Calculus 0413 Midterm 1

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Mar. 31, 2022

Problem 1. (25pts) True or False

T (1) let the curve be represented by γ(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j, where γ : R Ñ R2 . If r = }γ(t)}, then
dr
γ(t) ¨ γ 1 (t) = r ¨ .
dt
T (2) If }γ(t)} = 2, then γ(t) is orthogonal to γ 1 (t) for each t.

In the following, D is always an open region in the plane, (a, b) is always a point in D, and
f : D Ñ R is a function of two variables.

T (3) If Du f (x, y) exists, then Du f (x, y) = ´D´u f (x, y).

F (4) If f is differentiable at (a, b), then fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) are both continuous at (a, b).

Problem 2. (8pts) Find the tangent vector T and the principal normal vector N for the space curve
r(t) = (2 sin t)i ´ (2 cos t)j + tk.

Solution. Since r(t) = (2 sin t)i ´ (2 cos t)j + tk, so

r1 (t) = (2 cos t)i + (2 sin t)j + k

? ? ?
and }r1 (t)} = 4 cos2 t + 4 sin2 t + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5. Thus, the tangent vector T is

r1 (t) 2 2 1
T(t) = = ( ? cos t)i + ( ? sin t)j + ? k.
}r1 (t)} 5 5 5
Since
2 2
T1 (t) = (´ ? sin t)i + ( ? cos t)j + 0 k
5 5
c
1 4 2 4 2
and }T (t)} = sin t + cos2 t + 02 = ? , so the principal normal vector N(t) is
5 5 5
N(t) = ´ sin t i + cos t j .

Problem 3. (6pts) Evaluate the value of the limit

2 y2
lim (x2 + y 2 )x
(x,y)Ñ(0,0)

if it exists.
Solution. Consider the limit
2 y2
lim ln(x2 + y 2 )x = lim (x2 y 2 ) ln(x2 + y 2 )
(x,y)Ñ(0,0) (x,y)Ñ(0,0)

x2 y 2
= lim ¨ (x2 + y 2 ) ¨ ln(x2 + y 2 ) .
(x,y)Ñ(0,0) x2 + y 2

(i) Since
x2 y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
0ď ď = x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
and lim (x2 + y 2 ) = 0, by the Squeeze Theorem,
(x,y)Ñ(0,0)

x2 y 2
lim = 0.
(x,y)Ñ(0,0) x2 + y 2

(ii) Let t = x2 + y 2 . We obtain that

lim (x2 + y 2 ) ln(x2 + y 2 ) = lim t ln t = 0 . (check it!)

(x,y)Ñ(0,0) tÑ0

2 y2
By (i)(ii), lim ln(x2 + y 2 )x = 0. Thus,
(x,y)Ñ(0,0)

2 y2 2 +y 2 )x2 y 2 2 +y 2 )x2 y 2
lim (x2 + y 2 )x = lim eln(x = elim(x,y)Ñ(0,0) ln(x = e0 = 1 .
(x,y)Ñ(0,0) (x,y)Ñ(0,0)

Problem 4. (1) (6pts) Suppose that F (x, y) is differentiable and that the equation F (x, y) = 0
defines y implicitly as a differentiable function of x. Prove that any point where Fy ‰ 0,

dy Fx
=´ .
dx Fy

dy
(2) (6pts) Use (1) to find if x3 + x2 y ´ 3y 2 ´ 5xy ´ x2 + 4y = 20.
dx
Solution. (1) 請參考上課筆記。

(2) Let F (x, y) = x3 + x2 y ´ 3y 2 ´ 5xy ´ x2 + 4y ´ 20 = 0. It implies that

Fx (x, y) = 3x2 + 2xy ´ 5y ´ 2x and Fy (x, y) = x2 ´ 6y ´ 5x + 4 .

Thus,
dy Fx 3x2 + 2xy ´ 5y ´ 2x
=´ =´ 2
dx Fy x ´ 6y ´ 5x + 4
if x2 ´ 6y ´ 5x + 4 ‰ 0.
˝
 ? ?
Problem 5. (8pts) Find the arc length of the curve r(t) = 2t i + 2t j + (1 ´ t2 ) k from (0, 0, 1) to
? ?
( 2, 2, 0).
? ? ? ? ?
Solution. Since r(t) = 2t i + 2t j + (1 ´ t2 ) k, so r1 (t) = 2 i + 2 j ´ 2t k and }r1 (t)} = 2 1 + t2 .
? ?
Since r(t1 ) =ă 0, 0, 1 ą as t1 = 0 and r(t2 ) =ă 2, 2, 0 ą as t2 = 1, the arc length is
ż t2
L= }r1 (t)} dt
t1
ż1 ? ż π/4
= 2
2 1 + t dt = 2 sec3 θ dθ (Let t = tan θ and then dt = sec2 θ dθ)
0 0
ˇπ/4 ż π/4
= sec θ tan θˇ + sec θ dθ (Let u = sec θ and dv = sec2 θ dθ)
ˇ
0 0
? ˇπ/4 ? ?
= 2 + ln | sec θ + tan θ|ˇ = 2 + ln( 2 + 1) .
ˇ
0

˝
y´x z´x y´x
Problem 6. (8pts) Suppose w = f ( , ) is a differentiable function of u = and
xy xz xy
z´x
v= . Show then that
xz
Bw Bw Bw
x2 + y2 + z2 = 0.
Bx By Bz
y´x z´x Bu 1 Bu 1
Solution. Let w = f (u, v), where u =and v = . We otain that = ´ 2, = 2 and
xy xz Bx x By y
Bu Bv 1 Bv Bv 1
= 0. Also = ´ 2, = 0 and = 2 . Therefore, by the Chain Rule,
Bz Bx x By Bz z
Bw Bw Bw Bw Bu Bw Bv Bw Bu Bw Bv Bw Bu Bw Bv
x2 + y2 + z2 = x2 [ + ] + y2[ + ] + z2[ + ]
Bx By Bz Bu Bx Bv Bx Bu By Bv By Bu Bz Bv Bz
Bw 2 Bu Bu Bu Bw 2 Bv Bv Bv
= [x + y2 + z2 ] + [x + y2 + z2 ]
Bu Bx By Bz Bv Bx By Bz
Bw 2 1 1 Bw 1 1
= [x (´ 2 ) + y 2 ( 2 ) + z 2 ¨ 0] + [x2 ( 2 ) + y 2 ¨ 0 + z 2 (´ 2 )]
Bu x y Bv x z
= 0.

Problem 7. (10pts) Suppose that f : R2 Ñ R defined by f (x, y) = (x2 ´ y 2 )e´x

2 ´y 2
. Find all local
extrema of f .

Solution. Evaluate that

Bf 2 2 Bf 2 2
(x, y) = ´2x(x2 ´ y 2 ´ 1)e´x ´y , (x, y) = ´2y(x2 ´ y 2 + 1)e´x ´y .
Bx By
Bf Bf
Let (x, y) = (x, y) = 0 and find x, y. Then we get 5 critical points (0, 0), (0, ˘1) and (˘0, 0).
Bx By
Moreover,
B2f 2 2

2
(x, y) = 2(2x4 ´ 2x2 y 2 ´ 5x2 + y 2 + 1)e´x ´y ;
Bx
B2f B2f 2 2
(x, y) = (x, y) = ´4xy(x2 ´ y 2 )e´x ´y ;
BxBy ByBx
2
B f 2 2

2
(x, y) = ´2(2y 4 ´ 2x2 y 2 ´ 5y 2 + x2 + 1)e´x ´y .
By
(i) Consider (x, y) = (0, 0), then
B2f ˇ B2f ˇ B2f ˇ
A = 2 (x, y)ˇ = 2, B = (x, y)ˇ = 0, C = 2 (x, y)ˇ = ´2 .
ˇ ˇ ˇ
Bx (x,y)=(0,0) BxBy (x,y)=(0,0) By (x,y)=(0,0)

Since D = AC ´ B 2 ă 0, so (0, 0) is a saddle point.

(ii) Consider (x, y) = (0, ˘1), then

B2f ˇ B2f ˇ
A = 2 (x, y)ˇ = 4e´1 , B= (x, y)ˇ = 0,
ˇ ˇ
Bx (x,y)=(0,˘1) BxBy (x,y)=(0,˘1)
B2f ˇ
C = 2 (x, y)ˇ = 4e´1 .
ˇ
By (x,y)=(0,˘1)

Since D = AC ´ B 2 ą 0 and A ą 0, so f has a local minimun value f (0, ˘1) = ´e´1 .

(iii) Consider (x, y) = (˘1, 0), then

B2f ˇ B2f ˇ
A = 2 (x, y)ˇ = ´4e´1 , B= (x, y)ˇ = 0,
ˇ ˇ
Bx (x,y)=(˘1,0) BxBy (x,y)=(˘1,0)
B2f ˇ
C = 2 (x, y)ˇ = ´4e´1 .
ˇ
By (x,y)=(˘1,0)

Since D = AC ´ B 2 ą 0 and A ă 0, so f has a local maximun value f (˘1, 0) = e´1 .

Problem 8. Let f : R2 Ñ R be defined by

$ 2
& x (x + y) if (x, y) ‰ (0, 0) ,
f (x, y) = x2 + y 4
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0) .
%

(1) (8pts) Find the directional derivative of f at (0, 0) in the direction u = cos θ i + sin θ j.

(2) (6pts) From (a), find the directional derivative of f at (0, 0) in the direction along which the
value of the function f at (0, 0) decreases most rapidly.

Solution. (1) The directional derivative of f at (0, 0) in the direction u = cos θ i + sin θ j is
f (t cos θ, t sin θ) ´ f (0, 0) t3 cos2 θ(cos θ + sin θ)
(Du f )(0, 0) = lim = lim 3
tÑ0 t tÑ0 t (cos2 θ + t2 sin4 θ)

cos2 θ(cos θ + sin θ)

= lim .
tÑ0 cos2 θ + t2 sin4 θ
 If cos θ = 0, then (Du f )(0, 0) = 0. If cos θ ‰ 0, then (Du f )(0, 0) = cos θ + sin θ. Therefore,
if cos θ = 0 ,
"
0
(Du f )(0, 0) =
cos θ + sin θ if cos θ ‰ 0 .
˝

(2) Let v be the direction along which the value of the function f at (0, 0) decreases most rapidly.
Then
␣ ˇ (
(Dv f )(0, 0) = min (Du f )(0, 0) ˇ }u} = 1 .
␣ ˇ ( ? ( 3π )
From (1), since min cos θ + sin θ ˇ θ P [0, 2π) = ´ 2 attained at θ = ; thus
4
?
(Dv f )(0, 0) = ´ 2 .

Problem 9. Let f : R2 Ñ R be defined by

& xy sin a 1
$
if (x, y) ‰ (0, 0) ,
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
if (x, y) = (0, 0) .
%
0
(1) (8pts) Is f (x, y) continuous at (0, 0)? Explain your answer.

(2) (8pts) Is fx (x, y) continuous at (0, 0)? Explain your answer.

1
Solution. (1) Since | sin a | ď 1 for all (x, y) ‰ (0, 0), so
x + y2
2

1
|xy sin a | ď |xy| .
x + y2
2

Since lim |xy| = 0, by the Squeeze Theorem,

(x,y)Ñ(0,0)

1
lim |xy sin a | = 0.
(x,y)Ñ(0,0) x + y2
2

1
It implies that lim xy sin a = 0 = f (0, 0). Hence, f (x, y) is continuous at (0, 0).
(x,y)Ñ(0,0) x2 + y 2
(2) Since the limit
f (0 + h, 0) ´ f (0, 0) 1 1
lim = lim t(0 + h) ¨ 0 ¨ sin a ´ 0u = 0
hÑ0 h hÑ0 h (0 + h)2 + 02
exists, so fx (0, 0) = 0. It means that
$
& y sin a 1 x2 y 1
cos a if (x, y) ‰ (0, 0) ,
’
´ a
fx (x, y) = 2
x +y 2 2 2 2
(x + y ) x + y 2 x + y2
2

if (x, y) = (0, 0) .
’
% 0
Since lim fx (x, y) does not exist (check it!), so fx (x, y) is not continuous at (0, 0).
(x,y)Ñ(0,0)
˝
 ?
Problem 10. (8pts) For a P R, find absolute extrema values of the function f (x, y, z) = x+y+z+ 3a
subjects to the constraint (x ´ a)2 + (y ´ a)2 + (z ´ a)2 = a2 .

Solution. (不失一般性，考慮 a 不為零) Let g(x, y, z) = (x ´ a)2 + (y ´ a)2 + (z ´ a)2 ´ a2 . Consider

fx (x, y, z) = λgx (x, y, z) ñ 1 + 2λ(x ´ a) = 0

fy (x, y, z) = λgy (x, y, z) ñ 1 + 2λ(y ´ a) = 0
fz (x, y, z) = λgz (x, y, z) ñ 1 + 2λ(z ´ a) = 0
g(x, y, z) = 0 ñ (x ´ a)2 + (y ´ a)2 + (z ´ a)2 = a2 .
a ˇ
We get x = y = z = a ˘ ? . Since ∇g(x, y, z)ˇ ‰ 0, we can check the following
ˇ
3 (x,y,z)=(a˘ ?a ,a˘ ?a ,a˘ ?a )
3 3 3
conclusions.
a a a ?
(i) If a ą 0, then f (a + ? , a + ? , a + ? ) = 3a + 2 3a is the maximum under g(x, y, z) = 0
3 3 3
a a a
and f (a ´ ? , a ´ ? , a ´ ? ) = 3a is the minimum under g(x, y, z) = 0.
3 3 3
a a a ?
(ii) If a ă 0, then f (a + ? , a + ? , a + ? ) = 3a + 2 3a is the minimum under g(x, y, z) = 0
3 3 3
a a a
and f (a ´ ? , a ´ ? , a ´ ? ) = 3a is the maximum under g(x, y, z) = 0.
3 3 3
˝