Aspects of Communication

RELATIONAL NEEDS
1.Communication is integrated in all parts of Communication helps build and maintain social
our lives. bonds and interpersonal relationships. It fosters
connections with others, which are vital for
PERSONAL emotional support, companionship, and a sense
A strong vocabulary enhances our ability to of community.
consciously improve communication, helping us
achieve goals, avoid misunderstandings, and IDENTITY NEEDS
learn from mistakes. Effective communication is Through communication, individuals express their
key to success, as fluency in speech and unique identity, values, and beliefs. It allows
efficiency in writing can lead to significant people to shape how they are perceived by
opportunities. Its relevance is undeniable in daily others, helping them establish a distinct presence
life. in personal, social, or professional contexts.

PROFESSIONAL 3. Communication is guided by

Communication skills vary by career, but English culture and context.
courses equip students with essential skills for
entry-level jobs. In a competitive job market, What is Culture?
training in communication provides a valuable
edge over other applicants. Half Full or Half Empty?

ACADEMICS
Effective communication skills enhance academic
performance, build confidence, and reduce
dropout rates. English courses help students
develop these skills, ensuring success in both
education and future careers.
Individualistic Culture
CIVIC Emphasizes personal independence, self-
Communication fosters civic engagement by expression, and individual achievements. People
connecting us to society and enabling are encouraged to prioritize their own goals and
participation in decision making at all levels. It desires over group goals.
empowers us to improve communities, raise
awareness, and address social, cultural, or Collectivistic Culture
political issues Focuses on the needs, goals, and well-being of
the group or community. Personal identity is often
2. Communication meets needs tied to the group, and group harmony is highly
PHYSICAL NEEDS valued.
Communication significantly affects well-being by
reducing stress, promoting mental health, and Individualistic vs Collectivistic Culture
fostering a sense of belonging. Engaging in
meaningful interactions improves emotional
resilience and overall physical health.
Individualistic
INSTRUMENTAL NEEDS Self Identity Defined by personal traits and
These involve using communication to achievements.
accomplish practical objectives, such as
achieving short-term tasks (eg, asking for
Decision-Making Personal choices and preferences are
directions) or pursuing long-term goals (e.g. prioritized.
negotiating a business deal). Communication
serves as a tool for planning and execution.
 Direct, explicit, and *Our moral are based on the norms, if you follow
Communication
Style self-oriented. the norms it means that you are morally right
*It takes a generation to normalize/accept an
Relationships Relationships are idea, changes are not abrupt.
often less formal and
based on personal
choice. Communication Ethics
Communication should be prioritized to avoid the
Motivation Driven by personal struggle in answering the questions of what is
goals and rewards. right and wrong.
● Academic
● Professional
Conflict Confrontation is seen
as acceptable to ● Personal
Resolution
resolve issues. ● Civic
Ethical listening – we just hear, what we
WHAT IS CONTEXT? want to hear (we filter information)
-refers to the situation that helps explain or clarify Avoiding Plagiarism- (through direct
an event, statement, or idea. quotation, proper credit and rephrasing)
-you can be right or wrong, depending on the Presenting Evidence Ethically- when we
context. state information it should be supported by
evidence
Ethical Standards (Mass and Social
Media) – think before you click

Credo for Ethical Communication Approved by

The Six Blind Men of Indostan NCA Legislative Council 1999
The six blind men can’t see the elephant but are Is relevant across contexts and applies to every
asked to touch it. Each one touches a different channel of communication
part and thinks the elephant is something ● Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty,
different, showing how different perspectives can and reason as to the integrity of
lead to misunderstanding. communication.
● Endorses Freedom of expression,
4. Communication is learned diversity of perspective, and tolerance of
-Communication is not innate dissent to achieve the informed and
Innate responsible decision making.
Learned ● Strive to understand and respect other
communicators before evaluating and
5. Communication has ethical implications responding to their messages.
Ethics – the principles of what is right and wrong ● Promote access to communication
thing to do resources and opportunities as necessary
Norms- what is normal and acceptable in the to fulfill human potential and contribute to
society. the well-being of families, communities,
Moral- socially acceptable and societies.
 ● Promote communication climates of caring ● Has the message deemphasized
and mutual understanding that respect the important information?
unique needs and characteristics of an ● Does the message represent the whole,
individual. complete truth? Was information left out in
● Condemn communication that degrades order to misdirect the persuadee?
individuals and humanity through ● Would I feel the message was complete if
distortion, intimidation, coercion, violence, given tome in the provided context?
hatred, etc. ● Does the message lead people to believe
● Commit courageous expression of what I myself do not believe?
personal convictions in pursuit of fairness ● Is the information withheld critical in
and justice. allowing the persuadee to make an
● Advocate sharing information, opinions, informed decision?
and feelings when facing significant ● Does the message deceive people either
choices while also respecting privacy and explicitly or implicitly?
confidentiality.
● Accept responsibility for the short and long AUTHENTICITY of the pursuader
term consequences for our own ● Do I personally believe in this product?
communication and expect the same for ● Do I personally believe the persuadee will
others. benefit?
● By putting out this message am I
Ethics Resource Center (Business Context) perpetuating corruption?
● Be honest ● Is this cause or product something I would
● Be respectful personally advocate for?
● Show sensitivity to cultural differences ● In participating in this action is my integrity
being called into question?
Communication Ethics (Academic Context) ● Am I happy to take responsibility for this
1. Writing should be done carefully. Avoid message?
plagiarism. “Intentional representation of another
person's words, thoughts, or ideas as one's RESPECT for the pursuadee
own."-Instrument of the Judicial Government ● Does this message allow the persuadee to
2. Uphold research ethical standards. act with free will and consent?
3. Dealing with the faculty and staff ● Does this message pander to or exploit its
4. Transactions or communication plans should audience?
follow a protocol frothier acceptance and ● Have I taken the rights, and well-being of
approval. others into consideration with the creation
5. Never tell a live. of this message?
● Will the audience benefit if they engage in
The TARES Test the action the message portrays?
TRUTHFULNESS of the message ● Does the information adequately inform
AUTHENTICITY of the pursuader the audience?
RESPECT of the pursuadee ● Is the message unfair or to the detriment
EQUITY of the pursuasive appeal of the audience?
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY for the common good
EQUITY of the pursuasive appeal
● Will the audience understand they are
being persuaded not informed?
● Have I unfairly targeted a specific or
vulnerable population?
● Would I feel this message was equitable if
presented to me or someone I love?
TRUTHFULNES of the message ● Does this message exploit a power
differential?
 ● Does the message take into account the Illiteracies in communication should not be the
special needs or interests of the target focus of attention but the message. In
population? sociolinguistics, the message is primary, other
● How can I make this message more aspects like grammar and pronunciation are
equitable? secondary.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY for the common 3. PRINCIPLE OF FEEDBACK - There should be

good feedback information from the receiver to know
● Does this message help or hinder public whether he understood the message in the same
trust? sense in which the sender has meant it.
● Does this message allow for consideration
of opposing views? It guarantees the satisfaction of the sender.
● Does this message create the opportunity
for public dialogues?
● Will having, or not having, this information
lead to harm for individuals or groups?
● Have the messages’ potential negative
impacts been taken into account?
● Does this message unfairly depict groups,
individuals, ideas or behaviors?

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is complex. Whenever we
received information, we tend to filter it based on
our knowledge, experiences, practices, and
standards which often times interfere in the 4. PRINCIPLE OF INFROMALITY- Any
communication process. management should be flexible in considering the
formality and informality need by situations.
1. PRINCIPLE OF CLARITY - The information or -Used when formal communication may not
message should be code for worded clearly. The achieve its desired result.
receiver understands what the sender intends to -Informal communication is as important as formal
say or mean. There should be no ambiguity in the communication.
message for it to be understood,
writer-responsible or speaker-responsible 5. PRINCIPLE OF CONSISTENCY-
● simple words – be explicit Communication should always be consistent with
● rhetorical structure – making a statement the policies, plans, programs, and objectives of
in the form of question/asking the organization and not in conflict with them.
● language forms and mechanics – proper Conflicting situations will be detrimental to the
use of grammar interest of the organization.

2. PRINCIPLE OF ATTENTION - The receiver's 6. PRINCIPLE OF TIMELINESS- Communication

attention should be drawn tothe message to make should be done in real-time so that it helps in
communication effective. Oo implementing plans.
Factors affecting one's attention: -Ensures organizational relevance.
● behavior
● attention span 7. PRINCIPLE OF ADEQUACY -Inadequate
● emotions information may delay action and create
● preferences confusion.
● beliefs -Communication should be complete
● principles
Outreach Program: Aeta Community
Hi Team, Public
We will be conducting an outreach program in - Communication in which one person is typically
one of our adopted Aeta communities. responsible for conveying information to an
Please assemble at the quadrangle next month. audience.
- Is the most consistently intentional, formal, and
Best regards, goal-oriented form of communication
Boriz The Great - Public speakers don’t necessarily develop
individual relationships with audience members,
they still have the benefit of being face-to-face
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION with them so they can receive verbal and
● Intrapersonal nonverbal feedback.
● Interpersonal - Public communication is sender-focused
● Small-Group
● Public Mass Communication
● Mass Communication - Is transmitted to many people through print or
electronic media.
Intrapersonal - The technology required to send mass
- Communication within oneself communication messages distinguishes it from
- Helps build and maintain our self-concept. the other forms of communication.
- The breakdown in the ability of a person to - The technology to mass-produce and distribute
intrapersonally communicate is associated with communication messages brings with it the power
mental illness for one voice or a series of voices to reach and
- It is triggered by internal or external stimulus. affect many people. The potential consequences
- Unlike other forms of communication, of unethical mass communication are important to
intrapersonal communication takes place only consider.
inside our heads. - There is no immediate verbal and nonverbal
feedback loop in mass communication
Interpersonal
- Communication between people whose lives COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
mutually influence one another. What does it mean to be a competent
- Influenced by social expectations communicator?
- Fulfills instrumental and relational needs
- Instances of miscommunication and Components
communication conflict most frequently occur Grammatical Competence- Grammatical and
here. Lexical Capacity
- Interpersonal communication builds, maintains, Sociolinguistic Competence- Understanding of
and ends relationships. the Social Context
- In order to be a competent interpersonal Discourse Competence- Ability to interpret
communicator, you need conflict management message
skills and listening skills, among others, to Strategic Competence- Coping Strategies
maintain positive relationships.
Core Concepts
Small-Group 1. EFFECTIVE
- Communication among three or more people 2. APPROPRIATE
interacting to achieve a shared goal. 3. MATTER OF DEGREE
- More intentional and formal than interpersonal 4. "WE" not "ME" ORIENTATION
communication.
- Group communication is often task focused GLOBAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
- Members of the group work together for an The ability of the individuals that relate effectively
explicit purpose or goal that affects each member to self and others in daily life.
of the group. Four Dimensions: Global Mindset, Unfolding the
Self, Mapping the Culture, Aligning the Culture
Global Mindset
People with a global mindset are characterized as
culturally sensitive, open, knowledgeable, critical
and holistic thinkers and flexible.

Unfolding the Self

- Lower to higher level human being
(Psychological, Safety, Love/Belongingness,
Esteem, Self Actualization)

Mapping the Culture

- map a person's or another person's
culture

Aligning the Interaction

- Effective and Appropriate