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Practice For Probability Theory

This assignment focuses on enhancing understanding of probability and statistics through a structured approach, covering topics such as permutations, basic probability concepts, mutually exclusive and independent events, conditional probability, and the law of total probability. Each section contains progressively difficult questions designed to build confidence and mastery in the subject. Students are encouraged to review challenging questions and collaborate with peers for deeper understanding.

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39 views3 pages

Practice For Probability Theory

This assignment focuses on enhancing understanding of probability and statistics through a structured approach, covering topics such as permutations, basic probability concepts, mutually exclusive and independent events, conditional probability, and the law of total probability. Each section contains progressively difficult questions designed to build confidence and mastery in the subject. Students are encouraged to review challenging questions and collaborate with peers for deeper understanding.

Uploaded by

h0ver251206
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment: Probability Theory

Objective:

This assignment is designed to help you revise and strengthen your understanding of probability and
statistics concepts. The questions are arranged in increasing difficulty, allowing you to gradually build
confidence in each topic.

Instructions:

●​ Attempt each section in order, as the difficulty progresses tep by step.


●​ If you struggle with a question, review the corresponding topic before moving forward.
●​ Mark questions you find difficult and revisit them later for deeper understanding or take help of
your peers,teachers

1. Permutations & Combinations


💡 Goal: Understand and apply counting principles before using them in probability calculations.
1.​ (Basic) What is the difference between permutations and combinations? Give an example.
2.​ (Basic) How many ways can you arrange the letters in the word "MATH"?
3.​ (Intermediate) A team of 3 students is selected from a group of 10. How many different teams
can be formed?
4.​ (Intermediate) In a school election, 5 candidates compete for president and vice-president. How
many ways can these positions be assigned?
5.​ (Advanced) A password consists of 3 letters followed by 2 digits. How many unique passwords
can be created if letters can be repeated but digits cannot?
6.​ (Advanced) A class has 8 boys and 7 girls. In how many ways can a team of 4 students be
selected if at least one girl must be in the team?

✔ Checkpoint: If you are confident in arranging and selecting objects, you are ready to apply probability
concepts!

2. Basic Probability Concepts (Sample Space, Events,


Complements)
💡 Goal: Understand fundamental probability concepts and calculate basic probabilities.
1.​ Define sample space, event, and complement using an example of rolling a die.
2.​ If you flip a fair coin twice, list the sample space and calculate the probability of getting at least
one head.
3.​ A bag contains 5 red, 3 blue, and 2 green marbles. What is the probability of drawing a blue
marble?
4.​ What is the complement of the event “rolling a number less than 4” on a 6-sided die?
5.​ (Intermediate) A number is randomly chosen from 1 to 100. What is the probability that it is
divisible by 5 or 7?
6.​ (Advanced) Using permutations and combinations, find the probability of getting exactly 2 heads
when flipping a fair coin 4 times.

✔ Checkpoint: If you can confidently solve these, you have a solid grasp of basic probability.

3. Mutually Exclusive & Independent Events,Exhaustive


💡 Goal: Distinguish between mutually exclusive and independent events and calculate probabilities
accordingly.

1.​ Define mutually exclusive and independent events. Give an example of each.
2.​ (Basic) Can two events be both mutually exclusive and independent? Why or why not?
3.​ (Intermediate) A die is rolled. Let A be the event “rolling an even number,” and B be the event
“rolling a number greater than 4.” Are these events mutually exclusive?
4.​ (Intermediate) If P(A)=0.6 and P(B)=0.4, and A and B are independent, find P(A ∩ B).
5.​ At TechPro Solutions, 70% of the employees successfully complete a cybersecurity training
program, while 30% complete a data privacy training program. These two training programs are
conducted independently of each other.Consider an employee who did not complete the
cybersecurity training. What is the probability that this employee also did not complete the data
privacy training?
6.​ Three bags contain marbles: Bag A has 50% red, Bag B has 40% red, and Bag C has 30% red. If
a marble is drawn from one of the bags, what is the probability that it was drawn from Bag B
given that it was red ?

✔ Checkpoint: If you can calculate probabilities for independent and mutually exclusive events, you're
ready for conditional probability.

4. Conditional Probability & Bayes' Theorem


💡 Goal: Compute conditional probabilities and apply Bayes’ Theorem to real-world scenarios.
1.​ (Basic) What is conditional probability? Explain using an example.
2.​ (Basic) In a class of 30 students, 10 are in the football team and 12 in the basketball team. If 4
students play both sports, what is the probability that a randomly chosen student plays football
given that they play basketball?
3.​ (Intermediate) A bank has 60% male and 40% female customers. Fraudulent transactions occur
for 1% of male customers and 2% of female customers. If a transaction is flagged as fraudulent,
what is the probability that it was made by a female customer?
4.​ (Advanced) A test for a disease is 95% accurate for positive cases and 90% accurate for
negative cases. If 2% of a population has the disease, what is the probability that a randomly
tested person actually has the disease given they tested positive?

✔ Checkpoint: If you can solve these, you understand how to work with conditional probabilities and
Bayes' Theorem.
5. Law of Total Probability & Exhaustive Events
💡 Goal: Break down probabilities using the Law of Total Probability and verify exhaustive events.
1.​ (Basic) Define exhaustive events and explain how they relate to probability calculations.
2.​ (Basic) The probability of rain in a city is 30%. If it rains, the probability of a traffic jam is 70%. If it
doesn’t rain, the probability of a traffic jam is 40%. What is the overall probability of a traffic jam?
3.​ (Intermediate) A store has 3 types of batteries: 50% are brand A, 30% are brand B, and 20% are
brand C. The probability of a defect is 2% for brand A, 5% for brand B, and 8% for brand C. What
is the probability that a randomly selected battery is defective?
4.​ (Intermediate) A factory produces items from two machines: 70% from Machine A and 30% from
Machine B. The probability that an item from Machine A is defective is 0.02, and from Machine B
is 0.05. What is the probability that a randomly selected item is defective?
5.​ (Advanced) In a company, 40% of employees are in the sales department, 35% in marketing, and
25% in engineering. The probability of promotion in each department is 10%, 15%, and 20%
respectively. What is the overall probability of an employee getting promoted?

✔ Checkpoint: If you can break problems into cases and compute total probabilities, you're mastering
structured probability analysis.

6. Miscellaneous Practice (Mixed Topics)


💡 Goal: Apply multiple concepts in real-world scenarios and mixed-topic problems.
1.​ (Intermediate) A deck of cards has 52 cards. If 5 cards are drawn, what is the probability that at
least one of them is an Ace?
2.​ (Advanced) In a lottery, a person must choose 6 numbers from 1 to 49. What is the probability of
selecting exactly 3 winning numbers if 6 numbers are randomly drawn? Assume there are three
winning numbers.
3.​ (Advanced) A fair die is rolled twice. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers is at
least 9, given that the first roll was even?
4.​ At a prestigious coaching institute, candidates are evaluated using two separate
assessments:Aptitude Test (Event A): 60% of candidates pass this test,Interview Test (Event B):
50% of candidates pass this test.

It is known that 85% of the candidates pass at least one of the two assessments.

a) What is the probability that a candidate passes both tests?​


​ b) What is the probability that a candidate passes exactly one of the tests?

5.​ (Advanced) A bag contains 4 red, 3 blue, and 2 green balls. If two balls are drawn randomly, what
is the probability that at least one is red?
6.​ (Advanced) A company has three brands of light bulbs with failure rates of 5%, 10%, and 15%,
respectively. If a bulb fails, what is the probability it came from the second brand?

✔ Checkpoint: If you can tackle these mixed problems, you are fully prepared for any probability and
statistics challenges.

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