CHEMISTRY FACILITATION

KEY POINTS AND REQUIREMENTS WHEN PREPARING FOR

A PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Kamotho F. G
BEFORE THE EXAMINATIONS
 Syllabus coverage
 Practical approach to teaching
 Attitude
 Objectives as outlined in the syllabus
 Mastery of the content
 Layout of the papers
 Learner participation
 Evaluations
How to make observations and deductions

Observations are changes you see when you carry out a

test or experiment. Observations are;
 Colour changes
 Formation of precipitate
 Gases evolved, including colour, smell.
 Sound, heat or light produced
How to make observations and deductions
Tests for gases
 Do not waste time testing for gases unless you know a gas is
being produced or unless its indicated in the instructions that
test for and identify any gas being produced.


 Gases can be detected by:
 i). Colour
 ii). Effervescence (bubbling of gas)
 iii). Smell
 iv). Effect on moist litmus papers or dichromate paper
Deductions/Inferences
Deductions are something you can say about the unknown substances. This can
be:
 Anions and cations present in the unknown substance (e.g. SO42-, or Fe2+ ions)
 The substance is an oxidizing or reducing agent
 The substance is saturated or unsaturated (incase of organic substances)
Deductions/Inferences
 Deductions must be specific.
 A common mistake is to simply write; “Cu2+. You should write Cu2+ present
 Do not forget that even tests that show no precipitate formed often have a
deduction.
 Another common fault is to give the identity of gases as deduction. Your
deduction is what type of a substance has produced the gas.
 Deductions must be written as soon as you have recorded your observations.
 Do not leave all the deductions until you have completed all the tests. If you
do this, you may miss important observations and deductions in other tests,
often need the deductions from earlier test to make sense of later tests .
AREAS TESTED IN PAPER THREE
 The following six areas are commonly tested in 233/3
1. Volumetric analysis
2. Qualitative analysis (inorganic & Organic)
3. Flame tests
4. Solubility & Solubility curves
5. Reaction rates
6. Enthalpy changes
Qualitative ANALYSIS - INORGANICS
 Identification of cations (metallic ions)
 The common reagents used in the identification of cations are:
i. Sodium hydroxide solution
ii. Aqueous ammonia
iii.Soluble chlorides
iv.Soluble sulphates

 In most cases candidates are required to prepare small quantities

of solution in a boiling tube or test tube for the unknown
substance.
 If the substance is being tested is insoluble in water, dilute
hydrochloric acid or dilute nitric acid must be used.
Addition of NaOH Solution
Test Observation Inference
Add a few drops of a). No white precipitate Na+, K+, NH4+
NaOH solution drop formed present.
wise until in excess b). White precipitate , Ca2+ or Mg2+
insoluble in excess of present
NaOH(aq)
c). White precipitate, Pb2+,Al3+ or Zn2+
soluble in excess present
NaOH (aq)
forming a colourless
solution.
d). Green precipitate Fe2+ present
insoluble in excess
NaOH (aq)
e). Brown precipitate Fe3+ present
 Addition of aqueous ammonia
Test Observation Inference
Add a few drops of a). No white Ca2+ present/ Na+,
NH3(aq) solution until in precipitate K+, NH4+
excess formed
b). White precipitate , Mg2+,Pb2+ or Al3+
insoluble in present
excess of NH3(aq)
c). White precipitate, Zn2+ present
soluble in excess
NH3(aq).
d). Green precipitate Fe2+ present
insoluble
in excess
e). Brown precipitate Fe3+ present
insoluble
 Addition of soluble chlorides or sulphates

Test Observation Inference

Add a few drops or (a White precipitate Pb2+, Ag+ ions

known volume) of dilute formed present.
HCl or NaCl(aq) to a
solution in a test tube.
Add a few drops of dilute White precipitate Ca2+, Pb2+ or Ba2+
H2SO4 or Na2SO4 to a formed present.
solution in a test tube.
 Identification of Cations Using the Flame Test
Test Observation Inference
Dip a clean platinum a). Lilac or purple K+ present.
wire or a glass rod into flame
a solution of salt b). Golden yellow Na+ present
flame
c). Crimson flame Li+ present
d). Brick-red flame Ca2+ present
e). Green-blue Cu2+ present
flame
 Identification of Anions
Test Observation Inference
1). Add dilute acid e.g. HCl to a Effervescence /bubbles of a gas CO32- or HCO3-
solution in a test tube are produced. SO2-3 present
2). Add barium Chloride or Barium White precipitate formed which is SO42- present
nitrate solution to a solution in a insoluble in dilute HCl acid
test tube followed by dilute HCl
acid or dil HNO3
3). Add barium Chloride or Barium White precipitate is formed which SO32- or CO32-
nitrate solution to a solution in a dissolves on the addition of the present
test tube followed by dilute nitric acid
acid or dil. HCl respectively
4).Add lead (II) nitrate to a solution
White precipitate formed which Cl- present
in a test tube followed by warming dissolved on boiling
b).White precipitate insoluble on SO42- or CO3-2 or SO32-
boiling present
5).Add a small quantity of cold, A brown ring forms in the NO3- present
iron (II) sulphate solution. Gently junction of the two layers
pour concentrated H2SO4 acid
down the side of the tube.
Qualitative ANALYSIS - ORGANICS
 The two common reagents used in the identification
of organic compounds are:
i. Flame
ii. Halogens (Bromine water)
iii.Oxidizing Agents
iv.pH
v. Carbonates or Hydrogen carbonates
vi.Esterification (Alkanol or Alkanoic acid)
SOLUBILITY AND SOLUILITY CURVES
You are provided with:
 4.5g of solid A in a boiling tube
 You are required to determine:
The solubility of solids A at different temperatures
 Procedure
i. Using a burette add 4cm 3 of distilled water to solid A in the boiling tube . Heat the
mixture while stirring with the thermometer to about 70 0c .When all the solid has
dissolved allow the solution to cool while stirring with the thermometer. Note the
temperature at which crystals of solid A first appear. Record this temperature in table 1.
ii. Using the burette, add 2cm 3 of distilled water to the contents of the boiling tube warm
the mixture while stirring with the thermometer until all the solid dissolves. Allow the
mixture to cool while stirring. Note and record the temperature at which crystals of solid A
first appear.
iii. Repeat procedure (b) two more times and record the temperature in the table 1. Retain
the contents of the boiling tube for use in the procedure (e).
iv. Complete table 1 by calculating the solubility of solid A at the different temperature. The
solubility of a substance is the mass of that substance that dissolves in 100cm 3 (100g) of
water at a particular temperature.
SOLUBILITY AND SOLUILITY CURVES
 Table 1
Volume of water Temperature at Solubility of solid
in the boiling which crystals of A
tube (cm3) solid A first appear (g/100g water
( 0C )
4 66.0 112.5
6 57.0 75
8 49.5 56
10 44.0 45
SOLUBILITY AND SOLUILITY CURVES
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS (TITRATION)
(4 marks)
 Complete table – 1 mark
 Decimal – 1 mark
 Accuracy – 1 mark
 Principle of averaging – 1 mark
 Final accuracy - 1 mark

Titre I II III
Final burette reading
Initial burette reading
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS (TITRATION)
Notes
 Strange values
 Consequential marking
 Rounding off
 Alternative methods
 Units
REACTION RATES
Factors tested in Chemistry Practical
 Concentration
 Temperature

You are provided with:

• Solution A containing an oxidising agent A;
•Solution B, 0.05M aqueous sodium thiosulphate;
•Solution C , containing a reducing agent C;
•Aqueous potassium iodide;
•Solution D, starch solution.
You are required to determine the:
•Rate of reaction between the oxidising agent A and the
reducing agent C.
Procedure
1.Label six test tubes as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and a place them in test-
tube rack.
2.Using a clean burette, measure the volumes of distilled water
shown n table 2 into the labelled test tubes
3.Using a burette, measure the volumes of solution A shown in table
2 into each of the test tubes
4.Clean the burette and rinse it with about 5cm 3 of solution C.
5.Using the burette, measure 5cm3 of solution C and place it into a
100ml beaker.
6.Using a 10ml measuring cylinder, measure 5 cm 3 of solution D and
add it to the beaker containing solution C and Shake Pour the
Test-tube number 1 2 3 4 5 6
contents of test – tube number 1 to the mixture in the beaker and
Volume of distilled 0 2 3 5 6 7
immediately3 start a stop watch. Swirl the contents of the beaker.
water (cm )
Record the time taken for a blue colour to appear in table 2.
Volumesteps
7.Repeat of solution A the
5 to 7 using 10contents
8 of test-
7 5 numbers
tube 4 3
(cm 3
2,3,4,5) and 6.
 You are provided with:
•1.0M Sulphuric acid
•Potassium manganate (VII) solution D
•Aqueous glucose, solution X
You are required to:
Determine the rate of reaction between acidified potassium manganate
(VII) and aqueous glucose at different temperatures.
Procedure
•Place 2cm3 of solution D into a 250ml beaker. Using a 100ml measuring
cylinder, add 50cm3 of 1.0M Sulphuric acid to the beaker containing
solution D. Y

•Heat the mixture to about 65oC, add 15cm3 of solution X and start a stop
watch immediately.
•Stir the mixture using a thermometer and65
note60
the time
Temperature before mixing (oC) 55and50temperature
45
at which the colour of the mixture changes from purple to colourless.
Temperature when solution
becomes colourless
•Clean the beaker ( o
and repeat C)the procedure at temperatures, 60oC, 55oC,
Time (seconds)
50oC and 45oC to complete table 7.0 11.0 22.0 43. 74.0
 ENTHALPY CHANGES
You are provided with:
 Solid A
 M hydrochloric acid, solution B
 0.1M sodium hydroxide
You are required to determine the enthalpy change ∆H, for the
reaction between solid A and one mole of hydrochloric acid.
Procedure A
Using a burette, place 20.0cm3 of 2.0M hydrochloric acid,
solution B in a 100ml. Beaker. Measure the temperature of the
solution after every half-minute and record the values in table
1. At exactly 2 ½ minutes, add all of solid A to the acid. Stir the
mixture gently with the thermometer. Measure the temperature
of the(min)
Time mixture after every
0 ½half-minute
1 1 ½and2 record
2 3the 3values
½ 4 in 4 ½ 5
table 1. (Retain the mixture for use in procedure B).
½
Tem (0C) 18 18 18 18. 18. X 13 13. 13 13.5 14.
.0 .0 .0 0 0 .0 0 .5 0
 ∆T
Tem
pera
ture
(OC)
Time
(minutes)
You are provided with:
•Solution A, aqueous copper (II) sulphate:
•Solid B, iron powder:
You are required to determine the molar heat of displacement of copper
by iron.
PROCEDURE I.
Using a burette, place 50.0cm3 of solution A in a 100 ml beaker. Measure
the temperature of the solution and record it in table I below. Add all of
solid B provided at once and start a stop watch. Stir the mixture
Table I.
thoroughly with the thermometer and record the temperature of the
mixture
Time after every one0minute1in the table.
(Min.) 2 Retain
3 the mixture
4 5 6for use
7 in
procedure II below.
Temperature (0C)
Temperatur
e

Time
CHEMISTRY THEORY PRESENTATION.
 COMMON AREAS IN EXAMS.
 MARKING REQUIREMENTS
 SUGGESTED TEACHING/REVISION
1.Correcting errors, completion of set-ups, and drawing of
complete set ups
 Positioning of apparatus during experiments
 inclusion of other conditions (heat, catalyst, thermometers, water
bath/sand bath)
 at the drying stage
 At collection point
 Workability

2. Separation of mixtures
3. Uses of substances(applications)
4. redox reactions
CHEMISTRY THEORY PRESENTATION.
5. Definition of terms –
 all definitions must be exact, avoid working definitions
6. Distinguishing between two terms-
 done by defining each one of them
7. The periodic table
 Chemical families
 Trends in physical properties of atoms
 Changes in bond type and structure across period three
 Writing formula of compounds formed between two elements.
 Writing of an equation.
8. Bonding
 Bond types: -should include how the bond is formed
 explaining hydrogen bond must bring out the fact it’s an
additional bond, not the main/only bond in a substance
9. Structures
CHEMISTRY THEORY PRESENTATION.
10. Salts
 Preparation of salts
 Properties of salts: solubility and action of heat
11. Description
12. Conductivity of substance (flow of electrons)
13. Carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and their compounds
 Preparation of gases
 Set ups of apparatus
 Industrial processes
14. Gas laws and other laws/principles
 Must be tested in recognition of the great scientists.
 Must be stated as it is, include factors to be kept constant)
 Stating, explanation (in terms of kinetic theory where necessary),
graphical representation and application. (calculations)
CHEMISTRY THEORY PRESENTATION.
15. Name – Give the name and avoid the formula
16. Identify-can either use name or formula
17. Organic 1 and 2
 Simple reactions
 Distinguishing organic compounds using chemical test
 Name and type of reaction
 Name – depends on the reagent being used, it’s more specific.
 Type- depends on the reaction mechanism.
 Drawing of organic structures
 Isomerism
 Polymers
CHEMISTRY THEORY PRESENTATION.
18. Acids, Bases And Salts
 Effect of nature of solvent to the chemical properties of the
solution
 Strength of acids/bases (definitions)
 Amphoteric oxides/hydroxides
 Complex ions
 Water hardness
19. Energy Changes
 DH notation (exothermic/endothermic reactions)
 Where is a rise/drop in temperature?
 What is this environment?
 thermochemical eqn
 bond energies
 simple calculations on energy changes
 fuels
CHEMISTRY THEORY PRESENTATION.
20. RATES OF RXNS AND EQUILIBRIA
 Factors that determine rate of rxn
 Simple graphs on rates of rxn both change of reactant/product with
time
 Meaning of reversible rxn
 Meaning of equilibrium of reversible rxn-rate of forward reaction
equals rate of backward reaction)
 Factors that effects of equilibria (Le Chateliers principle)
21. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
 Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron loss and electron gain:
Oxidation numbers
 Application of E0 values
 Drawing and labeling the electrochemical cell.
 Application of electrolysis
 Commercial cells
CHEMISTRY THEORY PRESENTATION.
22. Metals
 General methods of extraction (reasons for method used to
extract)
 Common names of ores not chemical names
 Pollution effects(be specific)-as discussed earlier(after every metal)
23. Calculations
24. Graphs
25. Laboratory Procedures
26. Tied marks
The pause

Thank you for the keen

audience