11_CR3_pre-calculas12_wncp_solution.

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C U M U L AT I V E R E V I E W C h a p t e r s 1 - 8 ,
pages 761–772

1. Sketch a graph of this polynomial function:

g(x) = 4x3 - 8x2 - x + 2
Factor the polynomial.
Use mental math to substitute x ⴝ 1, then x ⴝ ⴚ1 in g(x) to determine
that neither x ⴚ 1 nor x ⴙ 1 is a factor.
Try x ⴝ 2: g(2) ⴝ 32 ⴚ 32 ⴚ 2 ⴙ 2
ⴝ0
So, x ⴚ 2 is a factor.
Divide to determine the other factor.
2 4 ⴚ8 ⴚ1 2
8 0 ⴚ2

4 0 ⴚ1 0

So, 4x3 ⴚ 8x2 ⴚ x ⴙ 2 ⴝ (x ⴚ 2)(4x2 ⴚ 1)

Factor the second binomial: 4x2 ⴚ 1 ⴝ (2x ⴚ 1)(2x ⴙ 1)
So, 4x3 ⴚ 8x2 ⴚ x ⴙ 2 ⴝ (x ⴚ 2)(2x ⴚ 1)(2x ⴙ 1)
So, the x-intercepts of the graph are: 2, 0.5, ⴚ0.5
The equation has degree 3, so it is an odd-degree polynomial function.
The leading coefficient is positive, so as x : ⴚ ˆ , the graph falls and as
x : ˆ , the graph rises.
The constant term is 2, so the y-intercept is 2.
Plot points at the intercepts, then join them with a smooth curve.

g(x)  4x 3  8x 2  x  2
y

2
x
0.5 0 0.5 2

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2
4x2
2. Sketch the graph of y = , then state its domain
3x2 + 9x + 6
and range.
The function is undefined when: y
3x2 ⴙ 9x ⴙ 6 ⴝ 0 6
3(x ⴙ 2)(x ⴙ 1) ⴝ 0 4x 2
y  3x 2  9x  6
x ⴝ ⴚ2 or x ⴝ ⴚ1 4
These are the equations of the vertical
2
asymptotes.
The leading coefficients are 4 and 3, so x
4 2 0 2 4
there is a horizontal asymptote with
4
equation y ⴝ .
3
Determine the behaviour of the graph close to the asymptotes, and the
coordinates of a point between the vertical asymptotes.
Approximate the y-values.

x ⴚ2.01 ⴚ1.99 ⴚ1.01 ⴚ0.99 ⴚ100 100 ⴚ1.5

y 533 ⴚ533 ⴚ137 129 1.37 1.29 ⴚ12

When x ⴝ 0, y ⴝ 0, so the graph passes through the origin.

Draw broken lines for the asymptotes.
Plot points to show the behaviour of the graph near the asymptotes.
Join the points to form smooth curves.
The domain is: x ⴝ ⴚ2, x ⴝ ⴚ1
32
Using a graphing calculator, the range is: y » 0 or y ◊ ⴚ
3

3. Restrict the domain of each function below so its inverse is a

function.
a) y b) y  f (x) y
4 2
y  f (x)
x  f (y) x
2
4 2 2
x
2 0 2 4 6
x  f(y)
2 4

Sample response: Sample response:

Sketch the graph of the inverse. Sketch the graph of the inverse.
The inverse is a function if the The inverse is a function if the
domain of y ⴝ f(x) is restricted domain of y ⴝ f(x) is restricted to
to either x ◊ 1 or x » 1. either x ◊ ⴚ2 or x » ⴚ2.

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4. Here is the graph of y = f(x). On the same grid, sketch the graph of
1
y ⫹ 2 ⫽ - 2 f (3(x ⫺ 4)).

y
4
y  f(x)
2
x
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
2
1
y  2   2 f(3(x  4))
4

1
Compare: y ⴚ k ⴝ af (b(x ⴚ h)) to y ⴙ 2 ⴝ ⴚ f (3(x ⴚ 4)):
2
1
k ⴝ ⴚ2, a ⴝ ⴚ , b ⴝ 3, and h ⴝ 4
2
(x, y) on y ⴝ f(x) corresponds to

a ⴙ 4, ⴚ y ⴚ 2b on y ⴙ 2 ⴝ ⴚ f (3(x ⴚ 4))
x 1 1
3 2 3

a ⴙ 4, ⴚ y ⴚ 2b
x 1
(x, y) 3 2
(ⴚ6, 0) (2, ⴚ2)
(ⴚ3, 4) (3, ⴚ4)
(3, ⴚ4) (5, 0)
(6, 2) (6, ⴚ3)

Join the points with line segments.

5. For y ⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 5, determine two sets of possible functions f

and g so that y ⫽ f (g(x)).
Sample response: Complete the square.
y ⴝ 2(x2 ⴙ 2x ⴙ 1 ⴚ 1) ⴙ 5
y ⴝ 2(x ⴙ 1)2 ⴙ 3
One solution is: g(x) ⴝ x ⴙ 1 and f(x) ⴝ 2x 2 ⴙ 3
Another solution is: g(x) ⴝ (x ⴙ 1)2 and f(x) ⴝ 2x ⴙ 3

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6. A principal of $800 is invested in a savings account that pays 7%

annual interest, compounded semi-annually. To the nearest quarter
of a year, how long will it take until this investment is worth $1000?
Use the formula for the growth of money with compound interest.
nt
A ⴝ A0 a1 ⴙ nb , where t is the time in years since the principal was
i

invested
Substitute: A ⴝ 1000, A0 ⴝ 800, i ⴝ 0.07, n ⴝ 2
2t
1000 ⴝ 800 a1 ⴙ b
0.07
Divide each side by 800.
2
1.25 ⴝ 1.035 2t
Take the common logarithm of each side.
log 1.25 ⴝ log (1.035)2t Apply the power law.
log 1.25 ⴝ 2t log 1.035
log 1.25
tⴝ
2 log 1.035
t ⴝ 3.2432. . .
It will take approximately 3.25 years until the investment is worth $1000.

7. a) The graphs of a logarithmic function and its transformation 6

y
image are shown. Corresponding points are indicated. Identify y  g(x) A'
the transformations. 4
B'
A
The horizontal distance between: A and B is 6; Aⴕ and Bⴕ is 6 2
B
y  f(x )
The vertical distance between: A and B is 1; Aⴕ and Bⴕ is 3 x
The vertical distance triples, so there is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3. 0 2 4 6 8 10
After this stretch, the coordinates of A(9, 2) will be (9, 6). 2
The translation that moves (9, 6) to Aⴕ(11, 6) is 2 units right.

b) Given that f(x) = log3 x, what is g(x)? Justify your answer.

Write the equation of the image graph in the form:
y ⴚ k ⴝ a log3d(x ⴚ h)
a represents the vertical stretch, so a ⴝ 3.
h represents the horizontal translation, so h ⴝ 2.
There is no horizontal stretch or compression, and no vertical
translation, so k ⴝ 0 and d ⴝ 1.
So, an equation of the image graph is: g(x) ⴝ 3 log3(x ⴚ 2)

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8. For each angle below:

i) Sketch the angle in standard position.
ii) Write an expression for the measures of all angles that are
coterminal with the angle in standard position.
iii) Determine the values of the six trigonometric ratios of the
angle. Give exact answers where possible, or to the nearest
thousandth.
15␲
a) ⫺475° b) 4

i) y i) y

x x
15
475° 4

ii) The measures of all ii) The measures of all coterminal

coterminal angles can be angles can be represented by:
ⴙ 2␲k, k ç ⺪
represented by: 15␲
ⴚ475° ⴙ k360°, k ç ⺪ 4
15␲ 7␲
iii) Use a calculator. iii) ⴚ 2␲ ⴝ
4 4
sin (ⴚ475°) ⬟ ⴚ0.906 The terminal arm of the angle
1 lies in Quadrant 4 where the
csc (ⴚ475°) ⴝ
sin ( ⴚ 475°) cosine and secant ratios are
⬟ ⴚ1.103 positive, and the other 4
cos (ⴚ475°) ⬟ ⴚ0.423 trigonometric ratios are
1 negative.
sec (ⴚ475°) ⴝ
cos ( ⴚ 475°) 15␲ 7␲
sin ⴝ sin
⬟ ⴚ2.366 4 4
tan (ⴚ475°) ⬟ 2.145 1
ⴝ ⴚ√
1 2
cot (ⴚ475°) ⴝ 15␲ √
tan ( ⴚ 475°) csc ⴝⴚ 2
4
⬟ 0.466 15␲ 7␲
cos ⴝ cos
4 4
1
ⴝ√
2
15␲ √
sec ⴝ 2
4
15␲ 7␲
tan ⴝ tan
4 4
ⴝ ⴚ1
15␲
cot ⴝ ⴚ1
4

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2
9. Given sin u ⫽ √ , determine the exact values of the other
13
5 trigonometric ratios in the domain 90° ≤ u ≤ 270°.
Since sin U is positive, the terminal arm of angle U lies in Quadrant 1 or 2.
2 √
Since sin U ⴝ √ , point P(x, 2) on a circle, with radius 13, is a terminal
13
point of angle U in standard position. Use mental math and the
√
Pythagorean Theorem to determine that x ⴝ — 13 ⴚ 4, or x ⴝ — 3.
From the given domain, the terminal arm of angle U lies in Quadrant 2,
so x ⴝ ⴚ3. Then:
√ √
13 3 13
csc U ⴝ cos U ⴝ ⴚ√ sec U ⴝ ⴚ
2 13 3
2 3
tan U ⴝ ⴚ cot U ⴝ ⴚ
3 2

10. A circle has radius 5 cm. In radians and degrees, what is the measure
of the central angle subtended by an arc with length 10 cm? Give the
answers to the nearest tenth where necessary.

Use: a ⴝ Ur Substitute: a ⴝ 10, r ⴝ 5

10 ⴝ 5U
Uⴝ2
The measure of the central angle is 2 radians.
Convert 2 radians to degrees.

U ⴝ 2a ␲ b
180°

U ⴝ 114.5915. . .°
The measure of the central angle is approximately 114.6°.

11. a) Sketch the graph of y ⫽ cos x for the domain ⫺2␲ ≤ x ≤ 2␲.

y 
(
y  2 cos 2 x 
3)2
4

2
x


3  
 0   3
2 2
2
2 y  cos x 2

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␲
b) On the grid in part a, sketch the graph of y = 2 cos 2 ax - 3 b ⫹ 2.
Describe your strategy.
The graph of y ⴝ cos x is: stretched vertically by a factor of 2,
1 ␲
compressed horizontally by a factor of , then translated units right
2 3
and 2 units up.
I chose points on the graph of y ⴝ cos x, applied the transformations to
each point, then joined the image points.

c) For the function in part b, list the: amplitude, period, phase shift,
zeros, domain, and range.
␲
The amplitude is 2; the period is ␲; the phase shift is ; the zeros are:
3
; the domain is x ç ⺢; the range is 0
7␲ ␲ 5␲ 11␲
ⴚ ,ⴚ , , ◊y◊4
6 6 6 6

12. The pedals of an exercise bicycle are mounted on a bracket that is

30 cm above the floor. Each pedal is 18 cm from the centre of the
bracket. A person pedals at 60 rotations per minute.
a) Determine a sinusoidal function that models the height of a
pedal above the floor, h metres, as a function of time, t seconds.
The timing begins when the pedal is at the lowest point, which is:
30 cm ⴚ 18 cm ⴝ 12 cm
So, at t ⴝ 0, h ⴝ 12
At 60 rotations per minute, the time for one rotation is 1 s.
So, after 0.5 s, the pedal is at its highest point, which is:
12 cm ⴙ 36 cm ⴝ 48 cm
So, at t ⴝ 0.5, h ⴝ 48
The graph begins at (0, 12), which is a minimum point.
The first maximum point is at (0.5, 48).
The position of the first maximum is known, so use a cosine function:
h(t) ⴝ a cos b(t ⴚ c) ⴙ d
The amplitude is 30 ⴚ 12 ⴝ 18, so a ⴝ 18.
2␲
The period is 1, so b ⴝ , or 2␲.
1
The phase shift is c ⴝ 0.5.
The vertical translation is d ⴝ 30.
So, an equation is: h(t) ⴝ 18 cos 2␲(t ⴚ 0.5) ⴙ 30

b) During the first rotation, when is the pedal 40 cm above the

floor? Give the answers to the nearest hundredth of a second.
Use technology.
Graph Y ⴝ 18 cos 2␲(X ⴚ 0.5) ⴙ 30 and Y ⴝ 40, for 0<X<2, then
determine the approximate X-coordinates of the first two points of
intersection: X ⬟ 0.34 and X ⬟ 0.66
The pedal is 40 cm above the floor after approximately 0.34 s and 0.66 s.

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13. Use graphing technology to solve each equation for 0 ≤ x < 2␲,
then write the general solution. Give the roots to the nearest
hundredth.
a) 3 sin 2x ⫹ 1 ⫽ 2 cos 2x b) 3 cos2x ⫽ 1 ⫺ 2 cos x

Graph y ⴝ 3 sin 2x ⴙ 1 and Graph the related function

y ⴝ 2 cos 2x. y ⴝ 3 cos2x ⴚ 1 ⴙ 2 cos x
Determine the approximate Determine the approximate zeros.
x-coordinates of the points of To the nearest hundredth, the
intersection. roots are: x ⴝ 1.23, x ⴝ 3.14,
To the nearest hundredth, the and x ⴝ 5.05
roots are: x ⴝ 0.15, x ⴝ 2.01, The period is 2␲, so the general
x ⴝ 3.30, and x ⴝ 5.15 solution is approximately:
The period is ␲, so the general x ⴝ 1.23 ⴙ 2␲k, k ç ⺪,
solution is approximately: x ⴝ 3.14 ⴙ 2␲k, k ç ⺪, or
x ⴝ 0.15 ⴙ ␲k, k ç ⺪ or x ⴝ 5.05 ⴙ 2␲k, k H ⺪
x ⴝ 2.01 ⴙ ␲k, k ç ⺪

14. Use algebra to solve each equation for the domain

⫺180° ≤ x ≤ 180°. Give the roots to the nearest degree.
a) 5 ⫺ 3 tan x ⫽ 2 tan x ⫹ 1 b) 4 sin2x ⫹ 5 sin x ⫽ ⫺1

ⴚ5 tan x ⴝ ⴚ4 4 sin2x ⴙ 5 sin x ⴙ 1 ⴝ 0

4
tan x ⴝ , or 0.8 (4 sin x ⴙ 1)(sin x ⴙ 1) ⴝ 0
5
Either 4 sin x ⴙ 1 ⴝ 0
Since tan x is positive, the
1
terminal arm of angle x lies in sin x ⴝ ⴚ , or ⴚ0.25
4
Quadrant 1 or 3. Since sin x is negative, the
In Quadrant 1, x ⴝ tanⴚ1(0.8) terminal arm of angle x lies in
So, x ⴝ 38.6598. . . ° Quadrant 3 or 4.
In Quadrant 3, The reference angle is:
x ⴝ ⴚ180° ⴙ 38.6598. . .° sinⴚ1(0.25) ⴝ 14.4775. . .°
x ⴝ ⴚ141.3401. . .° In Quadrant 3,
The roots are: x ⬟ 39° and x ⴝ ⴚ180° ⴙ 14.4775. . .°
x ⬟ ⴚ141° x ⴝ ⴚ165.5224. . .°
In Quadrant 4,
x ⴝ ⴚ14.4775. . .°
Or sin x ⴙ 1 ⴝ 0
sin x ⴝ ⴚ1
The terminal arm of angle x lies on
the negative y-axis, so x ⴝ ⴚ90º.
The roots are: x ⬟ ⴚ14°, x ⬟ ⴚ166°,
and x ⴝ ⴚ90º

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15. For each expression below:

i) Determine any non-permissible values of u.
ii) Write the expression in simplest form.
cos u + sin u tan u
a) (sec u)(sec u ⫺ cos u) b)
tan u
1 sin U
i) sec U ⴝ , so cos U ⴝ 0, i) tan U ⴝ , so cos U ⴝ 0,
cos U cos U
ⴙ ␲k, k ç ⺪ ⴙ ␲k, k ç ⺪ and
␲ ␲
Uⴝ Uⴝ
2 2
ii) (sec U)(sec U ⴚ cos U) sin U ⴝ 0, U ⴝ ␲k, k ç ⺪
ⴝ sec2U ⴚ sec U cos U cos U ⴙ sin U tan U
ii)
ⴝ sec2U ⴚ 1 tan U
ⴝ tan2U cos U ⴙ sin U a
sin U
b
cos U
ⴝ
sin U
cos U
cos 2U ⴙ sin 2U
ⴝ
sin U
1
ⴝ
sin U
ⴝ csc U

16. Prove this identity: tan2x ⫺ sin2x ⫽ tan2x sin2x

L.S. ⴝ tan2x ⴚ sin2x

sin2x
ⴝ ⴚ sin2x Use a common denominator.
cos2x
sin2x ⴚ (sin2x)(cos2x)
ⴝ Factor.
cos2x
(sin x)(1 ⴚ cos2x)
2

ⴝ
cos2x
(sin x)(sin2x)
2

ⴝ
cos2x
2
sin x
ⴝ # sin2x
cos2x
ⴝ tan2x sin2x
ⴝ R.S.
The left side is equal to the right side, so the identity is proved.

17. Solve this equation over the domain ⫺90° < x < 270°:
tan 4x - tan 3x √
⫽ 3
1 + tan 4x tan 3x
√
tan (4x ⴚ 3x) ⴝ 3
√
tan x ⴝ 3
x ⴝ 60º or x ⴝ 240º

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18. Use graphing technology to verify the identity cos 2u = 2 cos2u - 1.

Sketch the graph.
The graphs of y ⴝ cos 2U and
y ⴝ 2 cos2U ⴚ 1 coincide, so
the identity is verified.

2 tan u
19. Prove this identity: tan 2u cos 2u ⫽
1 + tan2u

L.S. ⴝ tan 2U cos 2U 2 tan U

R.S. ⴝ
1 ⴙ tan2U
ⴝ a b (cos 2U)
sin 2U
cos 2U sin U
2
cos U
ⴝ sin 2U ⴝ
sec2U
sin U
2
cos U
ⴝ
1
cos2U
2 sin U cos U
ⴝ
1
ⴝ sin 2U
The left and right sides simplify to the same expression, so the identity
is proved.

20. a) License plates in British Columbia have the form ABC 123 or 123
ABC. All 26 letters (A to Z) and 10 digits (0 to 9) may be used
more than once. How many plates are possible?
Use the fundamental counting principle.
For each letter, there are 26 choices.
For each digit, there are 10 choices.
The number of possible plates with the form ABC 123 is:
26 # 26 # 26 # 10 # 10 # 10 ⴝ 17 576 000
The number of possible plates with the form 123 ABC is:
10 # 10 # 10 # 26 # 26 # 26 ⴝ 17 576 000
So, the total number of plates possible is:
17 576 000 ⴙ 17 576 000 ⴝ 35 152 000

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b) Suppose a repetition of a letter or digit is not permitted. How

many plates are possible?
When a letter or digit cannot be used more than once:
The number of possible plates with the form ABC 123 is:
26 # 25 # 24 # 10 # 9 # 8 ⴝ 11 232 000
The number of possible plates with the form 123 ABC is:
10 # 9 # 8 # 26 # 25 # 24 ⴝ 11 232 000
So, the total number of plates possible is:
11 232 000 ⴙ 11 232 000 ⴝ 22 464 000

c) Explain why the answers in parts a and b are different.

When repetition is not allowed, the total number of arrangements
decreases. For example, when repetition is allowed, there are 4 possible
arrangements for the letters A and B: AA, BB, AB, BA
When repetition is not allowed, there are 2 possible arrangements: AB, BA

21. What is the number of permutations of all the letters in the name of
each capital city?
a) WINNIPEG b) REGINA
There are 8 letters. There are 6 letters.
2 are Is and 2 are Ns. All letters are different.
Number of permutations: Number of permutations:
8! 6! ⴝ 720
2!2!
2
8#7#6#5 # 4 #3
ⴝ
2
ⴝ 10 080

22. The pre-requisite grade 12 courses for a Bachelor of Arts program

at the University of Alberta are English Language Arts 30-1; and
4 courses from a list of 10 Grade 12 courses. How many ways can a
student meet the pre-requisite courses?
Number of ways of choosing from the list of Grade 12 courses:
10!
C ⴝ
10 4
(10 ⴚ 4)!4!
10!
ⴝ
6!4!
ⴝ 210
There is only one way to choose English Language Arts 30-1.
So, the number of ways a student can meet the pre-requisites is:
210 # 1 ⴝ 210
A student can meet the pre-requisite courses in 210 ways.

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23. Determine the indicated term in each expansion.

a) the first term in the expansion of (⫺3x ⫺ 0.2y)9
The first term in the expansion of (x ⴙ y)n is xn.
Substitute: x ⴝ ⴚ3x and n ⴝ 9
(ⴚ3x)9 ⴝ ⴚ19 683x9
So, the first term is ⴚ19 683x9.

b) the third term in the expansion of (0.5x ⫹ 2y)7

Use the expression for the kth term in the expansion of (x ⴙ y)n:
n ⴚ (k ⴚ 1) k ⴚ 1
nCk ⴚ 1x y
Substitute: n ⴝ 7, k ⴝ 3, x ⴝ 0.5x, y ⴝ 2y
C
7 3ⴚ1 (0.5x)7 ⴚ (3 ⴚ 1)(2y)3 ⴚ 1 ⴝ 7C2(0.5x)5(2y)2
ⴝ 21(0.031 25x5)(4y2)
ⴝ 2.625x5y2
So, the third term in the expansion is 2.625x5y2.

24. Expand using the binomial theorem: (2x ⫺ 3y2)6

(x ⴙ y)n ⴝ nC0xn ⴙ nC1xn ⴚ 1y ⴙ nC2xn ⴚ 2y2 ⴙ nC3xn ⴚ 3y3 ⴙ . . . ⴙ nCn ⴚ 1xyn ⴚ 1 ⴙ nCnyn
Substitute: x ⴝ 2x, y ⴝ ⴚ3y, n ⴝ 6
(2x ⴚ 3y2)6 ⴝ 6C0(2x)6 ⴙ 6C1(2x)6 ⴚ 1( ⴚ3y2) ⴙ 6C2(2x)6 ⴚ 2(ⴚ3y2)2 ⴙ 6C3(2x)6 ⴚ 3( ⴚ3y2)3 ⴙ
6ⴚ4
6C4(2x) (ⴚ3y2)4 ⴙ 6C5(2x)6 ⴚ 5(ⴚ3y2)5 ⴙ 6C6(2x)6 ⴚ 6( ⴚ3y2)6
ⴝ 1(2x)6 ⴙ 6(2x)5( ⴚ3y2) ⴙ 15(2x)4( ⴚ3y2)2 ⴙ 20(2x)3( ⴚ3y2)3 ⴙ 15(2x)2( ⴚ3y2)4 ⴙ
6(2x)1( ⴚ3y2)5 ⴙ 1(2x)0( ⴚ3y2)6
ⴝ 64x6 ⴚ 576x5y2 ⴙ 2160x4y4 ⴚ 4320x3y6 ⴙ 4860x2y8 ⴚ 2916xy10 ⴙ 729y12

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