1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

 Modulation and multiplexing are electronic

techniques for transmitting information efficiently
from one place to another.
 Modulation makes the information signal more
compatible with the medium.
 Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be
transmitted concurrently over a single medium.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 1

 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing

Figure 1-11: Multiplexing at the transmitter.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 2
MODULATION
Major Classifications of Modulation
Continuous Wave Modulation
 Linear modulation
 Amplitude Modulation

 Angular modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

Pulse or Discrete Modulation

 Analog modulation
 Digital modulation

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 3

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
MODULATION
 It is the process of altering the characteristics of
the carrier signal (amplitude, frequency and
phase) in accordance with the instantaneous
change of the modulating or information signal.
 It is the process of combining the carrier wave with
the information signal.
 It is the process of converting low frequency signal
to a higher frequency.
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 4
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
REASONS FOR MODULATION
 Difficulty in radiating low-frequency signals from an
antenna in the form of electromagnetic energy.
 Reduce noise and interference
 For frequency assignment

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 5

Continuous Wave Modulation
Linear modulation

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
 The process in which the amplitude of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the message or the
modulating signal.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 6

1-4: Modulation

Figure 1-8: Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 7


ITU Emission Designation

The ITU Emission Designationis composed of
5 letters that stands for the nature of modulation being used.
This serves as a standard for naming different types of
frequency emission.

(1) First symbol - type of modulation of the main carrier;

(2) Second Symbol - nature of signal(s) modulating the main
carrier;
(3) Third symbol - type of information to be transmitted.
(4) Fourth symbol – Details of signal(s)
(5) Fifth symbol – Nature of multiplexing
In 1982, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
designated the various types of amplitude modulation as
follows:
Designation Description
double-sideband full-
A3E carrier - the basic AM
modulation scheme
single-sideband
R3E
reduced-carrier
single-sideband full-
H3E
carrier
single-sideband
J3E
suppressed-carrier
independent-sideband
B8E
emission
C3F vestigial-sideband
AM Characteristics
 AM is a nonlinear process
 Sum and difference frequencies are created that carry
the information
AM REPRESENTATIONS
 TIME DOMAIN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
 3-1: AM Concepts

Figure 3-1: Amplitude modulation. (a) The modulating or information signal.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 17
 3-1: AM Concepts

Figure 3-1: Amplitude modulation. (b) The modulated carrier.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 18
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Carrier signal ec(t) = Ec sin (ct)

ec(t)

Ec t

Tc=1 / fc ec(t) = instantaneous amplitude

Of modulating signal

ωc = radian frequency of modulating signal

c = 2fc Ec = peak amplitude of modulating signal

fc = frequency of modulating signal

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 19

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Modulating signal em(t) = Em sin (mt)

em(t)

Em t

Tm = 1 / fm em(t) = instantaneous amplitude

Of modulating signal

ωm = radian frequency of
m = 2fm modulating signal

Em = peak amplitude of modulating

signal

fm = frequency of modulating
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari signal 20
Equation of AM:
AM signal
eAM(t)

Emax
Emin
t

mEc mEc
e AM (t )  Ec sin c t  cos(c   m )t  cos( c   m )t
2 2

m = modulation index

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 21

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Modulation Index
 a measure of the extent to which the carrier current or
voltage is varied by the intelligence
 ratio of the modulating signal voltage to the carrier voltage

Em
m (0  m  1)
Ec
Percent Modulation
Em
%m  x 100%
Ec
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 22
 Modulation Index and Percentage of
Modulation
V max  V min
Em 
2
V max  V min
Ec 
2

V max  V min
m
V max  V min

Figure 3-5: AM wave showing peaks (Vmax) and troughs (Vmin).

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 23
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 24
3-1: AM Concepts
 In AM, it is particularly important that the peak value
of the modulating signal be less than the peak value of
the carrier.
Vm < Vc
 Distortion occurs when the amplitude of the
modulating signal is greater than the amplitude of the
carrier.
 A modulator is a circuit used to produce AM.
Amplitude modulators compute the product of the
carrier and modulating signals.
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 25
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Degrees of Modulation
 Undermodulation (m < 1)
eAM(t)

Em

EC
t

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 26

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Degrees of Modulation
 Perfect / Ideal / 100% modulation (m = 1)
eAM(t)
Em

EC
t

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 27

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Degrees of Modulation
 Overmodulation (m > 1)
eAM(t)
Em
EC t

Distortion on the modulating signal

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 28

 3-2: Modulation Index and Percentage of
Modulation

Figure 3-4: Distortion of the envelope caused by overmodulation where the

modulating signal amplitude Vm is greater than the carrier signal Vc.
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 29
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
 Mathematical Analysis of a Double Sideband Full
Carrier (DSBFC) AM

AM eAM
em amplitude
modulatin DSBFC
MODULATOR modulated
g signal
signal

ec
carrier signal

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 30

Mathematical Analysis of a DSBFC AM
 Assume: em(t) = Em sin (mt) modulating signal
ec(t) = Ec sin (ct) carrier signal
 Since eAM(t) = A sin (ct) AM signal eq.1
 From the AM wave: A = Ec + em(t)
= Ec + Em sin (mt)
 But Em= mEc
A = Ec + mEc sin (mt) eq. 2
 Substitute eq. 2 in eq. 1
 eAM(t) = [Ec + mEc sin (mt)] sin (ct)
 eAM(t) = Ec sin (ct) + mEc [sin (ct) sin (mt)]

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 31

Mathematical Analysis of a DSBFC AM
sin A sin B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )]
1
Recall:
2

mEc mEc
e AM (t )  Ec sin c t  cos(c   m )t  cos( c   m )t
2 2

Carrier component Upper side component

Lower side component

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 32

Bandwidth of a DSBFC AM
 DSBFC AM Spectrum
e Ec

f
fc-fm fc fc+fm

Lower Side-Frequency Upper Side-Frequency

Pilot Carrier
Bandwidth = f = USF – LSF = (fc+fm) – (fc-fm) = 2fm

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 33

POWER CALCULATIONS IN AM
PT = PC + PLSB + PUSB (RMS)
( E c / 2 ) 2 [( mE c / 2) / 2 ] 2 [( mE c / 2) / 2 ] 2
PT   
R R R
2 2 2
E c ( mE c ) ( mE c )
PT   
2R 8R 8R

E
2
 m2 m2  Ec
2
 m2 
PT  c  1      1  
2R  4 4  2R  2 

m2 PT = total transmitted power

PT  Pc (1  ) PC = unmodulated carrier
2 signal power
m = modulation index
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 34
POWER CALCULATIONS IN AM
m2 PT = total transmitted power
PT  Pc (1  ) PC = unmodulated carrier signal
2 power
m = modulation index
PSBT = total sideband power
PSBT = PC (m2 / 2) mT = total modulation index

PSBT = PSB1 + PSB2 + PSB3 + ….

2 2 2 2
mT m1 m2 m3
Pc  Pc  Pc  Pc  .....
2 2 2 2

  m  m  ........
2 2 2
m T m 1 2 3

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 35

Voltage and Current Calculations in AM

m2 m2
IT  Ic 1 VT  Vc 1
2 2

IT = rms current of the modulated carrier

IC = rms current of the unmodulated carrier
V T = rms voltage of the modulated carrier
VC = rms voltage of the unmodulated carrier

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 36

Voltage and Current Calculations in AM
V-I AM Calculations
m2 m2
IT  Ic 1 VT  Vc 1
2 2

IT = rms current of the modulated carrier

IC = rms current of the unmodulated carrier
V T = rms voltage of the modulated carrier
VC = rms voltage of the unmodulated carrier

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 37

Multiple-tone AM
P = P + P + P + ……..
Modulation
SBT SB1 SB2 SB3
but: PSB = PC (m2 / 2)
therefore:
2 2 2 2
mT m1 m2 m3
Pc  Pc  Pc  Pc  .....
2 2 2 2

mT  m1  m2  m3  ........
2 2 2

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 38

Problem 1
A 1 MHz RF carrier signal is modulated with a 3 kHz
AF sinusoidal tone. The AM signal has 30 Vmax
and 15 Vmin across a 100  resistive load
impedance. Determine the:
a. carrier voltage
b. Modulating signal voltage
c. modulation factor
d. carrier power
e. Total sideband power
f. total power
g. AM signal expression
h. Percent power of information
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 39
Problem 2
For the AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated
voltage of 10V and a load resistance of 10, the
modulation index is given to be 0.5, the modulating
signal is 10 kHz and the carrier signal is 2 MHz
Determine
 the carrier and sideband powers
 the total power
 the power spectrum

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 40

Problem 3
The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A
when only the carrier is sent but it increases to
8.93A when the carrier is modulated by a single sine
wave. Find the percent modulation. If 80% total
modulation is desired, what should be the
modulation index of the second wave?

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 41

 SIDEBAND SYSTEMS
Major Disadvantages of DSBFC

 Power is wasted in the transmitted signal. Most of the

transmitted power is in the carrier, which does not
contribute to the transmitted intelligence.
Remember that the carrier contains no
intelligence.
 The transmitted signal requires twice the bandwidth
of the transmitted intelligence.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 42

 Suppressed-Carrier AM
 Full-carrier AM is simple but not efficient
 Removing the carrier before power amplification allows
full transmitter power to be applied to the sidebands
 Removing the carrier from a fully modulated AM
systems results in a double-sideband suppressed-carrier
transmission

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 43

Suppressed-Carrier Signal

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 44

Power in Suppressed-Carrier
Signals
 Carrier power is useless as a measure of power in a
DSBSC or SSBSC signal
 Instead, the peak envelope power is used
 The peak power envelope is simply the power at
modulation peaks, calculated thus:

2
Vp
PEP 
2 RL
Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 45
Percentage Power Saving
Power Saved During Suppression
% PS  x100%
Total Power Without Suppression

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 46

SIDEBAND SYSTEMS
Eliminating the Carrier
 Suppressed-carrier modulation
 Carrier suppression can be accomplished using the
balanced modulator.
Balanced Modulator Circuit
 A non-linear device that generates the sum and
difference of the input frequencies
 Also known as product modulators

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 47

Problem 4
 An SSB signal with a maximum level of 200 V p-p into
a 50 Ω load results in a PEP rating of ________.

Problem 5
 Calculate the percentage power saving when the
carrier and one of the sidebands is suppressed in an
AM signal with modulation index of 100%.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 48

3-5: Single-Sideband Modulation
SSB Signals
 SSB signals offer four major benefits:
1. Spectrum space is conserved and allows more signals to be
transmitted in the same frequency range.
2. All power is channeled into a single sideband. This
produces a stronger signal that will carry farther and will be
more reliably received at greater distances.
3. Occupied bandwidth space is narrower and noise in the
signal is reduced.
4. There is less selective fading over long distances.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 49

SSB Circuits
DSB and SSB Demodulation
 To recover the intelligence in a DSB or SSB signal, the
carrier that was suppressed at the receiver must be
reinserted.
 A product detector is a balanced modulator used in a
receiver to recover the modulating signal.
 Any balanced modulator can be used as a product
detector to demodulate SSB signals.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 50

TYPES OF AM SSB SYSTEM
 Single-Sideband Full Carrier (SSBFC)

 Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)

 Single-Sideband Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)

 Independent Sideband (ISB)

 Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

INDEPENDENT SIDEBAND
 Form of amplitude modulation in which a
single carrier frequency is independently
modulated by two different modulating
signals.
 It is a type of hybrid between double
sideband (DSB) and single sideband (SSB)

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 52

VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND
 Form of amplitude modulation in
which the carrier and one complete
sideband are transmitted, but only part
of the second sideband is transmitted.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 54

3-5: Single-Sideband Modulation
Signal Power Considerations
 In SSB, the transmitter output is expressed in terms of
peak envelope power (PEP), the maximum power
produced on voice amplitude peaks.

Applications of DSB and SSB

 A vestigial sideband signal (VSB) is produced by
partially suppressing the lower sideband. This kind of
signal is used in TV transmission.

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 55

Fig. Vestigial sideband transmission of a TV picture signal

Picture carrier Audio carrier

Total TV signal bandwidth = 6 MHz

Upper video bands

fc – 0.75 MHz fc fc + 4.2 MHz

fc + 4.5 MHz

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 56

Assignment: Recitation
Discuss the ff. topics: Engineering lettering
1.Methods of generating SSB
1. Filter method
2. Phase shift method
3. Weaver method
2. Difference of Low level modulation and high level modulation
3. Low level modulator
Diode modulator
Transistor modulator
4. High level modulator
Collector modulator

Engr. Bernadeth B. Zari 57