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ICE4CT2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

A Comparative Study of Hybrid Energy Storage System using

Battery and Supercapacitor for Stand-Alone Solar PV System

N A Uloom1, T M N T Mansur1,2, R Ali1,2, N H Baharudin1,2, A M Abdullah3,

1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),
Perlis, Malaysia.
2
Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis
(UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
3
Public Works Department Malaysia (JKR), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
tunkunizar@unimap.edu.my

Abstract. The standalone solar power system has long been used to meet the electrical needs
of basic building structures. To counter the natural supply–demand imbalance caused by solar
energy, standalone solar PV system often include energy storage devices, primarily lead–acid
batteries. Due to lead-acid battery limitations, solar systems often have higher operational costs
compared to traditional power systems. It has been discovered that a supercapacitor-battery
hybrid energy storage device can be used to prolong the cycle life of a battery system by
reducing the charge–discharge stress caused by variable power exchange. This research
examines the influence of a supercapacitor on a photovoltaic system that makes use of a hybrid
energy storage system that includes both batteries and supercapacitors in order to lessen the
stress placed on the batteries. The methodology involves data collection for load profile and
meteorological information, designing solar PV system, and simulation using Matlab
SIMULINK to study the effect of supercapacitor on battery current of the evaluated system.
Three different energy storage system topologies in building applications were simulated, and
their ability in managing battery stress was investigated and evaluated. From the result, it is
clear that by applying passive HES system, 53% of battery current can be reduced compared to
battery-only system and 92% of reduction can be achieved by using semi-active HES system.

1. Introduction
The scarcity of fossil fuels, as well as their negative environmental impact, has recently prompted
global initiatives to reduce energy usage and explore alternate energy options According to previous
study, the construction sector consumes around 20–40% of electricity generated in established
countries; hence, renewable energy systems provides a better alternative to fossil fuels for tackling the
pollution and energy crisis caused by building consumption. [1]. Solar energy and wind energy have
been two of the fastest developing renewable energy sources in recent decades. Wind energy
applications are frequently deployed on a wide scale and are widely used in remote and offshore areas.
[2][3], While solar is often chosen for buildings with restricted installation areas, requirements for
vibration control, and an unfavourable urban wind environment [4]. Solar photovoltaic (PV) system is
one of the world's fastest-growing technologies, with a current annual growth rate of 35%–40%.
Unfortunately, there are several present challenges with solar power systems that include inconsistent
and variable energy supply, as well as load requirements[5]. This creates network imbalances and
leaves the supply's load potential unfulfilled.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

To address these issues, there are a few ways to introduce stability into the system and
ensure that an adequate supply is always available for the load required, one of which is by utilizing
electrical energy storage for the system. The use of an energy storage system (ESS) ensures that the
energy balance in the renewable energy network remains stable. This necessitates the storage of
energy when there is an excess supply and the delivery of surplus energy to loads in order to decrease
the supply shortage [6]. ESS has been thoroughly researched to enable higher renewable energy
penetration by storing and releasing energy at different periods [7][8]. Battery, which comes in many
shapes, sizes, and varieties, is the oldest and most well-known and preferred ESS due to its advantage
of mature, proven, and reliable technologies. Figure 1 illustrates the common structure of an ESS used
for a standalone photovoltaic system, which connects photovoltaic cells and includes them in modules
or arrays to convert the solar radiation to electricity. The maximum power point trackers (MPPT) solar
charge controller is used to control the charging and charge process, while preventing against overload
and unloading.
In a common stand-alone PV power system, the ESS is subjected to irregular and frequent
charging and discharging patterns, reducing the ESS lifespan and significantly raising the ESS
replacement cost. Many studies were carried out to address these obstacles, concluding that the
introduction of a Hybrid Energy Storage (HES) system is among the most practicable solutions to
these problems [8][9]. Various energy storage hybridizations are possible due to the various energy
storage technologies. The HESS is frequently composed of high-power storage, such as a battery, and
high-energy storage, such as a supercapacitor, with the high-power storage absorbing or supplying
transient and peak power and the high-energy storage meeting long-term energy demand. The goal of
this study is to demonstrate a photovoltaic-based hybrid energy storage system that stores energy in
batteries and supercapacitors to handle load and source issues. The influence of supercapacitor on
battery current in a hybrid system is examined and discussed in this paper.

Figure 1: Common stand-alone solar PV power system with DC load.

2. Methodology
The methodology of the study is presented in this section, which starts with data collection for load
profile and meteorological information including temperature and sun irradiation, designing solar PV
system, and finally using Matlab SIMULINK simulation to study the effect of supercapacitor on
battery current of the evaluated system.

2.1. Load Profile and Meteorological Information

One of the faculty buildings from the University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) main campus, with the
geographical coordinates 6°27'34" N, 100°21'01" E, has been selected as a research case. The
information on building energy consumption is one of the most significant factors to consider when
designing a solar PV system; consequently, the power monitoring device, Fluke 1735 Power Logger,
is utilized in this research. The load current profile for 24 hours is shown in Figure 2 which had been
collected by using data logger based on lighting system in a faculty building. On the other hand, the
result for a 24-hour sunny day in Arau, Perlis is illustrated in Figure 3. This solar irradiance data will
be utilized for simulation in the production of solar PV power.

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ICE4CT2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

Figure 2: Current load profile for 24 hours.

Figure 3: Solar irradiance profile for 24 hours.

2.2. Design of Solar PV System

The solar PV system depicted in Figure 1 has been designed, computed and modelled. A few critical
parameters are specified and determined in this step, and they will be required for simulation by using
Matlab SIMULINK software. This section of the design determines the size of the solar PV array,
battery, supercapacitor, DC bus, and other components.

2.3. Matlab SIMULINK Simulation

The behaviours of multiple ESS elements are evaluated via pulse current loads to analyze and identify
the load-discharge behaviour of the specified HES system design. A common standalone PV system
comprise of a PV array, battery bank, charge controller and load. After designing the PV solar system,
Matlab SIMULINK is used to simulate the design system. The Matlab SIMULINK for battery-only
model is presented in Figure 4. A 65 Ah, 48 V lead acid battery in chosen in this simulation. The
sample time of simulation is fixed to 10-6.

Figure 4: Simulation of a battery-only system in Matlab SIMULINK.

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ICE4CT2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

Several topologies have been offered in order to maximize the benefits of different aspects of ESS in
the system for the Battery-SC HES system in different applications. The quantity of ESS elements,
interface methods and mechanisms for power sharing between ESS elements are all used to classify
HESS topologies present or feasible. As in Figure 5, the HESS Battery-SC can be designed and
categorised in few ways which are as passive, full active or a combination of both which is called
semi-active.

Figure 5: Categorisation of HES System topologies for battery-supercapacitor [10].

Battery-SC HES system topologies and energy management systems vary in complexity, cost and
performance depending on its application. Generally, effective energy management performance and
flexibility require a significant control system implementation cost and complexity. The viability of
numerous HES systems in standalone PV power systems is investigated in this paper, with an interest
in building electrification applications. Full active HESS topology may not be appropriate for this
usage due to high maintenance costs, system robustness and inadequate technical support[11].
Considering all of the HESS topologies shown above, there are three types of topologies that will be
chosen to compare in this paper which are: a) battery-only system, b) passive HES system and c) semi-
active HES system. The appropriate models and control methods for HES systems topologies are built
with the use of Matlab SIMULINK and the integration in standalone photovoltaic power systems is
examined.

a) Passive HES system

Passive topology as shown in Figure 6, is the simplest and most economical connection between
battery and supercapacitor because ESS is linked directly to DC bus. The electrical characteristics of
the ESS devices define the process and reaction of this power sharing topology. In this design, the
battery and SC share power according to their time constants. Due to the varied battery and SC
terminal voltage characteristics, the SC's power cannot be properly utilized, resulting in poor
volumetric performance and limited HESS design flexibility. This is the oldest HESS topology idea
and is rarely used [11].

b) Semi-active HES system

Figure 7 shows only one from two ESS parts being actively controlled. With this design, the
advantages of passive and active ESS systems will be maximized while the drawbacks of each system
will be considered[12].

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ICE4CT2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

Figure 6: Simulation of a passive HESS system in Matlab SIMULINK

Figure 7: Simulation of a semi-active HESS system in Matlab SIMULINK

Table 1 demonstrates parameter utilized in various topologies used in the simulation of Matlab
SIMULINK. The primary LA battery bank in all three cases stayed the identical to assure a fair
comparison, as well as the capacities for the supercapacitor component are shown on Table 1.

Table 1: List model parameter used in Matlab SIMULINK simulation.

HES System topology Lead-acid battery capacity Supercapacitor capacity (F)

(Ah)
Battery-only system 65 -
Passive HES system 65 1000
Semi-active HES system 65 1000

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ICE4CT2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

3. Result and Discussion

This section presents the result of simulation which was run for 3 separate HESS topology
configurations: a) battery-only system, b) passive HES system, and c) semi-active HES. From
calculation that had been done, the size of PV solar chosen is 500 W with 48 V DC bus voltage. The
graph in Figure 8 shows the PV power output (blue line) and power load demand (red line) for a day.

Figure 8: Simulated Power PV output and Power load profile.

The model current profiles of multiple HESS design are shown in Figure 9 throughout the
day. The graph shows the current battery demand (blue line), LA (red line) and SC current (yellow
line). The battery-only design shows how the battery is charged over 24 hours into a standalone PV
power supply system. As the only system of energy storage (ESS) in the system, it absorbs all current
changes occurring from photovoltaic intermittent output and fluctuations in power demand. [11]. This
excessive charge condition puts a further stress on the battery and speeds up the battery's drop in
performance. The SC, which has passively linked, absorbs some changes in passive HESS
configurations. Nevertheless, the change in battery current profiles is minimal when compared to SC
semi-active HESS.

b) passive HES system.

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ICE4CT2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

c) semi-active HES system.

Figure 9: Simulated current profile for a) battery-only system, b) passive HES system and c) semi-
active HES system.

-- battery only
--passive system
--semi-active system

Figure 10: Simulated LA battery comparison Figure 11: Enlarge picture of simulated LA
battery comparison.

As we can see from the enlarge picture in Figure 10, the dynamic behaviour of battery stress
for semi-active system is better compared to passive system and semi-active system. Because of the
short time constant, the SC responds quickly at the rising edge [13]. The battery, on the other hand,
gradually improves with time and is able to give the required current. From Figure 11, LA battery
peak current for semi-active HES is the best due to its lowest peak current value of 0.127A, followed
by passive HES (0.849A) and battery-only system (1.808A). From the result, it is clear that by
applying passive HES system, 53% of battery current can be reduced compared to battery-only system
and 92% of reduction can be achieved by using semi-active HES system. This shows that the passively
coupling battery-SC HESS has little power sharing effect and power sharing takes place in fractions of
a second. Because a DC/DC converter actively controls SC power, it minimizes the peak current on
the battery, allowing for SC semi-active surge current reduction.

4. Conclusion
In conclusion, this research showed the influence of the supercapacitor on the solar PV system,
which uses a battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system to minimize battery stress. Few
common topologies for hybridization of battery-supercapacitor have been evaluated and discussed and
two types of topologies is chosen to compare with battery-only system which is passive HES system
and semi-active HES system. The designed systems are simulated by using Matlab SIMULINK
software and it proved that supercapacitor can reduce the battery stress up to 92% of lead-acid current.
Based on the result obtained, semi-active topology is the best follows by passive and battery only
topologies. Semi-active HES system generates smooth battery current compared to other systems

7
ICE4CT2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312 (2022) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012075

because the peak current of the battery is reduced by the supercapacitor current, which is actively
controlled by the DC/DC converter.

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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) for the FTKE Research Activities Fund.