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Understanding Marginalization

The chapter on Understanding Marginalization discusses how certain groups in India, such as Adivasis, Dalits, and religious minorities, are pushed to the edges of society and denied equal access to resources and opportunities. It examines the causes of marginalization, including economic, social, and political factors, and highlights the impacts such as lack of education and unemployment. The document also outlines steps taken to address these issues through constitutional provisions, reservation systems, and civil society movements.

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8 views3 pages

Understanding Marginalization

The chapter on Understanding Marginalization discusses how certain groups in India, such as Adivasis, Dalits, and religious minorities, are pushed to the edges of society and denied equal access to resources and opportunities. It examines the causes of marginalization, including economic, social, and political factors, and highlights the impacts such as lack of education and unemployment. The document also outlines steps taken to address these issues through constitutional provisions, reservation systems, and civil society movements.

Uploaded by

mehulhjena3450
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Class 8 NCERT Civics: Chapter - Understanding Marginalization (Detailed

Notes)
Marginalization refers to the process where certain groups or communities are pushed to the edges of society and denied
equal access to resources, opportunities, and rights. This chapter explores who are marginalized, why marginalization
occurs, and how it affects different communities in India.

1. What is Marginalization?

• Marginalization means being excluded or ignored from the mainstream of society.


• Marginalized groups face discrimination, lack of representation, and fewer opportunities in education,
employment, and decision-making.
• It can be based on economic, social, cultural, or political factors.

Examples of Marginalized Communities in India:

✔ Adivasis (tribals)
✔ Dalits (Scheduled Castes)
✔ Religious minorities (e.g., Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, etc.)
✔ Women, differently-abled individuals, and LGBTQ+ communities

2. Who are the Marginalized Communities?


a) Adivasis (Tribal Communities)

• Adivasis (indigenous people) are among the most marginalized communities in India.
• They traditionally lived in forests and hills, relying on hunting, farming, and gathering.
• With urbanization, industrialization, and deforestation, many Adivasis lost their land.
• They lack access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.
• Displacement due to mining, dams, and factories has worsened their condition.
• Example: The displacement of tribals due to the Narmada Dam project.

b) Dalits (Scheduled Castes)

• Historically, Dalits faced untouchability and caste-based discrimination.


• They were denied education, temple entry, and access to public places.
• Although untouchability is legally abolished (Article 17 of the Indian Constitution), discrimination still
exists.
• Many Dalits continue to work in low-paying and menial jobs.
• The government has introduced reservation policies in education and jobs to uplift Dalits.

c) Religious Minorities

• Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis, and Jains are religious minorities in India.
• Muslims, in particular, face marginalization due to lower literacy rates, poverty, and discrimination in
employment.
• Some minority communities face stereotypes and biases in daily life.
• The Sachar Committee Report (2006) found that Muslims in India lag behind in education, employment,
and political representation.

3. Why Does Marginalization Happen?

Marginalization happens due to historical, social, economic, and political reasons:

a) Economic Factors

• Marginalized groups often work in low-income jobs with no job security.


• Lack of land, resources, and access to credit traps them in poverty.

b) Social and Cultural Factors

• Caste discrimination affects Dalits and lower castes.


• Adivasi culture is often seen as ‘backward’, leading to exclusion.
• Religious minorities may face stereotypes and bias.

c) Political Factors

• Marginalized communities have less political power and representation.


• Policies often do not address their specific needs.
• Tribal lands have been taken for industries without consulting them.

4. Impact of Marginalization

✔ Lack of Education → Many children from marginalized groups drop out of school due to poverty and discrimination.
✔ Unemployment and Poverty → Limited access to jobs, land, and business opportunities.
✔ Poor Health and Malnutrition → Lack of hospitals and healthcare facilities in remote areas.
✔ Loss of Identity and Culture → Adivasi languages, traditions, and livelihoods are declining due to modernization.
✔ Political Underrepresentation → Few leaders from marginalized communities in government and decision-making.

5. Steps Taken to Address Marginalization


a) Constitutional Provisions

The Indian Constitution provides special protections for marginalized communities:

b) Reservation System

• The government provides reservation in education and jobs for SCs, STs, and OBCs.
• Seats are reserved in Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Assemblies for SCs and STs.
c) Special Development Programs

• Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP): Focuses on education, healthcare, and employment for Adivasis.
• Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan (SCSP): Promotes welfare of Dalits.
• Minority Welfare Schemes: Scholarships and skill development for minorities.

d) Laws for Protection

• SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 → Punishes discrimination and violence against Dalits and
Adivasis.
• Forest Rights Act, 2006 → Grants Adivasis rights over forest land.
• Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 → Ensures free education for children from marginalized groups.

6. Role of Civil Society and Movements

✔ Dalit movements (led by B.R. Ambedkar) fought against caste discrimination.


✔ Tribal rights movements demand protection of Adivasi land and culture.
✔ Women’s organizations work for gender equality.
✔ NGOs and activists help in education, health, and employment generation for marginalized communities.

7. Conclusion

Marginalization affects millions of people in India, particularly Adivasis, Dalits, and religious minorities. Social,
economic, and political reforms are essential to ensure equality and justice for all. The Indian Constitution and
various government policies aim to empower marginalized communities and provide them with equal opportunities in
society.

Important Points to Remember:

✔ Marginalization means being pushed to the edge of society.


✔ Adivasis, Dalits, and Muslims are among the most marginalized groups.
✔ Factors for marginalization include caste discrimination, poverty, and lack of education.
✔ Government schemes like reservations, education programs, and welfare schemes aim to reduce marginalization.
✔ Laws like the SC/ST Act and Forest Rights Act protect marginalized communities.

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