Antiderivatives of Polynomial

Functions and
Antidifferentiation Theorems
Basic Calculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

• Illustrate an antiderivative of a
function (STEM_BC11I-IVa-1).
• Compute the general
antiderivative of polynomial
functions. (STEM_BC11I-IV-a-b-1).
2
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

• Illustrate an antiderivative of a
function.
• Compute the general antiderivative of
polynomial functions.
• Determine a particular antiderivative
satisfying certain conditions.
3
 Antiderivatives

A function 𝐹 is called the

antiderivative of the function 𝑓
′
on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
for every value of 𝑥 in 𝐼.
4
 Antiderivatives

The expression 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 is called

the general antiderivative of 𝑓
since it generalizes the family of
antiderivatives of 𝑓.
5
 The Indefinite Integral

The process of finding all antiderivatives

of 𝑓 𝑥 is called antidifferentiation. The
other term used for this process is
integration, and we also call an
antiderivative an integral of 𝑓.
6
 The Indefinite Integral

The symbol ∫ , called the integral sign, is

used to denote the integral of a function.
The integral of 𝑓(𝑥) can be written as:

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶
7
 The Indefinite Integral

This is called an indefinite integral.

integrand antiderivative of 𝑓

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶

variable of constant of
integration integration
8
 The Indefinite Integral

Basic Integration Rules

න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑛+1
𝑛
𝑥
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, where 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1 9
 The Indefinite Integral

Example 1:
3
What is ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥?
10
 Theorems on Indefinite Integral

Constant Multiple Theorem

න 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

11
 Theorems on Indefinite Integral

Example 2:
2
What is ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥?
12
 Theorems on Indefinite Integral

Sum or Difference Theorem

න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

13
 Theorems on Indefinite Integral

Example 3:
3 2
What is ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥?

14
How can the indefinite
integral
𝟐
∫ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
be solved?
15
Let’s Practice!

1. What is ∫ 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙?

16
Try It!

1. What is ∫ −𝟔𝒙 𝒅𝒙?

17
Remember
Do not forget the constant of
integration when solving for
general antiderivatives. This
constant indicates that the answer
is a general antiderivative, and not
a particular or specific
antiderivative. 18
Let’s Practice!

2. Evaluate the integral

𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
∫ 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒅𝒙.

19
Try It!

2. Evaluate the integral

න 𝟔𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙.

20
Let’s Practice!

3. Evaluate the integral

𝟐
∫ 𝟒𝒕 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒕.

21
Try It!

3. Evaluate the integral

𝟐
න 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟖 𝟗𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟔𝟒 𝒅𝒕.

22
 Let’s Practice!

4. Find a function 𝑭 𝒙
′ 𝟐
satisfying 𝑭 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 and
𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐.

23
 Let’s Practice!

Find a function 𝑭 𝒙 satisfying

′ 𝟐
𝑭 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 and
𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐.
𝟑
𝑭 𝒙 =𝒙 +𝟒
24
Try It!

4. Find a function
′ 𝟑
satisfying 𝑭 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙
and 𝑭 𝟏 = −𝟐.
25
 Check Your Understanding

Direction: Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 9𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2. ∫ 3𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 1 𝑑𝑧
2
4. ∫ 𝑡 − 4 𝑑𝑡
5. ∫ 𝑡 − 6 𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 + 36 𝑑𝑡
26
 Check Your Understanding

Direction: Find a function 𝑭 𝒙 satisfying the given

conditions.
′
1. 𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑥 ; 𝐹 1 = 2
′ 2
2. 𝐹 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2 ; 𝐹 −3 = −32
′ 3 13
3. 𝐹 (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 6 ; 𝐹 −1 =
2
27
 Photo Credits Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early
Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early

Transcendental Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
● Slides 2-3: Mount Everest by Gunther Hagltner is
licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.
Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins
College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York:

McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social
Sciences: A Brief Approach. Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage
Learning, 2012.

28
 Antiderivatives of
Radical Functions
Basic Calculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Illustrate an antiderivative of a
function (STEM_BC11I-IVa-1).
● Compute the general antiderivative
of radical functions
(STEM_BC11I-IVa-b-1).
30
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Illustrate an antiderivative of a
radical function.
● Solve for the general
antiderivative of a radical
function. 31
 Recall of Indefinite Integral

Antidifferentiation or integration is the

process of finding antiderivatives. The
antiderivative is also called the indefinite
integral because it does not give a
specific function, but a family of
functions. 32
Recall of Basic Integration Rules

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
න𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪 න𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
where 𝑎 is a real number where 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏

Constant Multiple Theorem Sum or Difference Theorem

න𝒄 ∙ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 ∙ න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

33
Remember

When writing an indefinite integral,

always remember to write 𝑑𝑥 at the
end of the integrand if you are
integrating the function with respect
to 𝑥 . The function between the
integral sign and 𝑑𝑥 is the function to
be integrated.
34
 Recall of Radical Function

A radical function is a function that

contains a radical expression in the
independent variable.
Examples:
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
b. 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 + 2
35
 Recall of Radical Function

Recall that any radical expressions of the form

𝑛
𝑎𝑚 can be expressed in exponential form as
𝑚
𝑎 .
𝑛

Examples:
1
5
a. 𝑥 = 𝑥 5
3
4
b. 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 4
36
 Antiderivatives of Radical Functions

Example 1:
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
37
Let’s Practice!

𝟑
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

38
Try It!

𝟒
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .

39
Let’s Practice!

2. Evaluate ∫ 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙.

40
Try It!

𝟑
2. Evaluate ∫ 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙.

41
Let’s Practice!

𝟑
3. Evaluate ∫ 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

42
Try It!

3. Evaluate ∫ −𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

43
Let’s Practice!

𝟓
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒅𝒙.

44
Try It!

4. Evaluate ∫ 𝟒 + 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

45
 Check Your Understanding

Direction: Determine whether each statement is true or

false.
1. The antiderivative of a constant 𝑎 with respect to 𝑥 is
𝑎𝑥 plus a constant.
𝑥 𝑛+1
2. The antiderivative of 𝑥𝑛 with respect to 𝑥 is plus
𝑛+1
a constant for any real number 𝑛.
3. The indefinite integral represents a family of
functions with the same derivative. 46
 Check Your Understanding

Direction: Evaluate the following integrals.

7
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥
4
3. ∫ 7 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
4. ∫ −𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10 𝑑𝑥
47
Bibliography

Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach. Australia:
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

48