CHAPTER u

HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

11.1 DEFINITION AND NOTATIONS

ooww
If y = f{x), then the derivative of y with respect to x, is itself, in general, a function of x and
(iy
can be differentiated again. To fix up the idea, we shall call as the first order derivative of y
dx

e
with respect to x and the derivative of ^ with respect to x as the second order derivative of y

ree
rFl d^y . Similarly d^y with respect to

Fre
with respect to x and will be denoted by the derivative of x
dx^ dx^

rrF
will be termed as the third order derivative of y with respect to x and will be denoted by
ouur
sffoo dx

d^y
so on. The order derivative of y with respect to x will be denoted by
okks
dx^'
Yo

If y = f{x), then the other alternative notations for

oo
Y

dy d^y d^y
BB

are
dx’ dx^' dx^' "" dy^
rre

yv yi> yz>
ouu

(n)
r'
YY
ad

Dy. y, D^y, D"y

/'W. f'"{x), ●
dd

/"W
Re
iinn

The values of these derivatives at :c = a are denoted by y„ (fl), y ” {a), D”y or

' dx”
F

^x=a

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Type I ON PROVING RELATIONS INVOLVING VARIOUS ORDER DERIVATIVES OF CARTESIAN

FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 1 y = sin ^ x, show that rf^y ^ X

dx^

SOLUTION We have, y = sin“^ x. On differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy 1
dx

On differentiating again with respect to x, we get

11.2 MATHEMATICS-XIl

d^y _ fr 1
= 4- = 1(1_;,V3/2,A(i_:,2)
dx^ dx dx 2 dx

dx^ 2.3/2 " 2.3/2 '

2(1 ~x^)
cos a:
EXAMPLE 2 //y = tan AT + secA:, prove that INCERT EXEMPLAR]
_

dx^ (1 - sin x)^

SOLUTION We have, y = tan a: + sec x
dy 2 1 sin X 1 4- sin X
— = sec X + sec X tan x = —
2 2 2
dx cos X cos X cos X

ww
=>
dy _ 1 + sin X 1

dx l-sin^x 1-sinx

FF loo
d 1
■ = — {(1 - sin x)
dx^

ree
dx 1 - sin X dx

d^y -1
= (-l) (1 - sin x) ^ dx^ (1 - sin x)
cos X

y (- cos x) = (1 - sin x)^

rFee
=
dx^ (1 - sin x)
oor rF
rur
EXAMPLE 3 Ify = tan x, prove that y2 = 2yy;^.
s ff
SOLUTION We have, y = tan x
dy 2 dy
k

2
^ - sec X or, y^ = sec x ●●● yi = ^
YYoou

dx
ookos

dx

d , . d , 2 .
BBo

— (yi) = —
dx dx
re

=> y2 = 2 sec x — (sec x) = 2 sec X sec x tan x = 2 tan X sec^ x

dx
ouur
ad

[●.● y = tan X and yj = sec x]

Yo

y2 = 2yyi
d^y
EXAMPLE 4 lfy = x^,find
dY

dx^'
Re
idn

SOLUTION We have, y = x^
FFin

log y ~ X log X
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
1 dy dy
= 1 X log X + X X — = y(l + log x)
y dx X dx

Differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to x, we get

ddx^y = ^
dx
(1 + log x) + y dx^ (1 + log x)

^
dx^ ^
dx (1 + log x) 4- y X 1 = y (1 + log x)^ + ^ X X
[Using (i)]

d^y _
rfx2 x'^ |(1 + log
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.3

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLES
Ify = Acosnx + B sin nx, show that
d^y + y = 0. [CBSE 2001CJ
dx^
SOLUTION We have, y = A cos nx + Bsia nx
On differentiating with respect to x, we get
— = - An sin nx + Bn cos nx

w
dx

On differentiating again with respect to x, we get

d^y 2 2 y 9
—^ = - An cos nx - Bn sin nx = -n (/4 cos nx + B sin «x) = ~n y
dx^

e
+ n^y = 0.

row
re
dx^
mx
EXAMPLES Ify=Ae + Be"^, show that -(m + n) + mny = 0.

FFllo
eeF
dx^ dx

[NCERT, CBSE 2007, 2014]

SOLUTION
u We have, y = Ae”^^ + Be
nx

r
sFr
■ ^ = Arne"" + Bm nx
[Differentiating with respect to x]

kro
dx
uor
= An?
offo
dx^
. d^y
kos
dy
Y

- (m + m) ^ + mny = {An?e”'^ + Bn^e”^) -{m + n) (Ame^^ + Bne”^) + mn {Ae^^ + Be"^) = 0.

Yo

dx^ dx
eerBB
oo

●y
2 d y dy _
EXAMPLE 7 Ify = Acos (log x) + 6 sin (log x), prove that X —^ + X — + y = 0.
rY

dx dx^
[CBSE 2007, 2009]
u

SOLUTION We have, y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x).

ou

On differentiating with respect to x, we get

ad
do

1 B dy ^
nY

dx
-
X
A sin (log x) + —X cos (log x) ^ x dx
= - ^ sin (log x) + B cos (log x)
nid

On differentiating again with respect to x, we get

Re

d^y dy ^ cos (log x)

F

X —^ + -2. = sin (log x)

Fi

-6
dx2 dx X X

x^ ^ + X
dy _
= - cos (log x) + B sin (log x)}
dx^ dx

x^ ^ + X
dy _
= - y => X
2 d\
^ +x^
dy
+y = 0
-
dx^ dx dx^ dx

2x d?y
EXAMPLE 8
Ify = /o^ IX + ^x^ + prove that: (x^ + a^) dx^ + x^ = 0. dx
[CBSE 2013]

SOLUTION We have, y =
log|x + ^? + fl^|
On differentiating with respect to x, we get
it - 1 1
n +
2x
dx X +
^ +0 X +
^jx^ +a^
11.4 MATHEMATICS-XII

^ - 1 yjx^ + +X
dx x +
-Jx^ +
1 <^y
y\ = = , where =
dx
=> y^ {x^ +a^) = 1
+ a

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

y\ ^ {x^ + + {x^ + ^ iyi^) = 0

oww
- d (dy\ .
=> i/i^ (2:r) + {x^ + fl2) X 2 yj y2 = 0 ●●■ -^(yi")=2(yi)
dx
2-1

=> 2 y J y2 {X^ + + xy-^ = 0 => y2 {x^ + + '^yi = 0 [●●● yi 0]

e
re
2^ d^y
EXAMPLE 9 f/y = sin" ^ X, t/ien s/iozy that (1 - x^) dx^ :r^ = 0.

FFrllo
[CBSE 2012, NCERT]

reF
dx

e
SOLUTION We have, y = sin"^x
uoru
Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain

osFr
_
1
dx ''
fkfor dx
okso
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
X dy
Y
Yo

= 0

^l-x^
oo
BB

2x <i^y x^ = 0 [Multiplying both sides by -x^]

Y
r ree

dx^ dx
ouu

ALITEK We have, y = sin

-1 ^ - = 1
ad

X =>
Ydo

dx
yjl-X
_„2 V ux y

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

nidn

n2
-2xUy
Re

= 0
[ dx dx V dx dx
F
Fi

^ 2(1 -2x = 0 => (1 -x^)

2v d^y ^y = n0.
x-=^
dx dx^ dx dx^ dx

EXAMPLE 10 Jfy-e
HI Sin
, prove that (1 -x^) dx^
~x^~m^y
dx
= 0. [CBSE 20151

HI sin”^ X
SOLUTION We have, y = e
Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain
HI sin”^ X X
m

dx

dy _ my [●●● e
in sin
=yl
dx 75^
^2
(dyf _ m-y
2. .2
2^( dy = m^y^ => (1-x^) yi^ = my, where yi
dx 1-x
2 ^ d-^") dx
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.5

Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain

(1 -X^) 4-
dx
(yi^)+(y/) -^(1
dx
-x^) 4-
dx

{1 -x^) 2yiy2 + l/fy~2x) =m^ (2yyi) dx

= 2yi y2 and 4-
dx
(y^) = 2yyi

2yi- (l-AT^)y2-;cyi-m^y| = 0 => (l-A:^)y2-A:yi-m^y = 0

m
[●●● yi ^ 01

0 "y
EXAMPLE 11 //y = x + \x^ + l , s/roiy that (x +1) y2 + ^ y = 0. ICBSE 2013, 2015]

ooww
m

SOLUTION We have, y = . Differentiating with respect to x, we get

m-1
^ -
do:
m
|a: + -/?7T I

e
m

a:^ +1 +x

ree
w-1 m

|[x+V?+i I
2a:

rFl- m X ^1+
2 V?Ti

Fre
+1

rrF
dx
my
=> yi =
my
=> yi -Jx^ +1 = my
ouur
sffoo
yj^(x^ + l) =
2..2
m-y [Squaring both sides]
okks

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

Yo
oo

2yi y2 (1 + + yi^ (2x) = 2m^ yyi => y2 (1 + x^) + xyj -m^ y = 0

Y
BB

sin ^ X 2

"r , show that (1 - x^)

rre

EXAMPLE 12 y= -3x-^-y = 0. ICBSE 2013]

^1-x^ dx'^ dx
ouu
YY
ad

sin" ^ X
SOLUTION We have, y = = => y -x^ = sin ^ X
2 ^
■\/l -X
dd

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

Re
iinn

^ (1 -x^) -xy = 1
X 1
F

dx

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

-y = 0 ^ (1-x")
dx ^ dx dx dx2 dx

EXAMPLE 13 // X = tan —« log y / , show that (1 + x^) —^

dx"^
+ (2x - fl) dx
= 0. [CBSE 2011, 2013]

SOLUTION We have.
n
x = tan
Vfl
log y => tan ^ X =
i log y => a tan ^ x = log y
a

Differentiating with respect to x, we get:

fl

1 + x^ y dx dx
 11.6 MATHEMATICS-XII

Differentiating with respect to x

{1 + x'^) ^ ^ + (2x-a)^ = 0
2x
dx ^ dx dx dx
Type II ON FINDING SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 14 Find ifx = at^ ,y = 2at.

dx^
SOLUTION We have, x = at^ and y - 2at
— = 2flf and ^ = 2fl
dt dt
dy _ dy/dt _ 2a _ 1
dx dx/dt 2at t

w
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
fy_d_(V\ 1 1 1 dx
From (i), — = 2Af
dt 1

-r

Flo
dx^ dx\t) -p dx 2at 2aP dt dx 2at

EXAMPLE 15 Ifx = a cos^ 0, y = A sin ^ &,find —Also, find its value at 0 = —.

ee
ICBSE 2013]
dx^ 6

Fr
SOLUTION We have, x = a cos^ 0and y = a sin^ 0
dx
= -3a cos^ 0 sin 0 and — = 3a sin^ 0 cos 0 for
d0 d0
ur
So,
dy _ dy/dQ _ 3a sin^ 0 cos 0 - - tan 0
dx dx/dQ - Sa cos^ 0 sin 0
ks
Yo

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain,

oo

dQ 1
= — (-tan 0) =-sec^ 0 = - sec^ 0 X — sec^ 0 cosec 0
eB

2
dx^ dx dx - 3a cos 0 sin 0 3a

d^y 1 4 71 71 1 2
x2 =
32
r

- — sec — cosec — = — x -=
dx^ >'e= 27a
ou

3a 6 6 3a v-v3
ad

jt

6
Y

EXAMPLE 16 /f’x = Asinf A«dy = A cos f +log tan— ,find ..

[CBSE 2013]
V 2J dx^
nd
Re

SOLUTION We have,
f t
Fi

X- a sin t and y = a cos t + log tan —

2J

dx
— =Acosfand ^ = a -sint + —~
t
X sec 2lxi
dt dt 2 2
tan
2
dx 1
— =Acosfand — = a -sinf +
dt dt sinf,^
dx
— =Acosf , and , dy = A(l-sin^t) dx
=5» — = Acosfand
, , —
dy =
acos^t
dt dt sinf dt dt sinf
ACOS^ t
<^y
^y _dt _ sin f cos t
= cot f
dx dx Acosf sinf
dt
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.7

d^y d (dy] d , ^
—^ = — — - — (coH) =-cosec t—=-cosec lx =
2 . dt 2. 1 1
2
■ dx\dxj dx dx a cos t a sin t cos t

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 17 //y = tan ^x,find d^y in terms of y alone. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

dx^
SOLUTION We have,
y = tan X => x = tan y
Differentiating with respect to y, we obtain
dx 2 du 1 2 1
- sec y —= — - cos y V =

dy dx sec^y dx dx/dy

ww
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
d^y d 2 . dy 2 .. ^ 2
-2 cosy siny = -2 cosy siny X cos y = cos y
dx dx

- 2 sin y cos y

Flo
ee
dx^

rere
d^y

rFF
m+n
EXAMPLE 18 , prove that = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
dx^
SOLUTION We have,
uurr
foor
x”^y^ =(x + y)
m + n
^^y [See Example 15 on page 10.75]
dx X
ks s

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain

Yoo

. y]
oook

X - -y
Ixj = 0 Using: ^ = ^1
eBB

dx\dx) dx\Xy x2 x^ dx X

24y
Ify^ ~y = 2x, prove that
uurr

EXAMPLE 19
dx^ (3y2-l)3'
ad
Yo

SOLUTION We have, y ^ - y = 2x
dY

Differentiating both sides with respect to y, we obtain

Re

(3y2-l) = 2^ dy _ 2
innd

dy dx
(3y"-l)
FFi

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain

d~y _ 2 2 dy
X 6y
dx^ (3y2_l)2 dx (3/--if dx

12y 2
=
24y
^

dx^ (3y2-l)2 (3y^-l) (Sy^-U^* dx

3y^-l
n2
EXAMPLE 20
d^y _ (dy
Ife^ (x + 1) = \,shofwthat—| [NCERT]
dx^ dx

SOLUTION We have.

= 1log f 1
1
e^ {x + 1) = 1 =i>e^- ^ log e y
=> y = - log (x +1)
X -I-1
11.8 MATHEMATICS-XII

^2
^ - 1
and iy_ L_
dx x + 1
dx^ (x + 1)^ dx^ dx

^2
EXAMPLE21 If {ax+ b) ey''^ =x or,y-xlog —-— , prove thatx -y ■
a + bx dx^ dx

[CBSE 2005, 2013, 2015]

SOLUTION We have, (ax + b) ey^^ =x

y 1 ^ 1 ^
^x = log —- => y = X log —
ax + b ax + b a + bx)
y
y = X {log X - log {a + bx)} => — = log x - log (a + bx)

w
X

On differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy

Flo
dx 1 1 d , , , 1 b
(a + bx) =
x^ X a + bx
’ dx
’■ x a + bx

reeee
2(1 b ^y ax

-y = X \ X —>

FFr
x
=> x-^-y =
dx a + bx dx a + bx

Differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to x, we get

for
ur
dy _ {a+ bx) a-ax(0+ b)
dx^ dx dx (a + bxf
kkss
Yo

2
^ d^y a
oo

dx^ {a + bx)^
eB

2 2
a X
=
[Multiplying both sides by
dx^ {a + bx)^
r
ou
ad

n2
3 d'^y _ ax
YY

X ...(h)
dx?- a + bx^
ndd

^2
3 d^y _
Re

(iy
From (i) and (u), we obtain: x x-r-y ●
dx^ dx
Fi

EXAMPLE 22 y = x^, prove that d^ y l(dy'f y

-0. [CBSE 2014,2016]
dx^ y{dx x

SOLUTION We have, y = x^ or, y = g log = e ^ 1°S *

Differentiating with respect to x, we get
?y
dx
^ gXlogx dxd_ log ^ ?y
dx
= (1 + log x) => ^
dx
= y (1 + log x) ...(i)

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

rf'y =_ yx
d
(1 + log x) + X (1 + log x)
dx^ dx dx

dx^
= y X 1X + ^
dx
X (1 + log X)
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.9

^ = y+ ^fi^ From (i),l + log a: =

1 dy
dx^ X dx\y dx y dx
^2
= y+i I = 0.
dx^ X y \dx j dx^ y[dx X

Type III ON PROVING RELATIONS INVOLVING VARIOUS ORDER DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 23 Ifx = a cos 0 + & sin 9i?ndi/ = fl sin 0 - & cos Q, prove thaty
2d^y + y = 0.
dx^ dx

ooww
[CBSE 2013, 2014, 2015]
SOLUTION We have, A: = flcos0 + t>sin0 and y = fl sinO-t cos0
x^ + y^ = {a cos 0 + b sin 0)^ + {a sin 0-b cos 0)^
x^ +y^ = (cos^ 0 + sin^ 0) + iP' (sin^ 0 + cos^ 0) => = P +P

e
ree
Differentiating with respect to x, we get

rFl dy dy _ X

Fre
2x + 2y ^ dx
= 0 => -(i)
dx y

rrF
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
ouur
sffoo
yxl- x^] y-x
dx ^ y
[Using (i)]
okks
— ●

dx^ y^ y^
Yo
oo
Y
BB

d^y _ {x^ + y^) ●●●(ii)

dx^ y^
rre

12 2
2 Py „ dy + y =- x^
ouu

y -X — +y = 0 [Using (i) and (ii)]

YY
ad

dx^ dx y^ y
2

EXAMPLE 24 If X = sintandy = sinpt, prove that (1 -x^) ^-^-x^

dx + p^y = 0.
dd

dx^
Re
iinn

[NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016, 2019]

SOLUTION We have,
F

A: = sint, y = sinp^ => — = cost and, — =pcospt

dt dt

dy _ dy/dt _ pcospt _ p -jl-sin^pt _ p -y^

dx dx/dt cost
Vl -sin^f
^yf _p^(i-y^) _
n2

dx j l-x^ dx
(l-;c2)=p2(i_y2)
Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain 1

x2 n2
+
dx [,dx dx j dx dx

^2

dx dx^ V---
dx
{-2x)=-2p^y^
dx
11.10 MATHEMATICS-Xn

V 2^ ^0
rfxj' dx^ dx ' dx^ dx dx

●y
EXAMPI.E 25 If x = sin B ,y = COSp 0, prove that (1 -x ) 1/2 ~^1 + P y = 0/ where y2 =
0 d^y
dx^

andy,=^f.
SOLUTION We have, :c = sin 0 and y = cos p 0.

^y _ d0 _ - P sin p0 -p - cos^ p 0
dx
dx cos 0
- sin ^ 0 'l-x2
d0
^2

ww
_ P^(l-y^)
dx 0--x^) dx

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

Flo
\2 <y

~2x (dy = P^ 0-2y

2k d y
=> d-x^) y
dy 2
x-^ + p y = 0

e
dx dx^ ^dx dx dx^ dx

eree
Type IV ON PROVING RELATIONS INVOLVING VARIOUS ORDER DERIVATIVES

FFr
r ,1 3/2
U + oorr ^y'"\
uur r
dx
EXAMPLE 26 If {x ~ af + {y - bf = c^, f)rove that ^ is a constant independent of
sf
d^y
sk

dx^
Yoo
oook

a and b. INCERT]
eBB

SOLUTION We have,
{x-af + {y-bf=c^ -(i)
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
uurr
ad

2(A:-fl) + 2(y-i>)^ = 0 ^ {x-a)+ {y-b) ^ =0 ...(ii)

Yo

dx dx

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dY

d^y dy ^2 = 0
Re
innd

l + {y-b)
dx^ dx
FFi

U +
\2 V dx

iy-b) ^ - -n + ● => ●●●(iii)

dx^ Jx) dx^ y-b
x-a
From (ii), we obtain: — =
dx [y-b
{x-af {x-af +{y-bf
1 + = 1 + [Using (i)] ...(iv)
dx. (y-bf (y-bf (y-bf
3/2 3/2
^2
n + ...(V)
dx) \{y-bf iy-b)^
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.11

From (iii) and (iv), we obtain

1 +
^dx -c2
(Vi)
dx^ y~h iy-b) (y-b)3
From (v) and (vi), we obtain
3/2

1 +
c3
dx
{y-b)^
= -c, which is independent of and
d^y -c2
dx^ {y-b?

llowow
EXAMPLE 27 /fy^ = (?■ cos^ X + &^ sin^ X, then prove that + y =
dx^
SOLUTION We have,

ee
y = a cos x + b sin x
^ 2y^ = (2 cos^ x) + (2 sin^ x) = (I + cos 2x) + b^

Fr
(1 - cos 2x)
2y^ = (fl^+fe^)+{a^ cos 2x
r FF ...(i)
Differentiating with respect to x, we get er
forfFor
4y^ = -2(fl^-b^)sin2x 2y^ = -(a^sin 2x
u
●●●(ii)
dx dx
ks
YYour o

From (i), we obtain

s oo

2y^ = (a^ -b^) cos2x ...(iii)

eeBoBk

Squaring (ii) and (iii) and adding, we get

ifdy
+ |2y2-(a^ + &^)| = (a^ -b^)^ {sin^2x + cos^2x}
r

4y
ouru

dx
ad

n2
Yo

2f‘^y
4y
dx
+ 4y^ -4y^(fl^ +fc^) + (fl^ + b^)^ =(a^ -b'^)
d
Re

\2
Yin

4y^ ● —
dx
FFind

4y^ dyf + y2-(fl2+&2)l = -Aa^b"^ => (dy

+ y^ -{a^ +b^) =
a^b^
dx dx. y^
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
_ dy 2a^ b^ dy d^y ah'^ dy
\dx) dx^ + ^y-r
dx = —5— /=>T2
2 + y = Dividing both sides by 2 —
dx dx^ dx

EXAMPLE 28 Iff (x) = | x|^, show that f " (x) exists for all real x and find it. =
SOLUTION We have. [NCERT]

x^ , ifx^O
fix) = 1^1®= <
(-x)^ =-x^ , ifx<0
11.12 MATHEMATICS-XII

Now,
-X 3-0
(LHD of/(x)at;c = 0) lim lim lim -X 2=0
x^O x-0 x^O X x->0

-0
(RHDof/(.Y)atx: = 0) = lim + lim lim x^ =0
x-*0 Y-0 x~^0
+ X x->0

(LHD of f{x) at .r = 0) = (RHD of f{x) at y = 0)

So, / (y) is differentiable at y = 0 and the derivative of /(y) is given by
3y2 , if Y > 0

ooww
/'W =
- 3y2 , if Y < 0
Now,
- 3y2 - 0
(LHDof/'(y) at Y = 0) = lim lim lim - 3y = 0

e
Y-^0 Y-0 x^O Y

ree
rFl 3y2 -0

Fre
(RHDof/'(Y)at Y = 0) = lim lim lim 3y = 0
Y-0 Y^O
+ Y-0 Y^O
+

rrF
(LHDof/'(y) at Y = 0) = (RHDof/' (y) at y = 0)
ouur
So, /' (y) is differentiable at y = 0.
sffoo
6y , ifY>0
Hence, /'' (y) = - 6y , if Y <0 ■
okks
Yo
oo

Tjjpe V MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

Y

In^.x
BB

EXAMPLE 29 is independent variable and y is the dependent variable. If independent and

dx'
rre

dx
dependent variables are interchanged -f-
dx
becomes and these two are connected by the relation
ouu
YY
ad

d^x
^y — = i^pinda relation between jand
dx dy dx dy^'
dd

SOLUTION We know that

Re
iinn

d^y ^d f dy
F

dx^ dx\dx

d^y ^ d 1

dx^ dx\ydx/dy dx

d^y _ d dx' ^ dy _ dx
d_(^ X
1

dx^ dy {dy dx dy dy[dy dxidy

dx
'^d^x\ fdx']^
—=r I ^ —
dx d^x
dx^ dy dy2 dy dy dx/
d^y _ dx '^d^x 'dy/ d^y d^x
Hence, or.
dx^ {dy d/ dx dx^ d/
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.13

EXAMPLE 30 yind Ow equation to which the equation x

dx^
^ _y^
Kdx)dx
= o is transformed by
interchanging the independent and dependent variables.
SOLUTION We know that

dy _ 1 and d^y _ 1 d^x [See Example 29]

dx dx/dy dx^ {dx/dy)^ dy^
n2
dy
Substituting these values in the equation x = 0, we get
dx^ dx j dx
2

X d^x 1
1 = 0
dx^^ dy^ dx

w
dy dy
dy

Flo
d'^x dx dx dx
-X = 0 Multiplying both sides by
dy dy)

e
rree
d^x dx
^2 dx

r FF
= 0
dy ^dy) dy
uurr
for EXERCISE 11.1

BASIC
kss

1 ● Find the second order derivatives of each of the following functions:

ooook

(i) x^ + tan x (ii) sin (log x) [NCERT] (iii) log (sin x) [NCERTl
Yo

(iv) sin 5x [NCERT] (v) e^^ cos 3x [NCERT] (vi) AT ^ log X (NCERTl
eB

(vii) tan“^A: [NCERT] (viii) x cos x [NCERT] (ix) log (log x) [NCERT]

d^y
urr

2. If y = e ^ cos X, show that = 2e ^ sin x.

ad

dx^
Yo

d^y [CBSE2007]
dY

3. If y = x + tan x, show that cos'^ x - 2y + 2x = 0.

dx^
Re
innd

4- If y = x^ log X, prove that —^ .

Fi

5- If y = log (sin x), prove that

d^y = 2 cos X cosec
3
x.
dx^
d^y
6. If y = 2 sin X + 3 cos x, show that -7-^
dx^
+ y = 0.
log^ , show that d^y 2 log X - 3
7. If y = ●

X dx^
d^y b^
8- If X = <7 sec 0, y = & tan 0, prove that 2 ,.3‘
dx^ « V
9- If X = fl (cos 0+0 sin Q),y =a (sin 0-0 cos 0), prove that
= a (cos0-0sin0).
d^y = fl(sin0 + 0cos0) and
d^y _sec^ 0
dQ^ dx^
[NCERT, CBSE 2012, 2017]
11.14 MATHEMATICS-XII

10. If y = cos x, prove that

d^y = 2e cos x+— . [CBSE2012]
dx^ 1)

11. Ifx = a cos 0,y = cf sin 0,show that

d^y _ [CBSE2020]
2 ..3 ●
dx^ ° y

12. lfx = a(l- cos^ 0), y = fl sin ^ 0, prove that d^y _ 32

n
at0 = —.
dx^ ~ 27 fl 6

13. If :c = fl (0 + sin 0), y = a (1 + cos 0), prove that

d^y_ a

dx^ y^’

ooww
14. If X = fl (0 - sin 0), y = fl (1 + cos 0) find [CBSE2011]
dx^‘

15. Ha; = i?(l-cos0), y = a (0 + sin 0), prove that ^=-iat0=^.

dx^ 2 a

ee
16. If a; = fl (1 + cos 0), y = (0 + sin 0), prove that
d^y _-l at 0 = — .
K

rfAT^ a 2

r
rFFl
ree
F
BASED ON LOTS

rF
17. If AC = cos 0, y = sin ^ 0, prove that y d^y, r dx = 3sin^ 0(5cos^ 0-1). [CBSE2013]
fsfoor dx^
ouur
18. If y = sin (sin x), prove that
d^y dy 2 r,
^ + tan X -f- + y cos a; = 0. [CBSE 20181
kosk
dx dx

2x d^y
Yo

dy 2
19. If X = sin f, y = sin pt, prove that (1 - x )
oo

x — + py = 0.
Y

dx^ dx
BB

20. Ify =(sin“^ prove that (1 -x^) y2 -xy^ - 2 = 0. [CBSE 20191

rre

tan"^ X
21. Ify = e , prove that (1 + x^) y2 + (2x -1) yj = 0.
ouu
Y

22. If y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x), prove that x y2 + x y^ + y = 0.

ad

[NCERT, CBSE 2009,2012,2016]

dY

23. If y = {ax + b), show that y2 - 4 y^ + 4 y = 0.

innd
Re

24.1fx = sin -logy

a
,showthat (1-x'^) y2-xy^-fl y = 0. [CBSE 2010]
Fi
F

25. If log y = tan"^ x, show that (1 + x^) y2 + (2x -1) yj = 0.

26. If y = tan ^ x, show that (1 + x^)2v d^y2-+ 2x^=0.
dy
dx ^ dx

27. Ify=|log(x + ^x2+l)|^ show that (1 + X )

2, d^y
dx^
+ X ^ = 2.
dx
[CBSE 20081

28. If y =(tan"^ x)^, then prove that(l +x^)^ y2 + 2x(l + x^) yi =2. [CBSE 2012, [NCERT]

29. If y = cot X show that

d^y + 2y dy = 0.
dx2 dx

30. Find
(x^)
dx^ , where y = log I ^ , .
[CBSE 20001

lx
31. Uy = ae + be show that. [CBSE2000C]
dx^ dx
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.15

32. \{y = e^ (sin x + cos a:) prove that + 2y = 0. fCBSE 2002,2009]

dx^ dx

33. Ify = cos ^x,find ~ in terms of y alone. [NCERT]

dx

34. Ify = e
a cos ^ X
, prove that (1 - a: )
2, d^y x--ay = 0.
2
INCEflT, CBSE 2012,2020]
dx^ dx

35. Ify=500e^^ + 600e

-7x [NCERT]
, show that = 49 y.
dx^

36. If a: = 2 cos f - cos 2t, y = 2 sin t - sin It, find

d^y n

oww
dx
2

37. IfA: = 4z^+5, y =62^+7z+3,find-^-y.

dx^

38. If y = log (1 + cos Af), prove that ^ + = 0. [CBSE 2005]

dx'^ dx^ ' dx

e
2 d'^y

ree
dy
rFl
39. If y = sin (log a:), prove that a:
dx^
+ a: ^ + y = 0. [CBSE 2007]

Fre
dx

^^-5^
dx + 6y = 0.

rr F
2x
40. Ify = 3e +2 prove that [NCERT, CBSE 2007,2009]
dx^
ouur
sfoo
41. If y =(cot ^ r)^, prove thaty2 (at^ +1)^ + 2a: (a:^ +1) yj =2.
2
dy
42. ify =cosec“ ^ x, a: > 1, then show that a: (a:^ -1) + (2a:^ -1) = 0. [CBSE 2010]
kks

dx dx
Yo
oooo

t 71

43. If a: = cost + log tan —, y = sin f, then find the value of [CBSE 2012]
eBB

dt dx

44. If a: =rtsinfandy =77 cost+ I0R tan— , find

t \ d^y [CBSE 2013]
^ 2J dx^
uurr

d^y
ad

45. If a: = fl (cost + f sin f) and y=a (sin t -1 cos t), then find the value of [CBSE 2014]
YYo

dx
t
46. IfA: = 77 cosf + logtan— , y = /7sint,evaluate
d^y n
[CBSE 2014]
dd

V 2J dx
Re
iinn

d^y [CBSE 2015]

47. If A' = 77 (cos2f + 2/ sin 2t) aiAdy = a (sin2f-2tcos2f), then find
dx^'
F

48. Ifx = 3cos t-2cos^f, y = 3sinf-2sin^f,find dx^' [CBSE 2017]

BASED ON HOTS

A ^^ + y"
49. If a: = fl sin t - b cos t,y = a cos t + b sin t, prove that
dx^ y^ ■
50. Find A and B so that y =Asin 3x+ B cos 3a: satisfies the equation
'^1^ + 4-^
dx dx +3y =10 cos 3a:.

-kt d^y dy
=p^ + k^.
51. Uy = A e cos (pt + c), prove that ^ + 2 cf dt
+ n^ y - 0, where
dt

id^y^ + {l-2n) x^ + {l+n^) y = 0.

52. If y = A:”|fl cos (log a:)sin (log a:)}, prove that a: dx ^ dx
11.16 MATHEMATICS-XIl

d\ dy 2 r>
53. Ify = fl jx + Vx^+lj +iJ jjc-VAT^ + lj , prove that (a:^ +1) dx^^ +x-^-n y = 0. dx

ANSWERS

- [sin (log x) + cos (log x)]

1. (i) 6x + 2 sec^ x tan x
n

(ii) (iii) - cosec x

(iv) 2e^ (5 cos 5a: -12 sin 5a:) (v) (3 cos 3:c - 4 sin 3x) (vi) x{5 + 6 log x)
-2a: (1 + log x)
(vii) (viii) - X cos X - 2 sin X (ix) -
(1 + x^)2 {xlogxf
1 4 e 2
14. (ii) cosec 30. 33. - cot y cosec^ y
Aa 2 x2

w
3 7
f j2 \ 1
36. - 37. 43. = 2V2
2 642^ dt^ jt
/{ = ” V2 ^ dx^ /f=-
n

Flo
4 4

1 8V2 8V3
44. 45. 46. 47. ~sec^2f

ee
2
asm tcost na a 2a

Fr
1 1
48. - 50. A=-
-,B= —
3sin^fcos2f 3 3
for
ur
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

1. (ii) Lety = sin (log x). Then,

ks

rfy _ cos (log x) rf^y ^ _d_fV cos (log x) + — — (cos (log x)}
Yo

dx^
oo

dx X dx\x, X dx

^ -
eB

cos (log x) sin (log x) _ 1

dx^ x2 x2 ~ |cos(logx) + sin (logx)

d^y _
r

2
(iii) Let y = log (sin x).Then, — = cot x =>
ou

-cosec X
ad

dx dx^
YY

(iv) Let y = sin 5x. Then,

^ sin 5x + (5 cos 5x) = (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x)

nd
Re

dx
2
Fi

= — (e^) ● (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x) + — (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x)

dx^ dx dx
d^y - (sin 5x + 5 cos 5x) + (5 cos 5x - 25 sin 5x) = (- 24 sin 5x +10 cos 5x)
rfx2
(v) Lety = cos Sx.Then,

^
dx
=A
dx
(^6^) cos 3x + —
dx
(cos 3x)
dy _
dx
= 6 cos 3x - 3 sin 3x ^ ^
dx
= 3 (2 cos 3x - sin 3x)
2

= 3 dx (^^*) (2 cos 3x - sin 3x) + 3 — (2 cos 3x - sin 3x)

dx^ dx

d^y = 18 (2 cos 3x - sin 3x) + 3e^^ (- 6 sin 3x - 3 cos 3x)

dx^
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.17

6x 6x
= 9e
-

{4 cos 3a: - 2 sin 3a: - 2 sin 3a: - cos -9e (3 cos 3x -4 sin 3x)
dx^
(vi) Lety = log a:. Then,

^
dx
= \ogx^{x^)
dx
+ x^-^{\ogx)
dx

dy 1 ^y
dx
= 3a:^ log a: + X-^
X dx
= {3 log X +1) 1

dx^ = (3 log X +1) (x^) + x^ ^ (3 log X +1)

dx

ooww
3
= 2x(3 log x +1) + x^ X — = X (6 log X + 5)
dx^ X

(vii) Let y = tan ^ x. Then,

^ = _(i + xV^4-a + ^^) =

e
^ - 2x
, ^-^=(l + xV’

ree
dx i + x^ dx^ dx (1 + x^)2
rFl
Fre
(viii) Let y = x cos x. Then,

rrF
^y - cos X - X sin X =>
d^y =_ - sin X - (sin x + x cos x) = - 2 sin x X cos X
dx dx^
ouur
sffoo
(ix) Let y = log (log x). Then,
^ - 1
— (log x) = —~— = (xlogx) ^
okks

dx log X dx X log X
Yo
oo
Y
BB

dx^ dx
rre

-(1 + logx)
dx^
= -(xlogx)
dx
(xlogx) = - ^-^(1 + logx) =
(x log x) (x log xf
ouu
YY
ad

22. We have.
y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x)
dd

=> ^ = — sin (log x) + — cos (log x) => x ^ = - 3 sin (log x) + 4 cos (log x)
Re
iinn

dx X X dx

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

F

x^3
dx^
= dx
- 3
— cos (log x) — sin (log x)
X
4
X

x2^ + X
dy _
= -13 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x)}
dx^ dx

X 2 —^
d^y dy 2 d y dy ^
+ x-^ = -y => X ●^+X-2- + y = 0
dx2 dx dx^ dx

28. We have.
y = (tan-^x)2
^
dx
= 2(tan"^ x) 2-1
^(tan ’x)
dx

^ ^ tan "^x=> (1 + x^) ^ = 2tan“^x

dx 1+x^ dx
 11.18 MATHEMATICS-XII

2\lf d}/)^ = 4(tan-\xf [Squaring both sides]

dx
n2
=>
2\2 ( dy
(1 + x^) = 4y
,dx
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
n2
2(l + x^)x2x(^ + 2 (1 + x^) 2^2 dy d^y _ ^ dy
dx dx dx^ dx

2x (I + x'^) ^ + (1 + x^f = 2 => (1 + x^f 1/2 + 2x (1 + x'^) 1/1=2

dx dx^

ooww
33. We have,
y = cos ^ X
^ - 1 2x-l/2
dx
-X^

e
ree
^^ ^
rFl_

i(l_,V3/2
-x

Fre
dx^ 2 dx (l-:r2)3/2

rrF
^ - -cosy
[●.● y = cos
-1
X => X = cos y]
dx^ (l-cos2y)3/2
ouur
sffoo
^ - - cot y cosec
2
y
okks
Yo

34. We have,
oo

a cos ^ X
Y
BB

y = e

A(„cos-l;f) => ^ = ^ ^ -«y

a cos a
rre

X —

dx dx dx dx
ouu

(1 -x“) (dyf
YY
ad

yjl-x^ ^=-ay^
2 ,.2
= fl y [On squaring both sides]
' dx dx

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dd

'‘‘if+a-,
Re
iinn

-2x
,dx dx dx^ dx
F

dy 2x d y 2 2x d y dy 2
-X^ + (1 - X ) —^ = fl y => (1 - X ) —- X ^ - fl y = 0
dx dx^ dx2 dx

35. We have.
-7x
y = 500 + 600 e
^ = 3500/*-4200 e -7x
dx

d^y =_ 3500x7e^^ + 4200x7 e -7x =>

d^y = 49(500e^* + 600e -7x d^y = 49y
dx^ dx^ dx2
40. We have.
2x
+ 2e^-^ ^ ^
3x 2x
+ 6e
3x
and
d2y = 12 + 18 e
3x
y = 3e
dx dx2
d^y ^dy
:^ + 6y = (12e
2x
+ 18e^^)-5(6e
2x
+ 6e^*) + 6(3c2’'+2e^'') = 0
dx2 dx
 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE 11.19

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1. If y +1 and x=t^ +1, then dx^

2. If a: = flsin 0 and y = h cos 0, then

dx^

3. If y = A: + e^, then
dx^
2 ^ 4
T, - X X X
4. Ify = 1-a: + +— then
^ 2! 3! 4! dx^
d^x
5. If y =x + ?^, then

w
6. Ify = loggX, then [CBSE2020]
dx^

Flo ANSWERS

e
ree
5 -b 1
1. 2.
^sec^O i.e 5.- 6.—^

FFr
16t^ a
urr
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)
or
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
sf
question:
kks

l.Uy=ax^^'^+bx-^andx
2
= Xy, then write the value of X.
Yo

dx^
ooo

dh
2. If a: = fl cos wf - & sin nt and = Xx, then find the value of X.
eB

dt^
3. If a: =f^ and y =t^, find d^y
ur

dx^'
ad

d^y
YYo

4. If a: = 2at, y = at , where fl is a constant, then find

dx

d^y
d

5. If a: = / (f) and y=g (f), then write the value of

Re

dx^'
in

x^
F

6.1fy = l-:e + —- + to 00, then write in terms of y.

2! 3! 4! dx^
d^x
7. If y = a: + e^, find
dy^
8. If y = I AC - a:^ |, then find d^y
dx^'
9. If y = I logg XI, find dx^'
ANSWERS
t f
3 1
l.n{n +1) l.n^
la

1
, 0 <AC <1
d^y _J-2,0<x<l 9
6.y
^■dx^ _i
7. 8.
2,x>l,x<0
(1 + e*)^ dx^ /A:>1
x^
CHAPTER 12
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER

12.1 DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER

ooww
Let y =^{x) be a function of x. Let Ay be the change in y corresponding to a sma^l change Ax in x.
Then, represents the change in y due to a unit change in x. In other words, ^ represents the
average rate of change of y with respect to x as x changes from x to x + Ax.
As A X -> 0, the limiting value of this average rate of change of y with respect to x in the interval

e
[x, X ●+● Ax] becomes the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x.

re
Thus,

rFFl
ree
Ay

F
lim = Instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x
Ax-»0 Ax

rF
dy
— = Rate of change of y with respect to x
fsfoor lim
ouur
dx Ax ^ 0 Ax dx

The word "instantaneous" is often dropped.

kosk

^y
represents the rate of change ofy with respect to x for a definite value of x.
Yo

Hence,
oo

dx
Y
BB

^y ^y
REMARK 1 The value of atx = XQi.e. represents the rate of change ofy zvith respect to x
dx dx
rre

/
X=XQ

at X = Xq.
ouu
Y
ad

dy dx
_ dt
REMARK 2 Ifx = i^{t) and y = \\f (f)/ then provided that ^0.
dY

dx dx' dt
dt
innd
Re

Thus, the rate of change ofy with respect to x can be calculated by using the rate of change ofy and that ofx
Fi

each with respect to t.

F

REMARK 3 Throughout this chapter, the term "rate of change" luill mean the instantaneous rate of
change unless stated otherwise.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1 A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable radius. Find the rate at which its
volume is increasing with respect to its radius zvhen the radius is 1 cm.
SOLUTION Let x be the radius and y be the volume of the balloon. Then,
4
7C X 3=. = 4ti(7)^ =196rtcm^
dx dx J x = 7

Hence, the volume is increasing with respect to its radius at the rate of 196 n cm , when the
radius is 7 cm.
12.2 MATHEMATICS’XII

EXAMPLE 2 Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to Us radius. How fast is the area
changing with respect to the radius when the radius is 3 cm? [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let A be the area of the circle. Then,
dA
A = Ttr^ => = 2nr
dr
Thus, the rate of change of the area of the circle with respect to its radius r is 2n r.
When r = 3 cm, we obtain
dA
= {2% X 3) cm = 6k cm.
dr
**’ 3
EXAMPLE 3 A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter —{2x + 3). Determine
the rate of change of volume with respect to x. ^
SOLUTION Let V be the volume of the balloon. Then,

w
3

—
16
{2x+3f
'
dV 27 k
— x3{2x+ 3f — (2x + 3) = {2x + 3)^

Flo
dx 16 dx 8

EXAMPLE 4 The total cost C (x) associated with the production ofx units of an item is given by

ee
C (ar) = O.OOSx^ - 0.02:e^ + 30:c + 5000

Fr
Find the marginal cost when 3 units are produced, where by marginal cost we mean the instantaneous rate
of change of total cost at any level of output. for [CBSE 2018, NCERT]
ur
SOLUTION Since the marginal cost is the rate of change of total cost with respect to the output.
Marginalcost (MC) = —(C(x))
dx
= —(O.OOSx^
dx
~0.02x'^ + 30x + 5000)
ks

= 0.005{3x^)-0.02(2x) + 30
Yo
oo

When a: = 3, we get
eB

Marginal cost (MC) = 0.005 x 3 x 3^ - 0.02 x 2 x 3 + 30 = 0.135 - 0.12 + 30 = 30.015

Hence, the required marginal cost is ? 30.02 (nearly).
ur

EXAMPLES The total revenue received from the sale of x units of a product is given by
ad

R {x) = 3x^ + 36ar + 5. Find the marginal revenue when x =5, where by marginal revenue we mean the
Yo

rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of items sold at an instant. INCERTI
SOLUTION Since the marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the
d
Re

number of units sold.

in

dR
Marginal revenue (MR) = — {3x^ + 36x + 5) = 6x+36
F

dx dx
When X = 5, we obtain
Marginal revenue =6x5+ 36 = 66
Hence, the required marginal revenue is ? 66.
EXAMPLE 6 A car starts from a point P at time t = 0 second and stops at point Q. The distance x, in
7 f t~\
metres, covered by it, in t seconds is given by x = t 2 — . Find the time taken by it to reach at Q and
V 3y
alsofind distance between P and Q. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We have,
t \ 9 dx 7
X = 2--
3
=> X = 2r -
3
—
dt
= 4t - t . This gives velocity of the car at any time t.

Suppose the car stops at Q after fj second. Then, att =ti

^ = 0
dt
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.3

' dx^ P X R
9
or. = 0
dt
/f=/l Fig.12.1

= 0 => = 0 => = 4 ['.● = 0 is for point P]

Thus, the car takes 4 seconds to reach at Q.
The distance between P and Q is the value of x at f = i.e. at / = 4.
43 64 32
PQ = (Value of x at t = 4) = 2x4^- 3
= 32-
3
— m
3

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 7
Fmd the rate of change of volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area when the radius

w
is 2 cm.
SOLUTION Let r be the radius, V the volume and S be the surface area of the sphere. Then,

Flo
V = — Ttr ^ and S - 4nr^
3

ee
dV
We have, to find when r = 2.
dS

Fr
dV dS
Now, V = — Ttr ^ and S = 47ir^ ^ = 4xr^ and = 87rr
3 dr for dr
ur
dV
4nr^ r dV
^ = 1.
ks
dS dS 8nr 2 dS Jr = 2 2
Yo

dr
oo

EXAMPLE 8 If X and y are the sides of tivo squares such that y = x - x . Find the change of the area of
eB

second square with respect to the area of thefirst square- [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let Ai and Aj denote the areas of squares of sides x and y respectively. Then,
ur

Aj = and A2 = y^
ad
Yo

Aj=x^ and A2=(x-x^)^ fv y = x-x^ (given)]

dA-[ = 2x and ^=2(x-.r^)(l-2x)
d
Re

dx dx
in

dA2 ^dA2/dx _2{x-x‘^){l-2x) = (l-x)(l-2x)=l-3x + 2x^.

F

dAj dA^/dx 2x

EXAMPLE 9 ^ swimming pool is to be drained for cleaning. IfL represents the number of litres of water
in the pool t seconds after the pool has been plugged off to drain and L = 200 (10-t) . How fast is the
water running out at the end of 5 seconds? Wlmt is the average rate at which the water flows out during
the first 5 seconds ? {NCERT EXEMPALR]

SOLUTION We have to find ~ at f = 5.

dt

dl dL
Now, 1=200(10-0^ => dt
= -400(10-0 ^
dt A =5
= -400 (10-5) =-2000

Thus, the water is running out at the rate of 2000 litres per second at the end of 5 seconds.
The average rate at which the water flows out during the first 5 seconds is given by
 12.4 MATHEMATICS-XII

L(0) - L(5) _ 200 (10 - 0)^ - 200 (10 -5)^ _ 20000 -5000 = 3000 litres/sec.
5 5 5

EXERCISE 12.1
BASIC

1. Find the rate of change of the total surface area of a cylinder of radius r and height h, when
the radius varies.
2. Find the rate of change of the volume of a sphere with respect to its diameter.
3. Find the rate of change of the volume of a cone with respect to the radius of its base.
4. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r when r =5 cm.
5. Find the rate of change of the volume of a ball with respect to its radius r. How fast is the
volume changing with respect to the radius when the radius is 2 cm?

ww
6. The total cost C (a:) associated with the production of x units of an item is given by
C (:r) = 0.007 - 0.003%^ + 15a: + 4000. Find the marginal cost when 17 units are produced.
[NCERT]
7. The total revenue received from

Flo
R (a) = 13a^ + 26a +15. Find the marginal revenue when a
the sale of x units of a product is given by

ee
= 7. [NCERT]

rere
BASED ON LOTS

r FF
8. Find the rate of change of the volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area when the
radius is 2 cm.
uurr
foor
9. Find the rate of change of the area of a circular disc with respect to its circumference when
the radius is 3 cm.

10. The money to be spent for the welfare of the employees of a firm is proportional to the rate
ks s

of change of its total revenue (Marginal revenue). If the total revenue (in rupees) received
Yoo
oook

from the sale of a units of a product is given by R{x) = 3x^ + 36a+ 5, find the marginal
eBB

revenue, when a = 5, and write which value does the question indicate. [CBSE2013]
_ANSWERS
2
uurr

1. 4^nr+2nh 2.
nr
—, r is the diameter 3.
2 nrhI,
— 4. 10 71 cm /cm
ad

2 3
Yo

5. 47ir2 ,l67im^/m 6. ? 20.967 7. ^208 8. 1 cm 9. 3 cm

dY

10. MR = ^ 66. It indicates the extra money spent when number of employees increase from
Re

5 to 6.
innd

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

FFi

6. We have, C (a) = 0.007a^ - 0.003 a^ + 15a + 4000 => —

dx
(C(a)) = 0.021 a^-0.006a+ 15

/-cw
dx
= 0.021 X 17^ - 0.006 X 17 +15. Hence, marginal cost = ^ 20.967
^x=\7

7. We have, R (a) = 13a^ + 26a +15

—
dx
(R (a)) = 26a + 26 => (—{R
dx
(a)) = 26x7 + 26=208

8. We have,
dV
V = — nr^ and, S = 4 => = 4 nr'^ and, — = 8 Tur
3 dr dr

dV dV/dr 4nr^ r dV^ 2 ,

— =1 cm
ls~ dS/dr 8nr 2 yds Jr = 2 2
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.5

dA dC
9. We have, A - and, C =2Tir ^ = 2nr and. = 27t
dr dr

dA _ dA/dr = r =>
dA\ = 3 cm
dC~dC!dr dCjj.^2

12.2 RELATED RATES

Generally we come across with the problems in which the rate of change of one of the quantities
involved is required corresponding to the given rate of change of another quantity. For example,
suppose the rate of change of volume of a spherical balloon is required when the rate of change
of its radius is given. In such type of problems, we must find a relation connecting such
quantities and differentiate this relation w.r. to time. The procedure is illustrated in the
follo'wing examples.

w
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Flo BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

ee
EXAMPLE 1 An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 10 cmfsec. How fast the volume of the
cube is increasing when the edge is 5 cm long?

Fr
SOLUTION Let X be the length of the edge of the cube and Vbe its volume at any time t. Then,
V = and— = lOcm/sec
for [Given]
ur
dt

Now, V =
ks

dV 2 dx dx
= (3x^)(10) =30x^
Yo

= 3x — = 10
oo

dt dt dt
dV
eB

= 30(5)^ = 750 cmfsec.

I df
Thus, the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 750 cm^/sec when the edge is 5 cm long.
r
ou
ad

EXAMPLE 2 The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of A cmisec. Find the rate at which
Y

the area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 8 cm.

SOLUTION Let r be the radius and A be the area of a circle at any time t. Then,
nd
Re

A = It r^ and — = 4 cm/sec [Given]

dt
Fi

A = Kr^ =>
dA dr (dA
Now, = 2nr — ^ = 2 Kx 8 X 4 cm^/sec = 64 7icm^/sec.
dt dt [dt /r = 8

EXAMPLE 3 Find an angle Q, 0 <Q which increases twice as fast as it sine.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION It is given that
do - d . . _ do do 1 dO
= 2 cos 0 — => 2 cos 0 =1 => cos0 = - =s> 0 = 60® — 5^0
dt dt ' dt dt 2 dt

Hence, the measure of angle is 60®.

EXAMPLE 4 The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cmisec. At what rate is its
area increasing when the side of the triangle is 20 cm? [CBSE 20151
SOLUTION At any time t, let x cm be the length of a side of an equilateral triangle and A be its
area. Then,
12.6 MATHEMATICS'XII

2 _ dx Vs dx
X => — = — X 2x— =—X—
4 dt 4 dt 2 dt
V3
~ X 20 X 2 = 20V3 cm^ /sec — = 2 cm/sec (given)
dt ^x=20 2 dt

Hence, the area is increasing at the rate of 20VS cm^/sec.

EXAMPLE 5 The radius of a balloon is increasing at the rate of 10 cmisec. At what rate is the surface area
of the balloon increasing when the radius is 15 cm?
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and S be the surface area of the balloon at any time t. Then,
’) dr
S = 4itr and — ~ 10 cm/sec
dt

ww
Now, S = 4rcr^
dS dr dr
— = 8k r — = SOrtr — =10 cm/sec.
dt dt dt

dS^
= 807t(15) = 12007ccm^/sec.

Flo
e
[dt Jr

eree
= 15
EXAMPLE 6
A stone is dropped Into a quiet lake and waves move in a circle at a speed of 3.5 cm/sec. At

FFr
the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
oorr
uur r
INCERT]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and A be the area of the circular wave at any time t. Then,
sf
A = jrr“ and — = 3-5 cm/sec. [Given]
sk
Yoo

dt
oook

2
Now, A nr
eBB

dA dr dr dr
= K 2r = 2jir— = 2kr {3-5) = 7Kr — = 35 cm/sec
dt dt) dt dt
uurr

(dA
= 7;i{7-5) = 52-57icm^/sec.
ad

dt Jr =7-5
Yo

EXAMPLE?
For the curve y = 5x -2.y^ , if x increases at the rate of 2 units/sec, then how fast is the slope
dY

of the curve changing when x = 3? INCERT EXEMPLAR]

Re
innd

SOLUTION Let m be the slope of the curve at an arbitrary point x, y) on it. Then,
FFi

m = -
dx
=> w=5-6y2 V y=5x-2x^ .-.^=5-6x^
dx

dx dm
It is given that —
dt
= 2 units/sec and we have to find
I dt
when X = 3.

Now,
dm dx dm'
m=5-6x^ => = -12x — => = -12x 3x2 =-72 units/sec ■: x = 3 and — = 2
dt dt dt Jx=3 dt

Thus, the slope of the curve is decreasing at the rate of 72 units/sec when x is increasing at the
rate of 2 units/sec.
EXAMPLES
The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 7 err?! sec . How fast is the surface area
mcreasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm?
SOLUTION
Let X be the length of an edge of the cube, V be the volume and S be the surface area
at any time t. Then, V -x^ and S = 6x^. It is given that
 DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.7

dV dx 7
= 7cm^/sec => = 7 =>3x^ — = 7 =>
dt dt dt dt 3x2
Now, S = 6x^
dS dx 28 dx 7
— = llx = 12xx —
dt dt 3x2 X dt 3x2.
fdS^ 28 2/
= — cm /sec = — cm^/sec
dt /x=12 12 3

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 9 If the area of circle increases at a uniform rate, then prove that the perimeter varies inversely
as the radius. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

w
SOLUTION Let r be the radius P be the perimeter and A be the area of the circle at any time t.
●y dA
Then, A - nr and P = 27cr. It is given that = constant (k), where k >0.

Flo
dt
Now,

ee
A = nr^ and P = 2nr

Fr
r p p
A = n ●: P = 2nr=>r = —
2k 2k
for
ur
A=—p2
4k
dA 1 dP 1 1 n—
dP 1 dP
ks
= —x2P => k=—P => Jc=—(27tr) [v P = 27ir]
dt 4n dt 2tc dt dt
Yo

2k
oo

dP k
dt
=—
r
=> P varies inversely as the radius r.
eB

ALITER We have,
A = Kr^ and P = 2jrr
ur
ad

dA dr dP dr dr dP dr dA ,
= 2jtr— and = 2k— ^ k =2jcr— and — =2k— ●●● — = k
Yo

dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
dP
= 2k
k ^ dr
On eliminating —
d

dt ^2kt dt
Re
in

dP k
— => P varies inversely as the radius r.
F

dt

EXAMPLE 10 A spherical hall of salt is dissolving in water in such a manner that the rate of decrease of
volume at any instant is proportional to the surface. Prove that the radius is decreasing at a constant rate.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let V, S and r denote respectively the volume, surface area and radius of the salt
ball at any instant t. Then,
V =—TTT^ and S = 4Kr^
3

It is given that the rate of decrease of the volume V is proportional to the surface area S.
dV
i.e. cc S
dt

dV
dt
= -k S, where > 0 is the constant of proportionality
It is given that V is decreasing with time, so that is why negative sign is taken.
 12.8 MATHEMATICS-XIl

Now,
dV
= -/c (4nr^) => 4nr^~ = -4nkr'^ => ~ = -k
dt dt{3 dt dt
r decrease with a constar\t rate

Hence, the radius is decreasing at a constant rate.

EXAMPLE 11 A particle moves along the curve 6y = x^ + 2. Find the points on the curve at which the
[NCERT]
y-coordinate is changing 8 times asfast as the x-coordinate.
SOLUTION Let the required point be P{x, y). It is given that
dx
Rate of change of y coordinate = 8 (Rate of change of x-coordinate) i.e.

Now, 6y = x^ + 2
6^ =

w
[Differentiating both sides with respect to t]
dt dt

ef 8— = 3x 2 dx
[Using (i)l
I

Flo dt ) dt

3x^ = 48 x^ = 16 => X = ± 4

reee
Now, X = 4 =>6y=4^ + 2 = 66=>i/=ll and, x = -4^6y=(-4)3 + 2 = -62 y = -^

FFr
So, the required points are (- 4, - 31/ 3) and (4,11).
uurr
for
EXAMPLE 12 The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate. Prove that the increase in surface
area varies inversely as the length of the edge of the cube. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
kkss

SOLUTION Let X be the length of each edge of the cube, S be its surface area and V be its volume
at any time t. Then, S = 6x^ and V = x^. It is given that —
Yo

= k (constant).
oooo

dt
dV ^ 2 dx dx k
V = x^ => = 3x^^^k =
eB

Now, 3x — => . 0
dt dt dt dt

and. S = 6x^
rr

dS dx f k 4k
ou
ad

— = 12 X = 12x [Using (i)]

dt dt 3x^ X
YY

dS 1
X

dt
nndd

X
Re

Hence, the rate of increase in surface area varies inversely as the length of the edge of the cube.
Fi

EXAMPLE 13 Two men and Mj start with velocitiesv at the same time from the junction of two roads
inclined at 45° to each other. If they travel by different roads, find the rate at which they are separated.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let O be the junction and OA and OB be two roads inclined at an angle of 45°. Let
men M-^ and M2 travel by roads OA and OB respectively and let at any time P and Q be their
positions such that OP = OQ = x (both men travel with same speed v). Then,
dx
— =v
dt
dy
Let PQ - y. We have to find
^ ^ dt
Using cosine formula in AOPQ, we obtain
PQ^ =0P^+0Q^-20P-0Q cos 45°
y^
^ =x^+x^-2x^x-^
V2
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.9

y = V2-V2
dx dx
V2-V2 i? —

dt dt

Hence, two men Mj and M2 are separated at the rate ^2-V2 V.

EXAMPLE 14 The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec and the width y is
increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. When x = 12 cm and y = 5 cm, find the rate of change of
(i) the perimeter a7id (ii) the area of the rectangle. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let P be the perimeter and A be the area of the rectangle at any time t. Then,

oww
P = 2{x + y) and A - xy
It is given that ^
dt
= - 2 cm/sec and ^
dt
= 2 cm/sec.
(i) We have, P = 2{x + y)

e
dP
= af—+ ^

FFrlo
re
dt
= 2 (- 2 + 2) = 0 cm/sec i.e. the perimeter remains constant.
dt dt,

ree
F
(ii) We have, A = xy
dA (dx
^| = -2x5 + 12x2=14cm^/sec. [v X = 12 cm and y =5 cm (given)]

rF
^ y+ ^
dt \^dt dt)
fsoor
A man 2 metres high, zvalks at a uniform speed of 6 metres per minute away from a lamp
ouur
EXAMPLE 15

post, 5 metres high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases. [NCERT]
skf
SOLUTION Let AB be the lamp-post. Let at any time t, the man CD be at a distance x metres
ooko

from the lamp-post and y metres be the length of his shadow C£. Then,
Yo

dx
Y

= 6 metres/minute [Given] ...(i)

Bo

dt
reB

Clearly, triangles ABE and CDE are similar.

D
AB _ AE
CD ~ CE
uur
oY

5 x+y
ad

2 y
dY

—> I*-

^y A C E
3y = 2x => 3 — = 2~ 3 = 2(6) [Using (i)l Fig. 12.3
^ dt dt dt
innd
Re

^ = i
Fi
F

dt
Thus, the shadow increases at the rate of 4 metres/minute.
EXAMPLE 16 A man is walking at the rate of 6.5 km/hr towards the foot of a tower 120 m high. At what
rate is he approaching the top of the tower when he is 50 m away from the tower?
SOLUTION Let at any time t, tiie man be at distances of x and y metres from the foot and top of
the tower respectively. Then,
= x'^ + {120f
B
...(i)
^y dx ^y X dx
2y = 2x — =>
dt dt dt y dt 120 m
dx
We are given that = -6-5 km/hr (negative sign due to
dt
decreasing x). Therefore, X meter-

/4(Man)
^ - b-5x
O
...(ii) Fig. 12.4
dt y
 12.10 MATHEMATICS-XII

Putting X =50 in (i), we get: i/ = -^50^ +120^ =130.

6-5x50
= -2-5.
Putting X = 50, y = 130 in (ii), we get: dt 130

Thus, the man is approaching the top of the tower at the rate of 2-5 km/hr.
2 . .. 1
EXAMPLE 17 A man 2 m tall, walks at the rate ofl~mfsec towards a street light which is5-~ m above
3 3

the ground. At what rate is tip of his shadow moving? At what rate is the length of the shadow changing
when he is 3—mfrom the base of the light ? [NCERT EXEMPLAR}
3
1
SOLUTION Let OA be the street light of height 5—m.
3
At any time t, let PQ be the position of the

ww
man and let PR be the length of his shadow such that PR =x and OP = y.
It is given that the man is walking at the rate of —3 m/sec towards the street light.

dt
— m/sec
3

FF loo
ree
We have to find the rate at which the tip of the shadow is moving i.e. we have to find ^ + */)●

reFe
For this we require the value of —. So, let us first find oroFr
r ur
dt dt
s ff
A’s AOR and QPR are similar triangles.
1
AO _ OR
^ 16^ _ x + y ^ 8x = 3x + 3y => 5x = 3y
— m
k

3
YYouo

PQ PR 2 X
okso

Differentiating with respect to t, we obtain

BBoo

^dx „ dy -dx - 5 dx . , Fig. 12.5

r ee

-.{ii)
dt dt dt 3 dt
d d , . dx dy .5 8
-(OR) = -(x + y)=~
dt + ^
dt =-!--
3 =
[Using (i) and (ii)]
ad
ouur

dt dt 3
Yo

Thus, the tip R of the shadow PR is moving towards the base of the street light at the rate of 8/3
m/sec.
d
Re
idnY

From (ii), we obtain : ^ = -1 for all x, y.

FFin

Thus, the length of the shadow is reducing at the rate of 1 m/sec when the man is 3—m from the

base of light.
EXAMPLE 18 A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the
ground away from the wall at the rate of 2 m/sec. How fast its height on the wall decreasing when the foot
of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall? [CBSE 2012, NCERT, CBSE 2019]
SOLUTION Let AS be the position of the ladder at any time t such that OA = x and OB = y.
Then,

OA^ + OB^ = AB^ => x^ + y^ =5^ ...(i)

It is given that the bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate
of 2 m/sec.
 DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.11

dx
— = 2 m/sec.
dt
B
Now, + =52
dx dy 5 m
2x — + ly-^ = 0 y
dt ^ dt
2x(2) +2y^
^ dt
=0 ●■ — = 2
dt
X

O <— X A

dy _ 2x Fig. 12.6
=>
...(ii)
dt y
Putting x = 4 in (i), we get; y = ^25 -16 - 3. Putting x = 4 and y = 3 in (ii), we get:
— - m/sec.

ww
dt 3
g
Hence, the rate of decrease in the height of the ladder on the wall is — m/sec.
3

EXAMPLE 19 The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of

Flo
3 cmisec. How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base? INCERTl

e
SOLUTION Let at any time t, the length of each equal side be x cm and area of the triangle be A.

ree
Then,

Fr
/I =
I (BC X AD)
rF
uurr
A
A 1 X &1. X
= — x^-^-
for
2 V 4
s
A = — J4x^ -b^
kks

4 '
Yo
oooo

dA b 1
-{4x^ -b^)
2^j4x^ -b^
dt
eB

dA b dx
x8x —
ur

dt
8^4x^-b^ dt
ad
YYo

dA - dx 3bx dx
— = 3 cm/sec (given)
■^4x^ -b^ dt
dd

3b^
Re

dA
= -fs b cm^/sec.
in

^4b^ -b^
dt h-=h
F

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 20 An airforce plane is ascending vertically at the rate of 100 km/h. If the radius of the earth is
r km, hozo fast is the area of the earth, visible from the plane, increasing at 3 minutes after it started
h
ascending? Given that the visible area A at height h is given by A=2n r^
r + h

SOLUTION It is given that the plane is ascending vertically at the constant rate of 100 km/h.
— = 100 km/h
dt
3
=>
Height of the plane after 3 minutes = 100 x — = 5 km. [Using/i =vt]
60
h
Now, = 2Tzr^
r + h
12.12 MATHEMATICS-XII

dh dh , dh
dA d f h (r + /i) -h — {r + h) (r + h) -h
= 2Kr^^ = 2nr^ < dL dt = 2kt^ ■ dL dL[
dt dt r + h (r + hf (r + h)^

dA _ 2nr^ dh dA 2nr^ 200k dh

— = 100 km/h
^ X 100 =
dt ~ (r + h)^ dt dt (r + h) {r + hf dt

dA
We have to find when t = 3 minutes and at t = 3, we have h = 5 km.
dt

fdA^ 20071

ooww
dt 4 = 3 (r+5f ■
EXAMPLE 21 Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of semi-vertical angle ^at the uniform rate
of 2 err'?{sec in its surface area through a tiny hole at the vertex in the bottom. When the slant height of the

e
water is 4 cm, find the rate of decrease of the slant height of the water. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

ree
SOLUTION
rFl Let VAB be a conical funnel of semi-vertical angle At any time t the water in the

Fre
rrF
cone also forms a cone. Let r be its radius, / be the slant height and S be the surface area. Then,
K
VA'^l, O' A' =r and^A'VO' =-.
ouur
sffoo 4
A
0
B

In A VO' A', we obtain y

okks

A’
n VO' _ VO' and, sin — = O'A' ^O'A' n
Yo

f;
' jt
cos — =
i VA'~ I UA' ” I
ooo

1
4
eBB

K
V
VO' = I COS— and, O'A = / sin —.
4 4 Fig. 12.8
uurr

The surface area S of the conical funnel is given by

ad
YYo

S = k{0'A'){VA') [Using: S = tc r /]
n?
dd

K 1 j2 ● ^
S =K I sin — I = kI sm
4J 4" V2
Re
iinn

dS 2k I dl
F

dt V2 dt
2k I dl dS
-2 = = -2 cm^/sec
dt
V2
dl V2 dl V2
cm/sec.
dt K I \<^t 4k

V2
Thus, the rate of decrease of the slant height is cm/sec.
An

EXAMPLE 22 Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm^fsec. The falling sand forms a cone on the
ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the
height of the sand-cone increasing when the height is 4 cm? [NCERT,CBSE2011]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius, h be the height and V be the volume of the sand-cone at any time
t. Then,
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.13

V
V = — Tzr^h
3

V = -n{36h^)h = 12nh^ [V r = 6h] h

3

dV
= 36nh^ — A
il
x_

dt dt
Fig. 12.9
dh 1 dV
= 12 (Given)
dt 3nh^ dt

oww
fdh'\ 1 1

UUh = 4 3n{4)2 4871

Thus, the height of the sand-cone is increasing at the rate of — cm/sec.

ee
487T

FFrlo
r
EXAMPLE 23 An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm and a base of radius 5 cm. YJater is poured into it at

rF
ee
the rate of 3/2 c.c. per minute. Find the rate at which the level of water in the cone is rising when the depth
is 4 cm.

rF
ouru
SOLUTION Let a be the semi-vertical angle of the cone VAB whose height VO is 10 cm and
radius OB = 5 cm. Then,
ffosor
os k
tart a
10 " 2
ook
Yo
Y

Let Vbe the volume of the water in the cone i.e. the volume of the cone VA' B' after time t minutes
Bo
reeB

and h be the height of water. Then,

V = - 71 (OB')^ (VO')
ooY
uur

3 /I 12.
Im.
ad

=> V = — nh^ tan^ a ●.* tan a O'B' _ O'B' ^ O'B' -h tan a

dY

■ y
3 VO' h
A'
■■

10 an
nind

I
Re

1
●: tan a
F
Fi

12 2
V
dV n 2 dh TZ 2 dh
= —3h = -h Fig. 12.10
dt 12 dt 4 dt

3 ^^ ^ dV 3 3
— cm'^/minute (given)
2 4 df dt
dh 6 dh 6 3 / ●
- — cm/mm.
dt nh? ..dt //i = 4 ^(4)2 8 71

EXAMPLE 24 Water is dripping out from a conical funnel at a uniform rate of 4 err?/sec through a tiny
holeatthe vertexin thebottom. When the slant height of the water is 3 cm, find the rate of decrease cf the
slant height of the water-cone. Given that the vertical angle of thefunnel is 120®, INCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let at any time t, V be the volume of the water in the cone i.e., the volume of the
water-cone VA' B', and let / be the slant height. Then,
 12.14 f^ATHEMATlCS-XIl

>/3/ / A,
"O
B
O'A' = / sin 60° = and VO' = / cos 60°=
2 2
O'

= - n
fV3/f ^ / 7i/^ fr\/ 3ti/2 d/ A- /B'

3 2 v2y 8 dt dt
,60* M".

We are given that dt

-4 cm^/sec (negative sign due to decreasing V). V

Fig. 12.11

3n /,2 dl dV
-4 = Putting = - 4 in (i)
8 dt dt

dl 32 dl 32 32
cm/sec
37: (3)^

ww
dt 3 7t/“ dt 7/=3 27 71

32
Thus, the slant height of the water-cone is decreasing at the rate of — cm/sec.

EXAMPLE 25

cm^lsec. When the water is 6 cm deep, find at what rate is

FF loo
Water is running into a conical vessel, 15 cm deep and 5 cm in radius, at the rate of 0.1

ree
(i) the water level rising? (ii) the water-surface area increasing?
(iii) the wetted surface of the vessel increasing?

reFe
SOLUTION Let Ube the volume of the water in the cone i.e. the volume of the water-cone VA' B'
oroFr
r ur
at any time t. Let VO' =h,0'A'=r and VA' = 1. Let a be the semi-vertical angle of the cone. Then,
s ff
O'A'
tan a - A ^ Also, tan a =
= —.
r

VO ~ 15 3 VO' h
k
YYouo

1
koso

= - => 3r = /I
3 h
BBoo

(i) We have.
r ee

1 h I ^ I 3
= — t: — h = — [V 3r = /7]
3 3 V3 27
ad
ouur
Yo

dV 371
;,2 ^
dt 17 dt
d

dV
Re

3k h, 2 dh
idnY

0.1 =
dt
= 0.1 cm ^/sec (Given)
27 dt
FFin

2.7
^ ^ 2.7 dh 1

dt 3 Kh^ dt 7h = 6 3t:(36) 40t:

Thus, the water level is rising at the rate of cm/sec.

® 40tt
(ii) Let A be the water surface area at any time t. Then,
A = kt'^

A = K [v 3r=/2l
9

dA _ 2k h dh
If ~ ~9’ ~dt
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.15

When h = ^b, —
dh = 1 we obtain:
dt 4071 '
dA 2nx 6 1
X — cm^/sec
dt 9 40tc 30

Thus, the water-surface area is increasing at the rate of — cm^/sec

30

(iii) Let S be the wetted surface area of the vessel at any time t. Then, S = Krl.
From Fig. 12.12, we obtain
/2 = VA'^ = Va'^ + O'A'^

ooww
f- = + -p

P- = [V ^r = h]
9

Mh

e
I =

ree
3

rFl hVJTOh dS InyllOh dh

Fre
S = nrl => S = n S = - Mh'^
I 3A 3 9 dt 9 dt

rrF
dh 1 dS iKy/lO , 1 VIo
Since h = 6 and, — . Therefore, — X 6 X — cm /sec
ouur
dt 40ti
sffoo dt 9 40;r 30

VIo
Thus, the wetted surface area of the vessel is increasing at the rate of arr/sec.
okks

30
Yo
oo

EXAMPLE 26
A water tank has the slope of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical and
Y
BB

vertex lower most. Its semi-vertical angle is tan" ^ (05). Water is poured into it at a constant rate of 5
rre

cubic metre per hour. Find the rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant when the depth of
water in the tank is 4 m. [NCERTl
ouu
YY
ad

SOLUTION Let a be the semi-vertical angle of the water tank in the form of cone. Then,

tan a = 0.5 = i r 1
=> r
h
dd

2 h 2 2
Re
iinn

.0.
Let V A' B' be the water cone of volume V. Then, B

dV
F

- 5 m^/hr [Given] 3:::^/

dt B'
dh h
We have to find — when h = 4 m.
dt
Now,
V
y = -r^h
3 Rg. 12.13

V
1
= -71
3 U,
-f h = ^h^
12

dV dh dh 5 5 7 ., 35
X ^ = = — X — m/h - —m/h
dt 4 dt 4 dt dt 4ti 4 22 88

35
Thus, the rate of change of water level is — m/h.
88
12.16 MATHEMATICS-XII

EXAMPLE 27 A man is ?noving away from a tower 41.6 m high at the rate of 2 m/sec. Find the rate at
which the angle of elevation of the top of ioxver is changing,zuhen he is at a distance of 30 ni from the foot
of the tower. Assume that the eye level of the man is 1.6 m from the ground.
SOLUTION Let AB be the tower. Let at any time t, the man be at a distance of x metres from the
tower AB and let 0 be the angle of elevation at that time.Then,
a
BC 40
tan 0 = => tan 0 = — => X = 40 cot 0 I
PC X
V
E
dx dQ
= - 40 cosec^ 0
dt dt A

dx

oww
V^e are given that — = 2 m/sec.
dt c
dQ 1 A
2 = - 40 cosec^ 0 — => ...(ii) Fig.12.14
dt dt 20 cosec^ 0
When X = 30, we get

e
30 3

ree
[Putting .t = 30 in (i)]
rFl
cot0= —
40 4

Fre
■5 7 9 25
cosec'^ 0 = 1 + cot*^ 0 = 1 + —

rr F
16 16

2 25 dQ 1 4
ouur
Substituting cosec'^ 0 = — in (ii), we get: radians/sec
25
sfoo
16 dt 125
20 X
16
okks

Thus, the angle of elevation of the top of tower is decreasing at the rate of 4/125 radians/sec.
Yo

A kite is moving horizontally at the height of 151.5 meters. If the speed of kite is 10 m/sec,
ooo

EXAMPLE 28

how fast is the string being let out; when the kite is 250 m away from the boy who is flying the kite? The
eBB

height of the boy is 1.5 m. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION Let OA be the boy of height 1.5 m and kite be flying at a height OB =1515 m from
uurr

the horizon OX. Therefore, AB = OB-OA = (1515 -15) m = 150m.

ad

Let at any time f, kite be at P such that BP = x and AP = y. It is given that the kite is moving
YYo

horizontally at the speed of 10 m/sec.

in /
— =10 m/sec
dd

dt
Re
iinn

<^y
We have to find the rate at which the string is being let out i.e.
F

dt

when y = 250 m.
Applying Pythagoras theorem in AABP, we obtain
Ap2 = AB^ + BP^ => = 150^ + ...(i)

Differentiating (i) with respect to t, we obtain

dx dy X .. dy 10a: ...(ii)
dt dt dt y dt y

Putting y = 250 in (i), we obtain

250^ = 150^ +x^^ x^= 40000 x = 200
. ^y 200
= 8.
Putting x ~ 200 and y = 250 in (ii), we obtain: dt = 10x
250

Hence, the string is being let out at the rate of 8 m/sec.

DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.17

EXERCISE 12.2
BASIC

1.
The side of a square sheet is increasing at the rate of 4 cm per minute. At what rate is the area
increasing when the side is 8 cm long?
2.
An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm per second. How fast is the
volume of the cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm long?
3.
The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase of the
perimeter of the square.
4.
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is the rate of increase of its
circumference? [NCERT]
5.
The radius of a spherical soap bubble is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate of

ww
increase of its surface area, when the radius is 7 cm.
6.
A balloon which always remains spherical, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic
centimetres of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon is increasing
when the radius is 15 cm.

Flo
[NCERT]
7.
The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec. At what rate is the volume

e
ree
of the bubble increasing when the radius is 1 cm?
8. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed of 4 cm/sec. At the

FFr
instant when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm, how fast is the enclosed area
uurr
increasing? [NCERT]
9.
A particle moves along the curve y=x^. Find the points orr on the curve at which the
sfo
y-coordinate changes three times more rapidly than the ;c-coordinate.
kks
10. Find an angle 6
Yo
oooo

(i) which increases twice as fast as its cosine,

(ii) whose rate of increase twice is twice the rate of decrease of its consine.
eB

BASED ON LOTS

11.
A man 2 metres high walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/hr away from a lamp-post 6 metres
urr

high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases.
ad
YYo

12.
A ladder 13 m long leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is pulled along the ground
away from the wall, at the rate of 1.5 m/sec. How fast is the angle 0 between the ladder and
the ground is changing when the foot of the ladder is 12 m away from the wail.
dd
Re

A particle moves along the curve y = x^ + 2x. At what point(s) on the curve are the a: and y
inn

13.

coordinates of the particle changing at the same rate?

F

14.
If y=7^:-:r and x increases at the rate of 4 units per second, how fast is the slope of the
curve changing when ;i: = 2?
15.
The top of a ladder 6 metres long is resting against a vertical wall on a level pavement,
when the ladder begins to slide outwards. At the moment when the foot of the ladder is
4 metres from the wall, it is sliding away from the wall at the rate of 0.5 m/sec. How fast is
the top-sliding downwards at this instance?
How far is the foot from the wall when it and the top are moving at the same rate?
16. A balloon in the form of a right circular cone surmounted by a hemisphere, having a
diametre equal to the height of the cone, is being inflated. How fast is its volume changing
with respect to its total height h, when h = 9 cm.
17.
Water is running into an inverted cone at the rate of .n cubic metres per minute. The height
of the cone is 10 metres, and the radius of its base is 5 m. How fast the water level is rising
when the water stands 7.5 m below the base.
12.18 MATHEMATICS-XII

18. The surface area of a spherical bubble is increasing at the rate of 2 cm^/s. When the radius
of the bubble is 6 cm, at what rate is the volume of the bubble increasing? [CBSE20051
19. The radius of a cylinder is increasing at the rate 2 cm/sec. and its altitude is decreasing at
the rate of3cm/sec. Find the rate of change of volume when radius is 3 cm and altitude
5 cm. ICBSE 20171
20. The volume of metal in a hollow sphere is constant. If the inner radius is increasing at the
rate of 1 cm/sec, find the rate of increase of the outer radius when the radii are 4 cm and
8 cm respectively.
21. A particle moves along the curve y = — +1. Find the points on the curve at which the
\ 3y
y-coordinate is changing twice as fast as the x-coordinate.
22. Find the point on the curve y^ = 8x for which the abscissa and ordinate change at the same

w
rate. [CBSE 2002C]

23, The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cm^/ sec. How fast is the surface area

Flo
increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm?
24. The volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 25 cm^/sec. Find the rate of

ee
change of its surface area at the instant when radius is 5 cm. ICBSE 2004,2017]
25. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y is

Fr
increasing at the rate of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates of change
of (i) the perimeter (ii) the area of the rectangle. [CBSE 2009]
for
ur
26. A circular disc of radius 3 cm is being heated. Due to expansion, its radius increases at
the rate of 0.05 cm/sec. Find the rate at which its area is increasing when radius is 3.2 cm.
[NCERTJ
ks

BASED ON HOTS
Yo
oo

27. Sand is being poured onto a conical pile at the constant rate of 50 cm^/minute such that the
height of the cone is always one half of the radius of its base. How fast is the height of the
eB

pile increasing when the sand is 5 cm deep.

28. A kite is 120 m high and 130 m of string is out. If the kite is moving away horizontally at the
r

rate of 52 m/sec, find the rate at which the string is being paid out.
ou
ad

ANSWERS
Y

1. 64 cm^/minute 2. 900 cm^/sec 3. 0.8 cm/sec 4. 1.4 71 cm/sec

nd
Re

5. 11.27tcm2/sec 6. 1/t: cm/sec 7. 27tcm /sec 8. 807icm2/sec

Fi

9. (1,1), (-1,-1) 10. (i) 7n/6 (ii) tu/6 11. 5/2 km/h 12. 0.3 radian/sec

13. (-1/2,-3/4) 14. 48 15. i m/sec, 3^^2m 16. 12;i:cm^/sec

s
17. 0.64 metre/minute 18. 6cm'^/sec 19. 337ucm^/sec 20. 1/4 cm/sec

21. (1,5/3) and (-1,1/3) 22. (2,4) 23. 3.6cm^/sec

24. 10 cm^/sec 25. (i) -2cm/minute (ii) 2 cm/minute 26. 0.320 Tc cm^/sec
27. l/27t cm/minute 28. 20 m/sec.
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

10. (i) We have,

7k
=2— (cos 0) ^ — = - 2 sin 0 — ^ sin 0 = - i2 0=
rf0
dt dr frf dt 6

(ii) It is given that

DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.19

d
dt
= -2
do
(cos0)=>^=2sin0
dt
—
dt
=> sin0= —2 => 0= —6
12. Let the bottom of the ladder be at a distance x m from the wall and the top be at a height y
from the ground. Then,
4 1/^ = 13^ and tan 0 = —
X

X
dy dx
do -y
dt dt
lx ~ + 2y — = 0 and sec^ 0
dt dt dt x^
dy 3y
dy
x
2 do dt 2 dx
3x+2y = 0 and sec 0 = 15

w
dt dt dt

a: X -

^ - -h 2

Flo
, 2 A
and sec 0 — =
dt 2y dt

ee
do _ 3 {x^ + \f-) 3 (x^+y^) _ 3 (A.'^+y^) 3

Fr
dt
2x^ysec^0 2 2 qj 2 2y
.r^y 1-^
for I ^
ur
When x=12, x^4y^=13^=^ y=5. ^___3
dt ~ 10
ks

13. We have, y=x^ + 2x ^ = (2x + 2)

dx 1
Yo

=> 1 = 2x + 2 => X =-
oo

dt dt 2

14. We have, m = Slope of the curve = ^ = 7 - 3x^.

eB

u
dx
}

Now, m-7 - 3x^

ur

dm
= -6x^ = -6x(4)=-24x dx
ad

= 4 (given)
Yo

dt dt dt
dm
= -48
d

dt Jx = 2
Re
in

dS ^ dr 2
18. We have, S = 47ur^ => — =8;tr
F

dt di dt 8nr

Now,
dV 2 dr dV
V = -nr^ = 4xr = 47rr^ X — r
[Using (i))
3 dt dt dt 8xr
dV
Hence = 6 when r = 6.
' dt
dr dh
19. We have, V = nr^ h, = 2 and - = -3
dt dt
dV dr 2 dh dV
V = nrh K 2r h — 4 r = 7c(4/-/i - 3r^)
dt dt dt dt

dV
When r = 3,h =5, we obtain: = Ji (60 - 27) = 337T
dt
12.20 MATHEMATICS-XII

ly
26. Let r be the radius and A be the area of the disc at any time t. Then, A = nr . It is given that
— - 0.05 cm/sec.
dt

Now, A = nr

dA dr dA
= 2 Tir— ^ = 2 71X 3.2 X 0.05 = 0.320 n cm^/sec.
dt dt dt /r=3.2
(Kite)
28. We have, + (120)^
^ „ dx dy X dx dy x dx
— =52
^ dt dt dt y dt dt y dt

ww
Putting y =130 in =;r^ + (120)^, weget s:=50.
rfy _ 52 X 50 = 20.

Flo
tT~ 130

ee
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

rere
x

rFF
1. The rate of change of +16 with respect to x-l
at X = 3 is

2. The rate of change of the surface are of a sphere of radius r when the radius is increasing at
uurr
foor
the rate of 2 cm/sec is

The diagonal of a square is changing at the rate of ^ cm/sec. Then the rate of change of area,
ks s
3.
Yoo
oook

when the area is 400 cm , is equal to

eBB

4. The rate of change of volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area, when the radius is
2 cm, is
uurr

5. The angle 0, 0 < 0 < — , which increases twice as fast as its sine, is
ad
Yo

6. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The rate at which
the area increases, when the side is 10 cm, is
dY

7. Gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the rate of 30 cm}/min. The rate at which
Re
innd

the radius increases when it reaches the value 15 cm, is

FFi

8. The distance s described by a particle in t seconds is given by s =ae^ +-^. Then the
acceleration of the particle at time t is equal to
9. The volume V and depth x of water in a vessel are connected by the relation V = 5x 6
and
the volume of water is increasing the rate of 5 cm?/sec, when x = 2 cm. The rate of which the
depth of water is increasing is equal to
10. Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank of radius 2 ft at the rate of 8 cubic/minute.
The rate at which the water level is rising, is
11. If the radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec, then the rate of increase of its
circumference is [CBSE2020]
12. The radius of a circle is increasing at the uniform rate of 3 cm/sec. At the instant when the
radius of the circle is 2 cm, its area increases at the rate of cmVsec. [CBSE2020]
DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURER 12.21

-rfcrr
ANSWERS
-12 TC
1. 2. 16nr 3. 10V2cm^/sec 4. 1 5. - 6. 10->/3 sq.unit/sec
5 6
1 15 2
7. cm/min 8. $ 9. —cm/sec 10. — ft/minute 11- Ticm/sec 12. 12n
3071 13 n

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
1. If a particle moves in a straight line such that the distance travelled in time t is given by

ooww
s =t^ -6t^ + 9t + 8. Find the initial velocity of the particle.
2. The volume of a sphere is increasing at 3 cubic centimeter per second. Find the rate of
increase of the radius, when the radius is 2 cms.
3. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. How far is the area

e
ree
increasing when the side is 10 cms? [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

rFl
4. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.1 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase of its

Fre
perimeter.

rrF
5. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/sec. Find the rate of increase of its
circumference. sffoo
ouur
1
6. The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of — cm/sec. Find the rate of
oksk
3

increase of its perimeter.

Yo
oo

7. Find the surface area of a sphere when its volume is changing at the same rate as its radius.
Y
BB

8. If the rate of change of volume of a sphere is equal to the rate of change^f its radius, find the
radius of the sphere.
rre

9. The amount of pollution content added in air in a city due to x diesel vehicles is given
ouu

hy P {x) = 0.005:r^ + 0.02ar^ + 30a:. Find the marginal increase in pollution content when
Y
ad

3 diesel vehicles are added and write which value is

dY

indicated in the above questions.

[CBSE 20131
innd
Re

10. A ladder, 5 meter long, standing on a horizontal floor, leans against a vertical wall. If the
top of the ladder slides down wards at the rate of 10 cm/sec, then find the rate at which the
Fi
F

angle between the floor and ladder is decreasing when lower end of ladder is 2 metres from
the wall. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS

1. 9 units/unit time 2. 3/16;icm/sec 3. 10 cm^/sec 4. 0.4 cm/sec

5. 71 cm/sec 6. 1 cm/sec 7. 1 square unit 8. l/lfn units
9. 30.255 units. Pollution level due to x diesel vehicles. 10. 1/20 radian/second