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Wa0019.

The document discusses Amplitude Modulation (AM), detailing its process, mathematical representation, frequency spectrum, and bandwidth. It explains the modulation index, degrees of modulation, and power distribution in AM signals, highlighting advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it outlines applications of AM in commercial broadcasting and communications.

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17 views41 pages

Wa0019.

The document discusses Amplitude Modulation (AM), detailing its process, mathematical representation, frequency spectrum, and bandwidth. It explains the modulation index, degrees of modulation, and power distribution in AM signals, highlighting advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it outlines applications of AM in commercial broadcasting and communications.

Uploaded by

kdhanasankar7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT- 1

ANALOG COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER -2
AMPLITUDE MODULATION TRANSMISSION
AMPLITUDE MODULATION

 Amplitude modulation is the process by which amplitude of the


carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value
(amplitude) of the modulating signal, but frequency and phase
remains constant.
 AM is simply called as Double Side Band Full Carrier(DSB-FC)
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF AN AM WAVE :

Modulating signal Vm(t) = Vm cosωmt ……….(1)


Carrier signal Vc(t) = Vc cosωct ……….(2)
Where,
Vc - Amplitude of the carrier signal (volts).
Vm - Amplitude of the modulating signal (volts).
The amplitude of the carrier signal is changed after modulation.
VAM = VC + Vm(t) ………….(3)
 Substitute equation (1) in equation (3)

 = Vc +Vm cosωt = Vc 𝑽𝒎
𝟏+ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒎𝒕
𝑽𝒄
 VAM = Vc[ 1+ ma cosωmt] ……..(4)
 Hence AM wave is given by
VAM (t) =VAM cosωmt ……..(5)
Substitute equation (4) in (5)
VAM(t) = Vc [ 1+ma cosωmt] cosωct
……(6)
Or
VAM(t) = Vc [ 1+ma cos(2πfmt)]
cos(2πfct)

……(7)
Where ,
ma =Modulation index
(6) &(7) are the time domain
representation of an AM signal
AM FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AND BANDWIDTH

 An AM modulator is a nonlinear device. therefore,


nonlinear mixing occurs, and the output envelope is a
complex wave made up of a de voltage, the carrier
frequency, and the sum (fc+ fm) and difference (fc - fm)
frequencies.
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AM
FREQUENCY DOMAIN REPRESENTATION OF AM WAVE
SIDEBANDS
 Whenever a carrier is modulated by an information signal, new signals
at different frequencies are generated as part of the process. These
new frequencies are called side frequencies or sidebands.
 The sidebands are occurs in the frequency spectrum directly above
and below the carrier frequency
 fUSB = fc + fm
 fLSB = fc - fm
BANDWIDTH OF AM

 The bandwidth of the AM is given by the subtraction of the highest


and the lowest frequency component in the frequency spectrum.
B = fUSB – fLSB
= (fc +fm) – (fc – fm)
B = 2 ×fm
B- Bandwidth in hertz
fm – Highest modulation frequency in hertz .

Thus bandwidth of AM signal is twice of the maximum frequency of modulating signal.


PHASOR (VECTOR) REPRESENTATION OF AN AM WITH CARRIER
 The amplitude Variation in an AM system can be explained with the help of a phasor
diagram.
 The phasor for the upper sideband rotates in anticlockwise at an angular frequency of ωm.
 Similarly, the phasor for the lower sideband rotates in clockwise at the same angular
frequency ωm.
 The upper side frequency rotates faster than the carrier (ωm > ωc), and the lower side
frequency rotates slower (ωm < ωc).
 The resulting amplitude of the modulated wave at any instant is the vector sum of the two
sideband phasors.
 Vc is carrier wave phasor taken as reference phasor and the resulting phasor is VAM(t).
PHASOR REPRESENTATION OF AM WITH CARRIER
• Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change
(modulation) present in an AM waveform.
• In AM wave , the modulation index (ma) is defined as “ the ratio of maximum
amplitude of modulating signal to maximum amplitude of carrier
signal.”
……(11)

Vc > Vm to avoid distortion in the modulated signal. Hence the maximum value of
ma is (ma = 1).
When modulator index is expressed in percentage , then it is called as percent
modulation.

…….(12)
CALCULATION OF MODULATION INDEX FROM AM WAVEFORM

……..(16)
AM WAVE FOR CALCULATION OF MA
Substitute equation (13) and (15) in equation (16)
MODULATION INDEX FOR MULTIPLE MODULATING FREQUENCIES

 When two or more modulating signals are modulated by single carrier,

…….(19)

Where,
ma = total resultant modulation index.

m1 , m2 = Modulation indices due to individual modulating components.


DEGREE OF MODULATION
 The modulating signals preserved in the envelope of amplitude modulated
signal only if Vm < Vc, then ma < 1.
 In AM three types of degree of modulation are available. It depends upon the
amplitude of the modulating signal relative to carrier amplitude.
(i) Under modulation,
(ii) Critical modulation,
(iii) Over modulation.
UNDER MODULATION

 ma < 1 when Vm<Vc

 The envelope of amplitude modulated signal does not reach the zero amplitude axis .
 Hence the message signal is fully preserved in the envelope of the AM wave.
 An envelope detector can recover the message signal without any distortion.
CRITICAL MODULATION

 ma = 1 when Vm=Vc
 The envelope of the modulated signal just reaches the zero amplitude
axis.
 The message signal remains preserved.
 An envelope detector can recover the message signal without any
distortion.
OVER MODULATION

 ma > 1 when Vm>Vc


 Here both positive and negative extensions of the modulating signals
are cancelled (or) clipped out
 The envelope and message signals are not same. This is called envelope
distortion.
 An over modulated signal can be recovered using a costly and as well as
complex technique ; synchronous detection.
AM POWER DISTRIBUTION

 An AM wave consists of carrier and two sidebands.


 The carrier components of the modulated wave has the same amplitude
as the unmodulated carrier.
 The modulated wave consists extra power in the two sideband
components.
 The amplitude of the sideband depends on the modulation index
‘ma’.
 The total power in the modulated wave will depend on the modulation
index.
The total power modulated wave will be
Pt = [carrier power]+ [power in LSB] +[power in USB]

…….(1)

All the three voltage are in rms values.


R is the resistance in which power is dissipated.
CARRIER POWER( PC )

 The average power dissipated in a load by an unmodulated carrier is equal to the rms
carrier voltage squared divided by the load resistance.
……(2)

Vc – Peak carrier voltage (volts)


R- Load resistance(ohms)

…….(3)
POWER IN SIDEBANDS
 The upper and lower sideband powers are expressed mathematically as

…….(4)

The peak voltage of the upper and lower sideband frequencies


…….(5)
Substitute equation (5) in (4)
TOTAL POWER IN AM WAVE
Substitute equation (3) (8) in equation (1)

……(9)
POWER SPECTRUM OF AN AM WAVE WITH SINGLE – FREQUENCY
MODULATING SIGNALS
MODULATING IN TERMS OF PI AND PC
Current calculation
MODULATION INDEX IN TERMS OF CURRENT
TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY

 The ratio of the transmitted power which contains the


information (i.e., the total sideband power) to the total
transmitted power.
ADVANTAGES

❖ Simple modulators and demodulators..


❖ AM is a relatively inexpensive.
❖ AM wave can travel a long distance.
❖ It covers larger area than FM.
DISADVANTAGES

❖ Poor performance in the presence of


noise.
❖ Inefficient use of transmitter power.
❖ wastage in bandwidth.
APPLICATIONS

❖ Low quality form of modulation that is used for commercial


broadcasting of both audio and video signals.
❖ Two-way mobile radio communications such as citizens band (CB) radio.
❖ Aircraft communications in the VHF frequency range.

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