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The document outlines qualitative analysis methods for detecting cations and anions in unknown samples, detailing specific tests and observations for various ions. It includes tests for cations such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+, as well as anions like Cl-, CO32-, and SO42-. Additionally, it provides information on the solubility of different ionic compounds in water.

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4 views6 pages

QA notes

The document outlines qualitative analysis methods for detecting cations and anions in unknown samples, detailing specific tests and observations for various ions. It includes tests for cations such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+, as well as anions like Cl-, CO32-, and SO42-. Additionally, it provides information on the solubility of different ionic compounds in water.

Uploaded by

MR Chan 749
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TWGHs Chen Zao Men College

S5 Chemistry

Qualitative Analysis
Perform tests to deduce the cations and anions in unknown samples

Marking criteria:
⚫ Observations are described accurately.
⚫ Unknown samples are distinguished correctly and logically.
⚫ Correct chemical equations and reasonable explanations.
Detecting the presence of cations

Cation Test Observation(s)

Na+ Perform flame test on the solid sample. Golden yellow flame

K+ Perform flame test on the solid sample. Lilac flame

Ca2+ Perform flame test on the solid sample. Brick red flame

1. Add a drop of NaOH to the aqueous solution of the sample, then add White precipitate formed. The precipitate does not dissolve
excess NaOH to the solution. in excess NaOH.
2+
Mg
2. Add a drop of NH3 to the aqueous solution of the sample, then add White precipitate formed. The precipitate does not dissolve
excess NH3 to the solution. in excess NH3.

1. Add a drop of NaOH to the aqueous solution of the sample, then add White precipitate formed. The precipitate dissolved to form a
excess NaOH to the solution. colourless solution when the NaOH is in excess.
Zn2+
2. Add a drop of NH3 to the aqueous solution of the sample, then add White precipitate formed. The precipitate dissolved to form a
excess NH3 to the solution. colourless solution when the NH3 is in excess.
Addition of NaOH
Addition of NH3
Detecting the presence of anions

Anion Test Observation(s)

Add a few drops of HNO3 and a few drops of AgNO3 respectively, then White precipitate formed.
–
Cl add the aqueous solution of the sample to the mixture.

CO32– Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the aqueous solution of the sample. Colourless gas bubbles formed.

Add a few drops of HCl and a few drops of BaCl2 respectively, then add White precipitate formed.
SO42– the aqueous solution of the sample to the mixture.
Solubility in water

Ionic compound Solubility in water Remarks

Potassium, sodium and ammonium salts Soluble

Nitrates Soluble

Hydrogencarbonates Soluble

Halides (chlorides, bromides and iodides) Soluble Except:


• silver halides (AgCl, AgBr and AgI)
• lead(II) halides (PbCl2, PbBr2 and PbI2)

Sulphates Soluble Except:


• silver sulphate (Ag2SO4)
• lead(II) sulphate (PbSO4)
• barium sulphate (BaSO4)
• calcium sulphate (CaSO4; only sparingly soluble)

Carbonates Insoluble Except:


• potassium carbonate (K2CO3)
• sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
• ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)

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