Scribd
Upload
16 views18 pages

LEC 7 Atomic Structure

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing the composition and arrangement of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It discusses historical perspectives on atomic theory, highlighting contributions from scientists like Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford, as well as the significance of isotopes and their applications. Additionally, it touches on the importance of atomic number and mass in defining elements and their properties.

Uploaded by

m68336795
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views18 pages

LEC 7 Atomic Structure

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing the composition and arrangement of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It discusses historical perspectives on atomic theory, highlighting contributions from scientists like Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford, as well as the significance of isotopes and their applications. Additionally, it touches on the importance of atomic number and mass in defining elements and their properties.

Uploaded by

m68336795
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Introduction to Everyday

Science
Lecture no. 7
Chemistry: Atomic Structure
Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition, • The universe is made of matter
properties, and changes that occur in matter. • The matter is anything that has weight and
occupies spaces
• It has four states
Atomic
Structure
Atomic Structure
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter. An atom is the smallest unit of an element and
consists of three main particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Atomic structure refers to the arrangement and organization of subatomic particles within
an atom.
• An atom has two parts.
• Nucleus: At the center of the atom is the nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons.
Protons are positively charged, while neutrons have no charge. The number of protons in
the nucleus determines the atomic number and identity of the element. Together, protons
and neutrons make up the mass of an atom and are collectively referred to as nucleons.
• Electrons: Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in defined
energy levels or shells. The distribution of electrons across these energy levels influences
the atom’s chemical properties and its ability to bond with other atoms.
• The atomic structure is crucial for understanding how atoms interact and combine to
form molecules, which are fundamental to all matter .
History

• Atomic structure dates back to Democritus, who first proposed that matter is composed
of atoms. The study of an atom's structure gives great insight into the entire class of
chemical reactions, bonds, and their physical properties.
• The first scientific theory of atomic structure was given by English chemist John
Dalton in the 1800s. He suggested that all matter is made up of atoms, which are
indivisible and indestructible. He also stated that all the atoms of an element were the
same, but the atoms of different elements differ in size and mass.
• Chemical reactions, according to Dalton’s atomic theory, involve a rearrangement of
atoms to form products. According to the postulates proposed by Dalton, the atomic
structure comprises atoms, the smallest particles responsible for the chemical reactions
to occur.
Atomic Models
Atomic Models

• In the 18th and 19th centuries, many scientists attempted to explain


the structure of the atom with the help of atomic models. Each of
these models had its own merits and demerits and was pivotal to
the development of the modern atomic model. The most notable
contributions to the field were by scientists such as J.J. Thomson,
Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr.
• The advances in atomic structure and quantum mechanics have led
to the discovery of other fundamental particles. The discovery of
subatomic particles has been the basis for many other discoveries
and inventions.
Thomson Atomic Model: Plum Pudding
Model

In the early 1900s, the English chemist Sir Joseph John Thomson
proposed a model describing atomic structure. He was later awarded the
Nobel Prize for his discovery of electrons. His model was based on the
results of the cathode ray experiment. Based on the conclusions drawn
from this experiment, Thomson described the atomic structure as a
positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded
within it. It is commonly referred to as the Plum Pudding Model.
Thomson’s atomic structure described atoms as electrically neutral, i.e.,
the positive and the negative charges were of equal magnitude.
Rutherford Atomic Model: Planetary Model

• Rutherford's atomic model, proposed after his famous alpha-ray


scattering experiment, fundamentally changed the understanding of
atomic structure.
• In this model: the Planetary Model, he suggested that an atom is
composed of a dense nucleus located at its center, which contains most
of the atom's mass and positive charge. The nucleus is surrounded by
electrons that orbit around it in circular paths, much like planets
orbiting the sun.
• This discovery highlighted the empty space within the atom,
challenging J. J. Thomson's previous plum pudding model.
Rutherford's model laid the groundwork for future atomic theories,
particularly influencing Niels Bohr's advancements in atomic
structure.
Sub-atomic Particles
Subatomic Particles

• Subatomic particles are the fundamental constituents of atoms. They are


smaller than atoms and the most well-known sub-atomic particles
include:
• Protons: These are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of
an atom. The number of protons defines the atomic number and identifies
the element. Protons have a mass of approximately 1.672 × 10^-24 grams
and are over 1800 times heavier than electrons.

• Neutrons: These are neutral particles also located in the nucleus of an


atom. Neutrons have a mass almost equal to that of protons
(approximately 1.674 × 10^-24 grams) and contribute to the atomic mass
of an element. Different isotopes of an element have the same number of
protons but a different number of neutrons.

• Electrons: These are negatively charged particles that orbit around the
nucleus of an atom. Electrons have a much smaller mass than protons and
neutrons, approximately 1/1836 of a proton's mass. The arrangement of
electrons in an atom determines its chemical properties and reactivity.
These subatomic particles play crucial roles in the structure and behavior of
atoms and, consequently, all matter.
Atomic Number and
Atomic Mass

• The Atomic Number is the number of


protons present in the nucleus of an
atom. It is represented by Z.
• The Atomic Mass or Mass number is the
number of protons and neutrons present in
the nucleus of an atom. It is represented by
A.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
An element has atomic number 2 and mass number 4. What
can you tell about the subatomic particles of that element?

How does atomic number define the identity of an atom?

An element has atomic number 8 and mass number 16. How


many neutrons does that element have?
Isotopes
Isotopes
• Atoms of same element with same
no. of protons but different no. of
neutrons
• Same chemical properties but
different physical properties due to
different atomic mass

Isotopes of
Hydrogen
Uses of Isotopes
• H-2 (Deuterium) is used in nuclear reactors.
• U-235 (Uranium) is used as a fuel in nuclear power plants.
• C-14 ( Carbon) is used in Carbon dating.
• Americium-241 is used in smoke alarms.
• Co-60 (Cobalt) is used in the diagnosis of cancer.
• Californium-252 is used to detect metal fatigue in airplanes.
• Na-24 (Sodium) is used in the detection of brain tumors.
Summary

• Changes in Matter
• Atomic Models
• Sub-atomic Particles
• Isotopes and their uses
• Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy