milled surface

F. Conventional Representation of Machine Elements, Parts and Operation

S.No. Subject Object Convention

Straight Knurling
1.

Diamond Knurling
2.

Square on Shaft
3.

Holes on circular pitch

4.

Holes on a Linear
5. Pitch

Symbolic Representation 42 ·
YCT
 6. Bearing

External Screw
7.
Thread

Internal Screw Thread

8.

Compression Springs
9.

Tension Spring
10.

Leaf Spring
11.

Splined Shafts
12.

13. Repeated Parts

Radial Ribs
14.

Square End and Flat

15.

Slotted Head Screw

16.

Ratchet and Pinion

17.

Symbolic Representation 43 *
YCT
 Chain Wheel
18.

Serrated Shaft
19.

20. Spur Gear

21. Spur/Helical Gears

Worm and Worm

22. Wheel

S.N. Subject Convention

Name
View Section

Helical Tension Spring

1.

Helical Torsion Spring

2.

3. Compression Spring
with Square Section

44
Symbolic Representation
E
YCT
G. Symbolic Representation of Fasteners
S.N. Types of fasteners Exact drawing Simplified drawing Symbol

1. Nut

2. Stud bolt

3. Hex head bolt

4. Cheese head screw

Countersunk head
5.
screw

H. Conventional Representation of Pipe Fitting and Valve Joints

Pipe Fittings Symbols 11. Tee Outlet Up

1. Cross 12. Gate Valve

13. Globe Valve

2. Tee

14. Angle Valve

3. Sleeve

4. Lateral joint 15. Safety Valve

Pipe Fittings Valve Symbol

5. Expansion joint
1. Diaphram Valve

2. Ball Valve
6. 450 Elbow

3. Solenoid Valve
7. 900Elbow

4. Float Valve
8. Elbow Down

5. Butterfly Valve
9. Elbow Up

6. Regulating Globe Valve

10. Tee outlet Down

Symbolic Representation 45 Sp
YCT
 14. Y-Type Strainer
7. Plug Valve

8. Control Valve 15. Jacketed Lines

9. Float Valve
16. Hose lines
10. Flexible Hose

11. Steam Trap

17. Oriffice
12. Insulation
18. Concentric Reducer
13. Sight Glass

Isometric symbol Orthographic symbol

Sr. Description Screwed flanged Screwed Flanged
No.
1. Joint /
Coupling

2. Reducer

90º elbow

3. (i) Turned up

(ii) Turned
down

Tee

(i) Turned up

(ii) Turned
down

5. Cross

Symbolic Representation 46 &

YCT
H. Conventional Representation of various Beams, Pipes and Rods
I.

S.No. Material Conventions Sectional side views

1. I-beam or rolled section

2. Channel section

3. Tee-section

4. Unequal angular section

5. Equal angular section

6. Cross-beam section

7. Rectangular section

8. Round rod section

9. Round pipe section

10. Rectangular
pipe section

J. Symbols of Electronics and Electrical Elements

A . C. A.C. Single Phase A.C. Three Phase D. C.

Symbolic Representation 47 &

YCT
 AC/DC Negative Positive

Neutral Line Earth Line Shielded Line

Earth

Crosse Wire Joints of Wires Cell Battery

Single Pole Switch Push Button Switch Two-way Switch D.P.D.T. Switch

Symbolic Representation 48
=
YCT
 x

Ammeter
Overhead Line

Watt Meter

Symbolic Representation 49 &

YCT
 Crystal Dynamic Microphone Carbon Microphone
Capacitor Microphone
Microphone

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance Headphone

Circuit Stereo Headphones
Circuit

Loud Speaker Dial Lamp Indicator Diode Valve Triode Valve

Tetrode Valve Pentode Valve Beam Power Thyraton Valve

Cold Cathode Mercury Vapour Pentagrid Triode Hexode

Diode Valve Valve Converter Valve Converter Valve

Diode
LED Varactor Diode Tunnel Diode

Neon Rectifier Tube Neon Glow Lamp Photo Tube T.V. Camera

Symbolic Representation 51 &

YCT
 Picture Tube Colour Picture Tube L.D.R Thermistor

Varistor
Varistor V.D.R Transmitting
Antenna

Magnetic Head Variometer

Photo Diode Zener Diode

SCR Bilateral Switch Triac Diac

N-P-N Transistor P-N-P Transistor U.J.T Tetrode Transistor

F.E.T. MOSFET P-Channel

F.E.T. P-Channel MOSFET N-Channel
N-Channel

Key NOT Gate OR Gate AND Gate

Symbolic Representation 52 #
YCT
 NAND Gate Ex-OR Gate Ex-NOR Gate Flip-Flop

Operational
I.C. Memory Element Bridge Rectifier Amplifier

Differential
Amplifier

Symbolic Representation of Lamps

S.No. Title Symbols S.No. Title Symbols

1. Lamp or outlet for lamp 2. Group of three 40 W lamps

3. Lamp mounted on a wall or light 4. Lamp mounted on ceiling

bracket
5. Counterweight lamp fixture 6. Chain lamp fixture

7. Red lamp fixture 8. Lamp fixture with built-in

switch
9. Lamp fed from variable voltage 10. Emergency lamp
supply
11. Panic lamp 12. Bulk-head lamp

13. Water tight light fitting 14. Battern lamp-holder (Mounted

on the wall)
15. Projector 16. Sport light

17. Flood light 18. Fluorescent lamp

Symbolic Representation 53 &

YCT
 3. Lines
Lines Ex:- Long dash/ gap/ dot
 The locus point made by a moving point on a plane  Designation of Line
is called line.  As per SP 46:2003, designation of a general type
Line elements ⇒ Dot, dash etc. line is done on the basis of following –
 Various types of lines are used in general Engg. (1) Type of line
drawing. (2) IS no. reference
 In Engg. graphics the details of various objects are (3) No. of general type line
drawn by different type of lines. (4) Width of line
 Type of lines according to thickness (5) Colour of line
Thick line ⇒ t ≈ 1 mm  Types of lines–
Medium line ⇒ t ≈ 0.5 mm
Thin line ⇒ t ≈ 0.3 mm (a) Straight lines(a) Straight li
 Locus, made by a moving point in a specific
 Line segment direction is called straight line.
 The group of two or more than two of various line
segments which make a discontinuous line is called
line segment.
 Types of straight lines
(i) Horizontal line • Line, parallel to horizontal planes

(ii) Vertical line • Line, perpendicular to horizontal planes

(iii) Oblique Line • Line, which is inclined to horizontal or vertical planes, at any angle

(b) Curved line  Perpendicular lines ⇒ When two lines intersect to

 When a point moves in different direction, the locus each other at right angle (or 90o angle).
of its movement is called curved line.

 Parallel lines ⇒ When distance between any two

lines constant throughout.
Perpendicular lines
 Important points–
 The thickness of line and its width remains constant
throughout the whole line.

Engineering Drawing 77 *
YCT
 The general line widths adopted are- ⇒ Ratio between thin & thick lines
0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, and 2.0 (in mm) on drawing should not be less then 1 : 2.
w 1
 Remember ⇒ BIS recommends two line widths on i.e. thin >
w thick 2
drawing.
 Different types of lines used in dimensioning
(1) (2)

Out line

(3) Out lines (5) • Lines drawn to represent visible edges and surface boundaries of
(4) objects.
(6) • Also known as object lines or principal lines.
(7) • Represented by continuous thick lines.
(8) Dimension lines (10) • Continuous thin lines, used for giving dimensions of drawing.
(11) • It is terminated at its outer end with an arrow head touching the
(9)
outline, extension line or centre line.
(12) Extension or projection (14) • Continuous thin lines, used for dimensioning an object.
lines (15) • Extended by about 3 mm beyond the dimension lines.
(13)
(16) Construction lines (18) • Thin continuous lines used for construction of objects.
(17)
(19) Section lines or Hatching (21) • Thin continuous lines, used for showing the section evidently.
lines (22) • They are uniformly spaced thin lines (1 to 2 mm spaced) and
(20) inclined at 45° to the main outline of the section.
(23) Leader or pointer lines (25) • Continuous thin lines and are drawn to connect a note with the
specific feature in the drawing.
(24)
(26) • The leader lines generally drawn at angles not less than 30°
(usually 30°, 45°, 60°).
(27) Short break lines (29) • Continuous, thin and wavy free hand lines drawn to show the break
of an object for a short length.
(28)
(30) • Also used to show irregular boundaries

Engineering Drawing 78 &

YCT
 (31) Long Break Lines (34) • Thin ruled lines provided with short zig-zags at suitable intervals.
(35) • Drawn to show long breaks
(32)
(33) (in mm)
(36) Hidden or Dotted lines (38) • Closely and evenly spaced dashes lines of equal lengths.

(37) (39) • They are medium thick and are used to show the invisible or hidden
parts of the object on the drawing.
(40) Centre lines (42) • These are thin, long, chain lines composed of alternatively long and
short dashes spaced at an approx. 1 mm distance.
(41)
(43) • Used to indicate the axis of cylindrical, conical and spherical
objects and also show the centers of circles and arcs.
(44) • Also shows locus lines, extreme positions of movable parts and
pitch circles etc.
(45) Cutting-plane lines (48) • These are long, thin chain line with thick ends.
(46) (49) • Used to show the location of cutting plane.
(47)
(50) Chain thick lines (52) • Used to indicate special treatment on the surface
(51)
(53) Chain thick double-dashed (55) • Used to show outlines of adjacent parts, alternative and extreme
lines positions of movable parts, centroidal lines and parts situated in
front of the cutting plane.
(54)

(Representation of lines According to Standard)

S.No. Object Convention

1. Object line or Outline

2. Hidden Line

3. Centre Line or Locus Line

4. Constructiona, Projection and Sectional Lines

5. Dimension and Extension Line

6. Short Break Line

7. Long Break Line

8. Cutting Plane Line

9. Ditto Line

10. Tlegraph Elephone and Chain Line

Engineering Drawing 79
&
YCT
 Previous Year Questions
1. A/an _______ circle is a circular centre line on 5. In an engineering drawing, which letters
a drawing containing the centre of holes about written on the dimension indicates that it is an
a common centre. extra information and NOT really required?/
(a) concentric (b) bolt (a) NR (b) PER
(c) axis (d) peripheral (c) REF (d) EXT
RRB ALP & Tech. 21.01.2019 Shift-II RRB ALP & Tech 23.01.2019 Shift-II
Ans. (b) : A/an bolt circle is a circular centre line on a Ans : (c) In an engineering drawing, REF letters
drawing containing the centre of holes about a common written on the dimension indicates that it is an extra
centre. information and NOT really required.
• In this number of screw holes for bolt are evenly 6. An arrowhead at the end of a dimension line is
distributed with their centers along an imaginary circle approximately––––– long and 1 mm wide.
with a given diameter. (a) 1.5mm (b) 5mm
(c) 3mm (d) 1mm
RRB ALP & Tech. 23.01.2019 Shift-I
Ans : (c) An arrowhead at the end of a dimension line is
approximately 3 mm long and 1 mm wide.

• Dimension line is used for showing the dimension of

an object.
2. If the unit has one or more moving parts, the • A dimension line are thin, continuous and straight.
extreme positions of the moving parts are
indicated in : 7. Which of the following statements are
(a) Continuous thin line technically incorrect
RRB Bhopal Section Engineer, 24.11.2002
(b) Continuous thick line
(a) When two or more lines of different types are
(c) Long dashed double dotted narrow line
identical the visual outline is a complete
(d) Continuous wavy line circle of the other type of line
RRB ALP & Tech. 21.01.2019 Shift-I (b) A dashed thin line is drawn to display
Ans. (c) : If the unit has one or more moving parts, the invisible details rather than the center line
extreme positions of the moving parts are indicated in (c) Enlarged scale is used for details
long dashed double dotted narrow line. (d) Standard abbreviations, symbols or units are
3. ......... are those dimensions that should not specifies in lowercase.
necessarily appear on the drawing. Ans. (c) Enlarged scale is not using for details. It is
(a) Object dimensions used in drawing to draw the bigger dimension in
(b) Auxiliary dimensions comparison to the actual dimension of the object.
(c) Non-functional dimensions • Whereas a dashed thin line is drawn to display
(d) Functional dimensions invisible details rather than the center line.
RRB ALP & Tech. 21.01.2019 Shift-I 8. A perpendicular line on a reference line is
Ans. (b) : Auxiliary dimensions are those dimensions called
that should not necessarily appear on the drawing. They RRB Kolkata Chemical & Metallurgical Er.,
are only used for given the objective of information. 01.12.2002
• These dimensions which are used for production (a) Transverse line (b) Horizontal line
purpose but which do not directly affect the function of (c) Parallel line (d) Vertical line
product are called non-functional dimension.
Ans : (d) A perpendicular line on a reference line is
4. Which of the following describes the theoretical called vertical line.
fixed plane, axis or point space that G.D. and T • Horizontal line which is parallel to the horizontal
are also refers to dimensional support? imaginary level.
(a) Section (b) Datum • A straight line that is neither horizontal nor vertical, it
(c) Frame (d) Flange is called an inclined or oblique.
RRB ALP & Tech. 23.01.2019 Shift-III 9. The parallel line drawn to the upper surface of
Ans : (b) Datum lines describes the theoretical fixed still water is called/
plane, axis or point space that G.D. and T or also refers RRB Bhopal & Mumbai Apprentice
to dimensional support. Section Eng. 23.03.2003
It give a reference from which measurements are (a) Vertical line (b) Horizontal line
calculated. (c) Oblique line (d) Parallel line
Engineering Drawing 80
&
YCT
Ans : (b) The parallel line drawn to the upper surface of • It is terminated at its outer end with an arrow head
still water is called horizontal line. touching the outline extension line or center line.
• The path of a point which keeps changing its _____________
direction is called a curved line. Thin
• A line which can extends to both sides to infinity and 14. The hatching lines are inclined at which angle?
has no curves is called a straight line. RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Electrical) ,
10. According to SP 46 : 2003, the minimum 15.03.2009
distance kept between two lines (a) 300 (b) 450
RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical/DRG & (c) 600 (d) 750
Design 11.06.2006
(a) 0.7 mm (b) 0.5 mm Ans : (b) Hatching line–To display the cut part of the
(c) 0.9 mm (d) 0.1 mm object 0.3 or 0.4 mm in that part draw thin continuous
lines inclined at 45º.
Ans : (a) SP 46 : 2003 publications made by bureau of
Indian Standard includes standard technique for line • Parallel is made by keeping same distance between
conventions in detail. these lines.
• According to SP 46 : 2003, the minimum distance kept • These lines are drawn with H or 2H pencil.
between two lines is 0.7 mm. 15. Which type of line is used for reduced space in
11. Which line is used to represent hidden lines? a long section drawing?
RRB Secunderabad Section Engineer (Civil) RRB Chennai Section Engineer, 12.02.2012
29.06.2008 (a) Dimension line (b) Dotted line
(a) Dotted line (b) Center line (c) Short break line (d) Long break line
(c) Object line (d) Hatching line Ans : (d) Long break line are used for reduced space in
Ans : (a) Dotted line is used to represent the hidden a long section drawing.
lines. • These lines are thin ruled lines provided with short
 Hidden lines are evenly and closely spaced dashed zig-zags at suitable intervals.
lines of equal length. • It is drawn to show long breaks.
• They are medium thick and are used to show the
invisible or hidden parts of the object on the drawing.
16. The other name of continuous thick line is–
RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Civil), 26.02.2012
(a) Dimension line (b) Object line
(c) Center line (d) Projection line
Ans : (b) The continuous thick line are also called
principle line or object line.
12. This line is used for to give details of an • These lines are near about 1 mm thick and continuous.
object- • These lines are used for showing boundary lines and
RRB Thiruvananthapuram Section Eng (Mechanical) external shape of an object.
04.01.2009
• It is made with HB pencil.
(a) Leader line
(b) Dimension line
(c) Extension line
(d) Any one of the above
Ans : (a) Leader lines are continuous thin lines which
drawn to connect a note with the specific feature in the 17. Thin chain lines with thick ends are used for-
drawing. (NCVT Fitter 2012)
• The leader line generally drawn at angles not less than (a) Cutting plane (b) Parallel line
30º (usually 30º, 45º, 60º). (c) Enclosing line (d) Hatching line
13. According to SP 46 : 2003, the layout line to be Ans : (a) Thin chain lines with thick ends are used for
drawn in the drawing is- cutting plane.
RRB Bangalore Section Engineer (Civil) • A cutting plane has both thick and thin lines.
01.02.2009 • The location of a cutting plane line is shown this line.
(a) Continuous thick line (b) Dotted thin line
(c) Continuous thin line (d) Dotted thick line
Ans : (c) Continuous thin line is used for dimension
line.
Engineering Drawing 81 YCT
&
4. (Geometric Figures)
 Geometric Constructions and Curves Types of geometric shapes-
 It deals with plane figure such as lines, angles, (1) 2D (2-Dimensional) Rectangle, Triangle,
triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, circles etc. Circle, etc.
 Geometric shapes are shapes made out of points (2) 3D (3-Dimensional) Solid object
(e.g.- sphere, cone,
and lines including the triangle, square, and circle. ↑
cylinder, etc.)
Angles
• When two lines intersect to each other, then inclination between them is called an angle.

 Types of angles
Right Angle • When two straight lines intersect to each other
perpendicularly.
(or inclination between them = 90o)
or OA ⊥ OB
Acute Angle • If angle between two intersecting lines is less than 90o, the
angle is called acute angle. (∠AOB = θ < 90o)

Obtuse angle • When angle between two intersecting lines is greater than
90o but less than 180o, called obtuse angle.
∠ AOB = θ & 90 o < θ <180 o

Straight angle • Angle of 180o, is called straight angle.

∠ AOB = 180 o
Reflex Angle • Angle, which is greater than 180o but less than 360o is
called reflex angle.
i.e. ∠ AOB = θ 180 o < θ < 360 o

Adjacent Angle • Angles made of both sides of a line, are called adjacent
angles.
Where, α and β are adjacent angles for OC line.

Complementary • When the sum of adjacent angles is 90o, they are

Angle complementary angles for each others.
i.e. α + β = 90 o

Supplementary • When the sum of adjacent angles is 180o, they are

Angles supplementary angles for each others.
i.e. α + β = 180 o

Engineering Drawing 95 YCT

=
 Triangle
• Close shape made by three straight lines on a plane is called, triangle.
 Sum of all three angles of triangle = 180o
i.e. α + β + γ = 180o

Perimeter = a + b + c

1
Area = × base × height
2

 Types of triangle-
A. According to their arms -
Scalene Triangle • When, arms are in different size.
i.e. a ≠ b ≠ c
or angles α ≠ β ≠ γ

Isosceles Triangle • When two arms are equal and third is different in
size.
i.e. a = b ≠ c
or angles, α = β ≠ γ

Equilateral Triangle • When, all arms are in same size.

i.e. a = b = c
or angles, α = β = γ

B. According to their angles –

Right Angled Triangle • When, any one angle of them is equal to 90o.
∠ CAB = 90 o

Acute Angled Triangle • Triangle which has each angle less than 90o
among all.
i.e. α < 90o, β < 90o, γ < 90o

Obtuse Angled Triangle • When one angle among all three angles of
triangle is greater than 90o.
∠CAB > 90o
i.e.
or α > 90o

Engineering Drawing 96 *
YCT
 Quadrilaterals
• A polygon with 4 sides is called a quadrilateral.
 Different type of quadrilaterals with their properties are-
Quadrilateral types Properties Figure
Square
• All sides equal
• Opposite sides parallel
• All angles equal (= 90°)

Rectangular • Opposite sides equal

• Opposite sides parallel
• All angles equal (= 90°)

Rhombus • All sides equal

• Opposite sides parallel
• Opposite angles equal (≠ 90°)

Rhomboid/ • Opposite sides equal

Parallelogram • Opposite sides parallel
• Opposite angles equal
(≠ 90°)

Trapezium • Only two sides parallel

Isoceles Trapezium • Only two sides parallel

• Base angle equal

Polygon Regular Hexagon 6 sides 720o

• Plane figure bounded by a finite chain of straight Regular Heptagon 7 sides 900o
line segments closing in a loop. Regular Octagon 8 sides 1080o
 These segments are called its edges or sides, and Regular Nonagon 9 sides 1260o
the points where two edges meet are the verticals. Regular Decagon 10 sides 1440o
 When all the sides and angles of a polygon are
equal, it is known as a regular polygon, otherwise  Properties of regular polygon-
irregular
polygon.  All sides are equal
 Regular polygons include –  All angles are equal
Regular polygons No. of Summation of  Each exterior angle = 360°/n
sides interior angles n−2
Equilateral 3 sides 180o  Each interior angle = 180° ×  
 n 
Triangle
 Sum of exterior angles = 360°
Square 4 sides 360o
Regular Pentagon 5 sides 540o  Sum of interior angle = 180° × (n − 2)

Engineering Drawing 97 YCT

&
 Circle
• It is a closed two-dimensional figure in which the set Chord
of all the points in the plane is equidistant from a given
point called Centre.
 It has rotational symmetry around the centre for every
angle.
 Components of Circle • It is a line passing from one point to
the another on the circumference of
Centre
circle.
• Diameter is the largest size chord of
a circle.
Secant
O
X Y
• The fixed point from which all the Secant
points of circle are equidistant, this • A straight line that intersects a circle
fixed point is called centre of the in two points is called a secant line.
circle. Sector
Or
• The point where the two
perpendicular bisectors intersect is
the centre of the circle.
Radius
• It is a part of a circle made of the arc
of the circle along with its two radii.
Segment

• The distance from the centre of

the circle to the any point on it′s
circumference is called the radius.
Diameter • It is defined as a region bounded
by a chord and a corresponding
arc lying between the chord’s
endpoints.
Tangent

• The line, passing through the centre

of a circle having two extremes on
the circumference of a circle is
called diameter.
• A line, that touches the circle at
Circum- exactly one point, never entering
ference the circle’s interior, is called a
tangent line to a circle.
Semicircle
• It is defined as the linear distance
around the centre of a circle.

Arc

• It is formed when a line passes

through the center and touches the
two ends of the circle.
• It is formed when a line passes
• It is defined as the part or segment through the center and touches the
of the circumference of a circle. two ends of the circle.
98 YCT
Engineering Drawing
&
 Conic sections
• Curves, which are obtained when a double cone is
intersected by a plane at different angles relative to
the axis of the double cone called conic sections.

Ellipse • Obtained by the intersection of a

cutting plane, inclined to the axis of
the cone and cutting all the
generators.
 Mainly are three types of conic sections– • Angle of inclination of the cutting
1. Ellipse 2. Parabola 3. Hyperbola plane with the axis of the cone > the
(Circle, rectangular parabola etc. are special case of angle of generator with the axis.
conic section.)[[[[[[
(β < α and section plane passes through
 Conic sections are the intersection of a plane and all the generators)
a cone.
Parabola • Obtained by the intersection of a
 By changing the angle and location of
cutting plane, inclined to the axis of
intersection, we can produce a circle, ellipse,
the cone and parallel to one of the
parabola or hyperbola.
generators.
 It may be defined as the locus of a point moving in
a plane in such a way that the ratio of its distances (β = α and section plane must be
from a fixed point and fixed straight line is always parallel to one of the end generators)
constant. Hyperbola • Obtained by the intersection of a
PS cutting plane, inclined to the axis of
i.e. = e = constant the cone at an angle < The
PM inclination angle of the generator
with the axis.
(β > α and section plane will cut the
double cone)
Circle • Obtained by the intersection of a
cutting plane, parallel to the base of
the cone.
Projection of Solids
• A solid has three dimension (i.e.-length breadth
and thickness)
 Solids may be divided into two main groups-
(a) Polyhedra
(b) Solids of revolution
(a). Polyhedra-
 The solid which is bounded by plane surfaces,
known as faces is called polyhedra e.g.
Tetrahedron, Cube, Prism,
Pyramid Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedraon etc.
 It is further divided into three -
(i) Regular polyhedra
(ii) Prism
 The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line, (iii) Pyramid
the directrix. I. Regular Polyhedra
 The line passing through the focus and • When all the faces are similar, equal and regular,
perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis. and all the angles formed between the faces are
 The point at which the conic cuts its axis is called equal to each other is called a regular polyhedra.
the vertex.  There are five types of regular polyhedra-
Engineering Drawing 99 YCT
&
 Sphere

II. Prism • The solid generated by the

• The polyhedral having two equal and similar and revolution of a semicircle about its
bases, parallel to each other and joined by diameter which remains fixed is
rectangular or parallelogram faces is called a prism. called a sphere.
• The fixed line about which the
semicircle revolves, is called the
axis and a point within it from
which all points on the surface are
at equal distance is called centre of
the sphere.
Cone
 A prism is said to be a right regular prism when
its axis is perpendicular to the bases and all its
side faces are equal rectangles.
III. Pyramid
• The polyhedral having a plane figure at its base and
number of triangular faces meeting at a point is
called a pyramid.

• The solid generated by the

revolution of a right angled triangle
about one of its perpendicular sides
which remains fixed is called a cone.
• The fixed line about which the
triangle revolves, is called the axis
 The point at which the triangular faces meet is and the circle described by the
called an apex or vertex. other side is called the base.
 When the axis of the regular pyramid is
perpendicular to the base then it is called a right  Important Terminology-
regular pyramid. Frustum
(b) Solids of revolution of square
• The solids formed by the revolution of the plane pyramid
figures are known as solids of revolution.
Cylinder
• When a pyramid is cut by a cutting
plane parallel to its base, the
remaining portion obtained after the
removal of top portion, is called
frustum.
Frustum
of cone
• The solid generated by the
revolution of a rectangle about one
of its sides which remains fixed is
called a cylinder.
• The fixed line about which the • When a cone is cut by a cutting
rectangle revolves, is called the axis plane parallel to its base, the
and the circle described by the remaining portion obtained after the
opposite revolving side is called the removal of top portion, is called
base. frustum of cone.

Engineering Drawing 100 &

YCT
 Truncated Oblique
solid

• When a solid is cut by a cutting plane

which is not parallel to its base, the • Solid whose axis is inclined to its
remaining portion obtained after the base is called oblique solid.
removal of top portion, is called
truncated.

Previous Year Questions

1. A regular dodecahedron has twelve identical (a) collar (b) chuck
___ faces. (c) contour (d) chamfer
(a) Pentagonal (b) Quadrilateral RRB ALP & Tech. 22.01.2019 Shift-I
(c) Hexagonal (d) Triangular
Ans : (d) A small angled surface formed between two
RRB ALP & Tech. 22.01.2019 Shift-I
surface is called a chamfer.
Ans. (a) : A regular dodecahedron has twelve identical
• Chamfer is described as a type of bevel on occasion.
pentagonal faces.
• It frequently results from the instersection of adjacent
right angled faces at a 45º angle.
• In machining, woodwork, furniture, concrete
formwork and mirrors, and to make the assembly of
2. What is a quadrilateral with equal sides and various mechanical engineering designs easier,
none of its angles at right angles called? chamfers are widely employed.
(a) Rectangle (b) Rhombus 5. Reflection of point (–2, –6) on the Y-axis is:
(c) Square (d) Parallelogram (a) (2, –6) (b) (2, 6)
RRB ALP & Tech. 22.01.2019 Shift-III (c) (–6,–2) (d) (–2, 6)
Ans : (b) A quadrilateral with equal sides and none of RRB ALP & Tech. 23.01.2019 Shift-III
its angles at right angles called rhombus. Ans : (a) When a point is reflected in the y-axis, the y-
coordinate remains the same while the x-coordinate
changes.
• Hence, reflection of point (–2, –6) on the y-axis will
be (2, –6)

•All sides of the rhombus are equal.

• The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel.
•Opposite angles of a rhombus are equal.
• In a rhombus diagonal bisects each other at right
angles.
• The sum of two adjacent angles is equal to 180°. 6. _____Curve is a compound curve consists of two
3. A/an......... angle is the between two intersecting curves that are joined at a point of tangency and
planes. are located on the same side of a common
(a) offset (b) spleen tangent.
(c) dihedral (d) polar (a) dupont (b) bevel
RRB ALP & Tech. 22.01.2019 Shift-I (c) bullnose (d) ogee
Ans : (c) A dihedral angle is the between two RRB ALP & Tech. 08.02.2019 Shift-I
intersecting planes or half-planes. Ans. (d) : Ogee Curve is a compound curve consists of
two curves that are joined at a point of tangency and are
located on the same side of a common tangent.
7. The line touching the circumference at right
angles to the radius is called.....
4. A small angled surface formed between two RRB Kolkata Chemical & Metallurgical Er.,
surfaces is called a ________. 01.12.2002
Engineering Drawing 101 YCT
·
 (a) Radius 11. How many faces in a square prism-
(b) Diameter RRB Bangalore Section Engineer (Civil) 01.02.2009
(c) Tangent line (a) 4 (b) 5
(d) None of the above (c) 6 (d) 7
Ans : (c) The line touching the circumference at angles Ans : (c) Square prism have 6 faces. It two faces are
to the radius is called tangent line. square and four faces are rectangular.
8. All inclined surface of Pyramid are ..... • Opposite sides of this prism are parallel to each
RRB Bhopal & Mumbai Apprentice Section Eng. other.
23.03.2003 • If square prism has been cut by a plane, parallel to
(a) Triangular (b) Rectangular its base, now the remaining portion of the prism
(c) Square (d) Circular have 8 plane surfaces.
Ans : (a) All inclined surface of Pyramid are triangular.
• Pyramid is a three dimensional shape a pyramid has a
polygonal base and flat triangular faces, which joint at a
common point is called the apex.

12. How many faces in a regular pentagonal prism-

RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer
(Electrical) , 15.03.2009
9. All vertical face of prism always have- (a) 5 (b) 6
RRB Secunderabad Section Engineer (c) 7 (d) 8
(Civil) 29.06.2008
Ans : (c) Regular pentagonal have 7 faces. Its two faces
(a) Square (b) Rectangular
(base and head) and five faces are rectangular in
(c) Triangular (d) Circular
regular pentagonal.
Ans : (b) All vertical face of prism always have
rectangular.

13. How many faces in a hexagonal prism-

RRB Chennai Section Engineer, 12.02.2012
(a) 6 (b) 7
(c) 9 (d) 8
Ans : (d) Hexagonal face have 8 faces.
• Two faces (base and head) and 6 faces are
10. How many faces in a triangular prism- rectangular in hexagonal prism.
RRB Thiruvananthapuram Section Eng (Mechanical)
04.01.2009
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
Ans : (c) Triangular prism have 5 surfaces.
Two faces are triangular and three faces are rectangular 14. Some solids are surrounded by a single curved
in triangular prism. surface. What kind of surface is obtained by
unrolling them?
RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Civil), 26.02.2012
(a) Solid (b) Plane
(c) both a and b (d) None of these
Ans : (b) If a solid are surrounding by a single curved
surface, it is unrolled and open then plane surface is
obtained.
• When the cylinder and the surface of cone is opened,
then a plane surface is obtained.

Engineering Drawing 102 YCT

&
15. Which types of solid is perpendicular on the Pyramid
basis of axis ?
RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Mech.),
26.02.2012 Tetrahedron
(a) Right solid (b) Oblique solid
(c) Regular solid (d) Any of these
Ans : (a) Right solid is Perpendicular on the basis of 20. The faces of the prisms are of this shape-
axis. RRB Kolkata Apprentice Supervisors, 14.10.2001
16. Which of the following solid has the same (a) Square (b) Rectangle
geometrical figure on the basis of axis? (c) Both a and b (d) None of these
RRB Bhubaneswar App. Electrical , 19.08.2001 Ans : (c) Prism is a three dimensional solid object in
(a) Right solid (b) Oblique solid which the two ends are identical. It is the combination
(c) Regular solid (d) Any of these of the flat faces, identical bases and equal cross-
Ans : (c) Regular Solid has the same geometrical figure sections.
on the basis of axis. • The faces of the prism are parallelograms or
17. What is a solid surrounded by more than three rectangle without the bases.
planes or flat surfaces called?
RRB Ranchi Signal Maintainer Group-III,
20.11.2005
(a) Polyhedra (b) Solid of revolution
(c) Both 'a' and 'b' (d) Any of these
Ans : (a) Solid polyhedra bounded by more than three 21. How are prisms and pyramids named?
plane surfaces. The plane surfaces that makes up RRB Bangalore Material Superintendent, 21.11.2004
polyhedra are called faces. (a) According to the size of the base
• The plane where the ends of a face meet are called (b) According to the basis of the face
edges. (c) Both 'a' and 'b'
18. In this solid there are four equilateral triangle (d) None
shaped faces are–
Ans : (a) Prisms and pyramids are named according to
RRB Allahabad Signal Maintainer-II, 22.01.2006
the shape of the base.
(a) Hexahedron (b) Octohedron
(c) Prism (d) Tetrahedron • If the base of a prism or pyramid is triangular then
that prism or pyramid is called triangular prism or
Ans : (d) Tetrahedron is a polyhedron composed of four triangular pyramid.
triangular bases, six straight edges, and four vertex
Thus, prism and pyramids are of square, rectangular,
corner.
triangular and hexagonal types.
• Tetrahedron is also known as a triangular Pyramid.
22. If a cylinder and a cone of the same height and
diameter are placed on their respective bases
on the ground, then their projections obtained
in the horizontal plane will be–
19. Some solid are given in the figure, choose the RRB RRB Patna/Allahabad ESM-II , 30.01.2011
hexahedron in these- (a) Similar shape (b) Dissimilar shape
RRB Kolkata Supervisor (P.Way), 20.02.2000 (c) Any one of 'a' and 'b' (d) None of these

Ans : (a) A cylinder and a cone of the same height

diameter located on their respective bases on the
ground, if this shape is a circle then their projections
obtained in the horizontal plane will be of the similar
shape.
23. What term is usually applied to this foldout of
(d) None of these a truncated prism?
Ans : (b) RRB JE Ranchi Yellow Paper 04.01.2015
Hexahedron

Prism

Engineering Drawing 103 #

YCT
 (a) Prismation (b) development 27. Opposite sides are equal and parallel and
(c) auxiliary (d) displacement opposite angles are equal but diagonals are not
Ans : (b) Development term is usually applied to the equal but bisect each other name it correctly.
given fold out of a truncated prism. RRB Secunderabad Section Engineer (Civil)
29.06.2008
24. The regular polyhedral solid having minimum
(a) Square (b) Rectangular
number of faces is–
RRB Bangalore Material Superintendent, 21.11.2004 (c) Trapezoid (d) Parallelogram
(a) Cube (b) Square pyramid Ans : (d) Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs
(c) Triangular prism (d) Tetrahedron of parallel sides.
Ans : (d) The regular polyhedral solid having minimum • The opposite sides of a Parallelogram are equal in
number of faces is tetrahedron because it has only four length and the opposites angles are equal in
faces. measurement.
Geometric Solid Number of faces 28. The part of circumference of a circle is called -
Cube 6 RRB Allahabad Junior Engineer-II
Square Pyramid 5 [Mechanical, DSL (C&W)], 08.01.2006
Triangular Prism 5 (a) Arc (b) Circle segment
Tetrahedron 4 (c) Centre (d) Perimeter
25. In which shape does the lateral surface of a Ans : (a)
hexagonal prism it occurs. • The part or segment of the circumference of a circle is
RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Mech.), called arc.
⌢
26.02.2012 • In the figure, AXB and AYB arc are while
(a) Square (b) Rectangular AXBA are segments, and O is the centre of the circle.
(c) Triangular (d) Circular
Ans : (b) Hexagonal prism have 6 lateral faces whose
shape is rectangular.
29. How many degree in a circle?
RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical/DRG &
Design, 11.06.2006
(a) 1800 (b) 2100
0
(c) 360 (d) 2600
• The top and bottom (at the base) of this prism have Ans : (c) A circle have 360°
a hexagonal shape. Name of shape Sum of the internal angle
26. Which solid figure is formed by triangular Triangle 180°
surface made up of eight sides equal. Quadrilateral 360°
RRB Bangalore Section Engineer (Civil) Pentagon 540°
01.02.2009 Hexagon 720°
(a) Rectangular (b) Cube 30. All object are surrounded by a geometrical
(c) Octahedron (d) Parallelogram surface. These surface can be classified in the
Ans : (c) different ways. Which solid is surrounded by
Multiface or Description smooth surface.
plane solids with RRB Chennai Section Eng., 12.02.2012
faces (a) Cylinder (b) Cone
1. Tetrahedron (c) Pyramid (d) Round
Ans : (c) Pyramid is a three dimensional figure.
It has a flat polygon base. All the other trangular faces
2. Hexahedron are called lateral faces.
31. What is the shape called whose vertex faces are
equal in length?
RRB Chennai Technical (Eng.), 15.04.2007
3. Octahedron
(a) Right angle solid shape
(b) Oblique solid shape
(c) Normal solid shape
4. Dodechadron (d) None of the above
Ans : (a) The shape whose vertex faces are equal in
lengh is called a right angle solid shape.
Engineering Drawing 104 =
YCT
5. (Projection and View)
Projecting
• It is defined as an image of an object thrown forward
on to plane by means of straight lines called visual
rays projecting lines/projectors.

 Principle of Projection
 If straight lines are drawn from various points on the  The points at which these lines meet the plane, is
contour of an object to meet a plane, the object is called the projection of the object.
 The lines from the object to the plane are called
said to be projected on that plane. projectors.
Classification of Projection
(A) According to projection rays (or projectors)

(B) According to no. of views

Engineering Drawing 132 &

YCT
 Methods of projection- Types of Description
oblique
1. Pictorial Projection- projection
• The projection in which the description of the object Cavalier • Projection
is completely understood in one view is known as projection lines make
Pictorial Projection. an angle of
Or 45º with
the plane of
Pictorial views show all three dimensions in one projection.
view. • In full size
Cabinet • Projection
projection lines make
an angle
with the
projection
plane, it
becomes
about ½
both the axes by decreasing scale.
Clinographic • In cavalier and cabinet projections,
projection the main face of the object is made
parallel to the projection plane. In
some cases, when the object is
rotated at an angle, the plane of
projection is called clinograhic plane.
 2D illustration of a 3D object.
 Provides a realistic view of a 3D object. (b) Perspective projection-
 It has advantage of conveying an immediate  It is a linear projection where three dimensional
impression of the shape of the object, but not its true objects are projected on a picture plane.
sizes..  In this projection, the projecting lines or visual rays
converge at a point.
Types of pictorial projection-
 It is also termed as convergent projection.
(a) Oblique projection (It means slanting)  In this projection further away object from the
 In this, projectors are not perpendicular to the plane viewer, small it appears.
of projection.  Perspective projections are not used by engineers for
 One dimension (i.e. Front face) of object is parallel manufacturing, because the perspective view does
to horizontal and hence front face is shown in its not reveal the exact size and shape.
true size and shape, other is vertical to the horizontal
and the third is at an angle of 30º or 45º to the
 Perspective may be used in marketing where a
natural view of a product is desirable.
horizontal.

Engineering Drawing 133 &

YCT
 Types of Projection
Description
Perspective
projection
• It occurs when any of
principal axes intersects
with projection plane or we
One point can say when projection
(Parallel) plane is perpendicular to
Projection principal axis.
• It is simple to draw
• It has one vanishing point.

• It occurs when projection

plane intersects two of
Two point principal axis.
(Angular)
• It gives better impression
Projection
of depth
• It has two vanishing point.

• It occurs when all three axis

intersects with projection
Three point plane. There is no any
(Oblique) principal axis which is
Projection parallel to projection plane.
• It is most difficult to draw
• It has three vanishing point

(c) Axonometric projection- Types of Description

 In this projection, only one view showing all the Axonometri
c projection
three dimensions of an object it drawn on a plane of
Isometric
projection. projection
 The orientation of object is kept in such a way that
its three mutually perpendicular edges will remain
inclined to the plane of projection. • All the three faces of cube make
equal angles with the plane.
(3 equal axes & 3 equal angles)
Dimetric
projection

• Two faces of cube make equal

angles with plane.
(2 equal axes & 2 equal angles)
Trimetric
projection

• All three faces of cube make

unequal angles with plane.
(0 equal axes & 0 equal angles)
Engineering Drawing 134 -
YCT
Isometric projection:
• In this type of projection, object is inclined and tilted
in such a way that all its mutually perpendicular
planes are equally inclined to the observer.

 Remember–
 In isometric projection of an object, the dimension of its
length and width are at an angle of 30º to the horizontal
& dimensions of height are at 90º to the horizontal.
 The dimensions of projection in isometric projection
are 18.4% less than the actual dimensions of object or
2
Isometric scale = actual size = 0.815 actual size.
3
Isometric axes • Lines (in figure, AB, AD and  In Isometric projection,
AE) which are meeting at a Circle ⇒ Ellipse
point (in figure, at A) and Square ⇒ Rhombus
making angle 120º with each Rectangle ⇒ Parallelogram
other are termed isometric axes .  Generally four methods of projection are used in
Engg. Drawing–
Isometric lines • Lines parallel to the isometric
1. Orthographic projection 2. Isometric projection
axes are termed Isometric lines. 3. Oblique projection 4. Perspective projection
Non-isometric • Lines which are not parallel to 2. Orthographic Projection
lines isometric axes are termed Non- • When the projectors are parallel to each other and
isometric lines. perpendicular to the plane, the projection is called
Isometric • Planes representing the faces of orthographic projection.
planes the cube as well as other planes
parallel to these planes are
termed isometric planes.
Non-isometric • Planes not parallel to isometric
planes planes are Non-isometric planes.
Isometric scale • Isometric projection is drawn
using Isometric scale, which
converts true lengths into
isometric lengths which are
foreshortened to 0.816 times
their actual/true lengths.

 Difference between Isometric view and Isometric

Projection-  In orthographic projection methods, an object is
represented by two or three view on an
Isometric View Isometric Projection perpendicular projection planes.
• It is drawn to • It is drawn to isometric scale.
actual scale.
• When lines are • When lines are drawn parallel to
drawn parallel to isometric axes, the lengths are
isometric foreshortened to 2 3
axes, the true
(approx. 0.816) times the actual
lengths laid off.
length.
Engineering Drawing 135
E
YCT
  Each projection view represents two dimension of
an object.
 For the complete description of the three
dimensional object in this projection, at least two
or three views are required.
 Quadrants system of orthographic projection–
• When the planes of projections are extended beyond
their line of intersection, they form four quadrants or
dihedral angles.
 These quadrants are numbered as I, II, III and IV in
counterclockwise direction.
First Quadrant Object is situated in front of V.P. and above the H.P.
Second Quadrant Object is situated in behind the V.P. and above the H.P.
Third Quadrant Object is situated in behind the V.P. and below the H.P.
Fourth Quadrant Object is situated in front of V.P. and below the H.P.

 Difference between first angle and third angle projection–

First angle projection Third angle projection
● Object is situated in first quadrant. ● Object is situated in third quadrant.
● The object lies between the observer and the plane ● The plane of projection lies between observer and
of projection. object.

● The plane of projection is assumed to be non- ● The plane of projection is assumed to be transparent.
transparent.

● H.P. and V.P. is located below and above the ● H.P. and V.P. is located above and below the
reference line (X-Y lines) respectively. reference line respectively.
● Projection is drawn opposite to the viewer side. ● Projection is drawn same side to the viewer.

Engineering Drawing 136 &

YCT
 Front view → Above X-Y line Front view → Below X-Y line
Top view → Below X-Y line Top view → Above X-Y line
Right view → Above X-Y line parallel to V.P. and in Right view → Below X-Y line parallel to V.P. and in
left of elevation. right of elevation.
Left view → Above X-Y line parallel to V.P. and in Left view → Below X-Y line parallel to V.P. and in left
right of elevation. of elevation.
• This method of projection is used in India and ● This method of projection is used in U.S.A.
Europe.
 In orthographic projection, Ist and 3rd angle of projections are used. Due to overlapping of projection, 2nd and
4th angle of projections are not used.
 Symbol of First angle and Third angle projection-

First angle Third angle

 The projections are obtained by drawing
perpendiculars from the object to the planes.

 Profile Plane (P.P)-

 Sometimes some features of an object lie on its left
 Planes of orthographic projection-
or right side.
 Top and front views will not be sufficient to show
• The planes of which various projections are
these features in their true shape.
drawn are called planes of projection.
 In such cases, the object is projected either on a left
 There are two planes employed for the purpose
or right side plane, known as profile plane (P.P.)
of orthographic projections are called reference
 The view projected on it is known as profile view
planes or principal planes (i.e. H.P. and V.P.).
or side view.
 Principal or Reference planes-  Auxiliary plane-
 Sometimes two views of object (front view & top
• They intersect each other at right angles (90º). view) are not sufficient to convey all information
1. Vertical plane :- Vertical plane of projection is regarding the object.
usually denoted by V.P.  In this condition the additional view, called
2. Horizontal plane :-Horizontal plane of projection auxiliary view and projected on that plane known
is denoted by H.P. as auxiliary plane.
Engineering Drawing 137
=
YCT
  Auxiliary view may also be used for determining–  A.V.P. is perpendicular to the H.P. and inclined to
(a) The true length of a line the V.P.
(b) The point view of a line  A.I.P. is perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined to
(c) The edge view of a plane the H.P.
(d) The true size and form of a plane  Projection of side view of the object is drawn on
 Types of auxiliary plane– auxiliary plane.
 Important terms-
1. Auxiliary vertical plane (A.V.P.)
2. Auxiliary inclined plane (A.I.P) Auxiliary View • Projection on an Auxiliary
plane is called auxiliary view.
• Side view is a special case of
auxiliary view
Ground Line • The line of intersection of two
reference planes of projections
(the
V.P. and the H.P. is called
Ground Line or Reference Line.
Front View or • The projection of the object
Elevation on the vertical plane
Top View or • The Projection of the object
Plan on the horizontal plane
Side View or • The Projection of the object
Side Elevation or on the Auxiliary Vertical plane
Profile View or
profile plane.
 The line in which V.P. and H.P. intersect is called
Reference line and is denoted by XY.
 Difference between Perspective and Parallel Projections-
Orthographic Projection Perspective Projection

• Observer is situated at infinite distance from the • Observer is situated at finite distance from the
object. object.
• Projection rays (or projectors) are parallel. • Projection rays are intersect at view point.
• Projection has same size of original object. • Objects appear smaller the farther away they are.
Application– Architecture, computer aided design etc. Application– Animation, visual simulation etc.
Projection of Points Ex. Situation of points A, B, C, P and Q.

• Point is defined as a circle of zero radius,

represented by a dot. When two are more than two
non-parallel lines intersect, a point is produced at
that intersection.
 A point may be situated in space in any one of
the four quadrants.

Engineering Drawing 138 &

YCT
Projection of point A, B, C, P and Q  Projections of a Point in Fourth Quadrant-
Ex:- A point D is 45mm below P and 60 mm in front of
VP. Draw its projection.
Position of point Projection of point

H.P. V.P.

 Projection of a point in the First Quadrant  Projection of Points lying on Horizontal Projection
Ex :- Point A is 30 mm above HP and 45 mm in front of
Plane-
VP. Draw its front View and Top View.
Ex:- Draw the projections of a points a lying on HP
Position of point Projection of
point and 50 mm in front of VP.
Position of point Projection of point

X Y

 Projection of Points lying on Vertical Projection

 Projections of a Point in Second Quadrant-
Plane-
Ex:- A point B is 45 mm above HP and 60 mm behind
VP draw its projections. Ex:- Draw the projections of a point A lying on VP and
Position of point Projection of point 55 mm above VP.
Position of point Projection of point

 Projection of a Point in Third Quadrant-

Ex:- A point C is 35mm below HP and 25 mm behind
VP. Draw its projection. Projection of straight lines
Position of point Projection of point • A straight line is the shortest distance between two
points. Hence, the projections of a straight line may
be drawn by joining the respective projections of its
end points.
X Y
Y
 Positions of a Line with respect to HP and VP-
X  A line may occupy an infinite number of positions in
space with respect to HP and VP.
 The various positions may be classified into the
following types:
Engineering Drawing 139
&
YCT
1. When line parallel to one or both the planes–
Position of line Projection Views
i. When a line parallel to Top view → A line of true length
both planes (H.P. and V.P.) and parallel to XY-line.
Front view → A line of true
length and parallel to XY-line.
Side view → Point

ii. When a line is parallel to Top view → A line of true length

H.P. and inclined to V.P. and inclined to XY-line (ab =
AB)
Front view → A line smaller
than true length and parallel to
XY-line (a'b' < AB)

iii. When a line parallel to V.P. Top view → A line smaller than
and inclined to H.P. true length and parallel to XY-
line (ab < AB)
Front view → A line of true
length and inclined to XY-line.
(a'b' = AB)

2. Line contained by one or both the planes–

Position of line Projection Views
i. Line contained by horizontal Top view → A line of true
plane (H.P.) length (ab = AB)
Front view → A line smaller
than true length in XY-line (a'b'
< AB).

ii. Line contained by vertical Top view → A line smaller than

plane (V.P.) true length in XY-line.
Front view → A line of true\
length.

Engineering Drawing 140 &

YCT
 iii. Line contained by both plane Its front view and top view
(H.P. and V.P.) coincide to each other in XY
line.

3. Line perpendicular to one of the plane-

Position of line Projection Views
i. Line perpendicular to Top view → A point
horizontal plane (H.P.) Front view → A line of true
length perpendicular to XY-
line.

ii. Line perpendicular to vertical Top view → A line of true

plane (V.P.) length perpendicular to XY
line
Front view → A point

4. Line inclined to both the planes (H.P. and V.P.)–

Position of line Projection Views
Top view → A line smaller
than true length inclined to
XY-line
Front view → A line
smaller than true length
inclined to XY-line.
(Angles greater than the
true inclinations.)

 Remember– When a line is parallel to a plane, its projection on that plane will show its true length and true
inclination with the other plane.

Engineering Drawing 141 YCT

#
 Some important terms-
• In given figure,
AB = True length of line
ab and a’b’ = Apprant length of line
θ1 and θ2 = True inclination from H.P. and
V.P. respectively
α and β = Apprant angles

True Length (TL) • It is the physical length of the line in space, measured along the direction or orientation of
(AB) the line itself. It is not generally visible in the projections.
• However, when the line is parallel to one or both the reference plane, the length of view
formed on that plane to which the line parallel, is equal to the true length of the line.
True Inclination • It is the physical inclination of the line in space with the reference planes.
(θ1 and θ2) • Similar to the true length, these angles are not always visible in the projections. However,
when a line is parallel to a reference plane and inclined to the other, true inclination can be
seen in the projection that gives the true length.
Apparent • It is the length of the projection of a line, when the line is not parallel to reference plane
Length on which length is being and is always shorter than the true length.
(ab and a’b’)
Apparent Angles • The inclination of the projections that represent the apparent lengths are known as apparent
(α and β) angles.
 Trace of a line-  Different positions of a line for its traces w.r.t the
 When a line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that HP and the VP–
plane, produced if necessary.
(i) Straight Line Parallel to Both the Reference
 The point in which the line or produced line meets Planes-
the plane is called its trace.
 There are two types of traces normally used in • Straight line parallel to both the reference planes
Engg. Drawings- neither meet the HP nor the VP when produced,
(i) Horizontal Trace (HT): When a straight line is hence it has got no traces.
inclined to the HP, then point of intersection of
the line to the
HP is called its Horizontal Trace and
represented by HT.
(ii) Vertical Trace (VT): When a straight line is
inclined to the VP, then the point of intersection (ii) Straight Line inclined to the HP and parallel to
of the line to the VP is called its vertical trace the VP-
and represented by VT. • When a line AB is inclined to the HP and parallel to
the VP–
(a) Extend the elevation a′ b′ till it touches XY at
point h.
(b) Extend plan ab towards left.
(c) From point h, drop a perpendicular on the
extended ab and obtain HT.
(d) Since plan is parallel to XY, no VT will be
found.

v – V ⇒ V.T., h – H ⇒ H.T.
 When a line is parallel to a plane it has no trace upon
that plane.
Engineering Drawing 142 YCT
&
(iii) Straight Line inclined to the VP and parallel to (d) From point v, drop a perpendicular on the
the HP- extended a′b′ and obtain VT.
• When a line AB is inclined to the VP and parallel to
the HP–
(a) Extend elevation the plan ab till it touches XY at
point u.
(b) Extend elevation a′b′ towards left.
(c) From point u, drop a perpendicular on the
extended a′b′ and obtain VT.
(d) Since elevation is parallel to XY, no HT will be
found.

Projection of Planes
 Plane
• A plane surface is defined as a surface with only two
dimensions, i.e., the length and the breadth with
negligible
thickness.
(iv) Straight Line inclined to both the HP and VP-  The shape of the plane surface is bounded by straight
• When a line AB is inclined to both the HP and the lines, curves or their combinations.
VP –  A unique plane is obtained by either of the following
(a) Extend the elevation a′b′ till it touches XY at combinations–
point h. (i) Three non-cylinder points
(b) Extend the plan ab till it touches XY at point v. (ii) A straight line and a point
(c) From point h, drop a perpendicular on the (iii) Two parallel lines.
extended ab and obtain HT. (iv) Two intersection lines.
 Projection of Planes
1.Projection of plane perpendicular to both the H.P. and V.P.-
Position of plane Projection Description
• In this case, H.T. and V.T. are
in a straight line, perpendicular
to XY-line.
Y
Top view and front view → A
line perpendicular to XY-line.
X Y

2. Projection of a plane perpendicular to one plane and parallel to the other plane-
Position of plane Projection Description
i. Plane perpendicular to the H.P. • Its H.T. is parallel to XY-line.
and parallel to the V.P. It has no V.T.
Top view → A line parallel to
XY-line
Front view → A plane of true
shape and size.

Engineering Drawing 143 YCT

*
 ii. Plane perpendicular to the V.P. • Its V.T. is parallel to XY-
and parallel to the H.P. line. It has no H.T.
Top view → A plane of true
shape and size
Front view → A line parallel to
XY-line

3. Projection of a plane perpendicular to one plane and inclined to the other plane–

Position of plane Projection Description

i. Plane perpendicular to H.P. and • Its V.T. is perpendicular to
inclined to V.P. XY-line and H.T, is inclined to
XY-line.
Top view→ A line inclined to
XY-line
Front view → A plane smaller
than true size of plane.

ii. Plane perpendicular to V.P. and • Its V.T. is inclined to XY-line

inclined to H.P. and H.T. perpendicular to XY-
line.
Top view → A plane smaller
than true size of plane
Front view → A line inclined
to XY-line

 Traces of Planes
• Lines in which the planes meet the reference planes (the HP and the VP) are called the traces of planes.
 There are two types of traces used in engineering practices.
(i) Horizontal Trace (HT): The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the Horizontal Trace (HT)
(ii) Vertical Trace (VT): The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the Vertical Trace (VT)
 Oblique plane: Planes inclined to both the reference planes.
Engineering Drawing 144 &
YCT
 Previous Year Questions
1. What is the maximum number of auxiliary
views of any given object ?
(a) Infinite (b) 6
(c) 1 (d) 3
RRB ALP & Tech. 21.01.2019 Shift-I
Ans. (a) : Any given object has an infinite number of
auxiliary views.
• Sometimes two view of an object (front view & top 4. In an isometric drawing, vertical lines are
view) are not sufficient to convey all information drawn vertically, and horizontal lines in the width
regarding to the object. and depth planes are shown at_____to the
• In this condition the additional view called auxiliary horizontal.
view and projected on that plane known as auxiliary (a) 60 degrees (b) 30 degrees
plane. (c) 45 degrees (d) 90 degrees
Auxiliary view may also be used for determining: RRB ALP & Tech. 08.02.2019 Shift-I
(a) The true length of a line Ans. (b) : In an isometric drawing, the Vertical lines
(b) The point view of a line are drawn vertically, and the width line in the horizontal
(c) The side view of a line and depth lines are shown at 30° to the horizontal.
(d) The true size and shape of a plane.
2. In third - angle projection ,__________,
(a) the object lies in the second quadrant
(b) the plane of projection lies between the
object and the observer
(c) the object lies in the first quadrant
(d) the object lies between the observer and the
plane of projection
RRB ALP & Tech. 22.01.2019 Shift-I
Ans : (b) In third angle projection, the plane of
projection lies between the object and the observer. 5. A .......... projection is an oblique projection in
which the depth of the object is shown in full
size.
(a) Orthographic (b) Fisheye
(c) Cavalier (d) Perspective
• The plane of projection is assured to be transparent. RRB ALP & Tech 23.01.2019 Shift-II
• H.P. and V.P. is located above and below the Ans : (c) A Cavalier projection in an oblique projection
reference line respectively. in which the depth of the object is shown in full size.
• Projection is drawn same side to the viewly. • Projection lines make an angle of 45° with the plane
of projection.
3. If straight lines are drawn from various points
on the contour of an object to meet a plane,
then the figure obtained on the plane is called
the..... of the object.
(a) Animation (b) Development
(c) Dimensioning (d) Projection
RRB ALP & Tech. 23.01.2019 Shift-III 6. In Isometric Projection, those lines which are
not parallel to isometric plane is ....... called.
Ans : (d) If straight lines are drawn from various points
on the contour of an object to meet a plane, then the RRB Kolkata Chemical & Metallurgical Er.,
object is said to be projected on that plane. 01.12.2002
(a) Projection line (b) Isometric line
• The points at which these lines meet, that plane is
called the projection of the object. (c) Non-Isometric line (d) None of these
• The lines from the object to the plane are called Ans. (c) : In Isometric projection, those lines which are
projectors. not parallel to isometric plane are called non isometric
• The figure formed by joining, in the correct line.
sequences the points at which the lines meet the • In isometric projection those lines which are parallel
plane is called projection of that object. to isometric plane is called isometric line.

Engineering Drawing 145 &

YCT
7. In the section view, the areas that would have 11. In which view, the two faces of cube make
been in actual contact with the cutting plane equal angles with the plane?
are shown with RRB Thiruvananthapuram Section Eng
RRB JE Ranchi Red Paper 04.01.2015 (Mechanical) 04.01.2009
(a) A cutting plane line (b) Section lining (a) Dimetric view (b) Trimetric view
(c) Visible lines (d) Lines and arrows
(c) Isometric view (d) Perspective view
Ans : (b) In the section view, the areas that would have
been in actual contact with the cutting plane are shown Ans. (a) : In Dimetric view two faces of a cube make
with section lining. equal angles with the plane.
8. In the human eyes, the image of an object an
which formed on the retina ....... then the size of
the object?
RRB Secunderabad Section Engineer (Civil)
29.06.2008
(a) Smaller (b) Larger
(c) Same (d) Nothing
Ans. (a) : In the human eyes, the image of an object 12. In which view the three faces of cube make
which formed on the retina is smaller and inverted than equal angles with plane.
the real size of the object. RRB Bangalore Section Engineer
• The human eye has an 'Ocular lens' which is a convex (Civil) 01.02.2009
lens. (a) Dimetric view (b) Trimetric view
9. Isometric view is... (c) Isometric view (d) Perspective view
RRB Kolkata Jr. Engineer-II Electrical/DRG & Ans. (c) : In isometric view all the three faces of cube
Design 11.06.2006 make equal angles with plane.
(a) 2D view (b) 3D view
(c) 4D view (d) 1D view
Ans. (b) : Isometric view is a 3D view. Its all three
dimension are equispaced each other at 120° and makes
30° angle with horizontal.
• All the three faces of cube make equal angles with
the plane.

From the figure –

10. The view, in which all three faces of the cube α=β= γ
make unequal angle with the plane is called -
RRB Secunderabad Section Engineer (Civil) 13. The view, which formed when an object is view
29.06.2008 from its top view is called?
(a) Dimetric view (b) Trimetric view RRB Bhopal Section Engineer, 24.11.2002
(c) Isometric view (d) Perspective view (a) Top view (b) Left side view
Ans. (b) : (c) Right side view (d) Front view
Isometric Dimetric Trimetric Ans. (a) : When the object is viewed from its front then
Projection Projection Projection it is called front view or elevation
All the three Any two faces of All three faces • When the object is viewed from its Top then it is
faces of cube cube make equal of cube make called Top view or plan
make equal angles with plane. unequal angles • When the object is viewed from its side then it is
angle with the with plane. called side view or lateral view
plane.
14. The top view of an object should be drawn–
RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer
(Electrical) , 15.03.2009
(a) Right or left the front view
(b) Below or above the front view
(c) Below or right of the front view
(d) Above or left of the front view
Engineering Drawing 146 YCT