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The document provides an overview of atomic structure, defining key concepts such as atoms, molecules, moles, Avogadro's number, and molecular mass. It explains the constituents of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and discusses isotopes, isobars, isobars, and isoelectronic species. Additionally, it outlines Thomson's and Rutherford's atomic models, along with phenomena like Zeeman's and Stark's effects.

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10 views3 pages

Atomic-Structure-jkchrome-com

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, defining key concepts such as atoms, molecules, moles, Avogadro's number, and molecular mass. It explains the constituents of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and discusses isotopes, isobars, isobars, and isoelectronic species. Additionally, it outlines Thomson's and Rutherford's atomic models, along with phenomena like Zeeman's and Stark's effects.

Uploaded by

Imam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Atomic Structure

Atom : The smallest particle of an element is called an atom. An atom can take
part in chemical combination and does not occur free in nature. The atom of the
hydrogen is the smallest and lightest. Example—Na, K, Ca, H etc.

Molecule : A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or compound that


can have a stable and independent existence. Example—O2, N2, Cl2, P4, S8
etc.

Mole : A mole is a collection of 6.023 ×1023 particles. It means th t

e
1 mole = 6.023 × 1023

1 mole atom = 6.023 × 1023 atoms

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1 mole molecule = 6.023 × 1023 molecules

1 mole ion = 6.023 × 1023 ions

1 mole mango = 6.023 × 1023 mango s

1 mole Apple = 6.023 × 1023 apples


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Avogadro's Number : he numbe 6.023 1023 is called Avogadro's Number.

Molecular mass : It indicate how many times one molecule of a substance is


heavier in comparison to 1/12th mass of one atom of Carbon–12.

Constituents of an atom : F ndamental particles of an atom are Electron,


c

Proton & Neut on.

Atomic nu b r ( ) The number of proton or electron in an atom of the element


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is called atom number. It is denoted by Z.

Z = e = p w ere, e = no. of electrons and p = no. of protons.

Mass number ( ) : The sum of number or protons and neutrons in an atom of


the element is called mass number. It is denoted by A.

A = p + n where, p = no. of protons and n = no. of neutrons

Let, 23Na11,
In Na, Z = 11, A = 23 and,

e = 11, p = 11

∴ n = A – p = 23 – 11 = 12

Isotopes : These are atoms of the elements having the same atomic number but
different mass number.

Isotopes of Carbon—12C6, 13C6, 14C6

Isobars : These are atoms of the elements having the same mas number ut

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different atomic numbers. e.g.

40Ar18, 40K19, 40Ca20,

14C6, 15N7, 16O8,


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Isotones : These are atoms of different elements having the ame number of
neutrons.

Isoelectronic : These are atoms / m ecule / ions ontaining the same number
of electrons.
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(i) O2–, F–, Ne, Na+, M 2+ (ii) C –, N2, 2+O2 etc.

Thomson's model of an at m : Accor ing to Thomson, an atom is treated as


sphere of radius 10–8 m in wh ch positively charged particles are uninformally
distributed and neg tively charge electrons and embedded through them. This
is also called Plum- udding model of an atom or watermelon model of an atom.
c

Rutherf rd's model of an atom : On the basis of scattering experiment,


Ru erford pro sed a model of the atom which is known as nuclear atomic
jk

model

According to this model,

(i) An atom con ists of a heavy positively charged nucleus where all protons and
neutrons are pr sent. Protons & neutrons are collectively called nucleons. Almost
whole mass of the atom is contributed by these nucleons.

(ii) Radius of a nucleus = 10–13 cm

Radius of an atom = 10–8 cm


Radius of an atom = 105 times of the radius of the nucleons.

(iv) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in closed orbits with high speed. This
model is similar to the solar system, the nucleus representing the sun and
revolving electrons as planets. The electrons are therefore, generally referred as
planetary electrons.

Zeeman's effect : When spectral lines obtained from atomic spectra is placed in
a magnetic field, they are splitted into number of fine lines, this is called
Zeeman's effect.

e
Stark's effect : When spectral lines obtained from atomic spectra s p aced n
electric field, they are splitted into number of fine lines this is alled tark's ffect.

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