EXPERIMENT – 1

Aim
To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
DIAGRAMS

Materials Required
Freshly plucked leaf of Rheo or Tradescantia, petri dish, slide, coverslip, needle, forceps, brash, dropper, watch glass,
filter paper, glycerine, safranin solution and microscope.

Procedure
1. Take a freshly plucked leaf (Rheo or Tradescantia).
2. Stretch the leaf with its dorsal (lower) part facing upwards.
3. Break the leaf by applying suitable pressure so that the epidermis projects from the leaf.
4. Cut the epidermis and put it in a petri dish.
5. Take a watch glass, add few drops of water and a drop of stain in it.
6. Transfer the small piece of epidermis from petri dish into the watch glass with the help of brash.
7. Allow the peel to remain in the stain for 2-3 minutes, so that it can take up the stain.
8. With the help of brush transfer the stained peel into a petri dish with water to remove the extra stain.
9. Now take a clean slide and place it on a filter paper. In the centre of the slide put a drop of glycerine
and transfer the stained peel from petri dish on the slide.
10. Gently hold the coverslip with the needle and place it on the peel. Avoid air bubbles formation.
11. Use the filter paper to clean the excess stain, water or glycerine that comes out from the coverslip
sides.
12. Ensure that the slide is clean and place it under the microscope. First view it under low power (10X)
and then under high power(45X).
13. Record your observations.

Observations
1. In an epidermal peel we see single layer of cells.
2. In between the epidermal layer small spots are seen.
3. When focused under powerful microscope the stomata pores are clearly seen.
4. Each stomata pore has two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
5. Each guard cell has one nucleus and many chloroplasts.

Conclusion
Epidermal layer of leaf peel has many stomata pores. Each stomatal pore has two kidney shaped guard cells, in dicots
plants. Each guard cell has one nucleus and many chloroplasts.

Precautions
1. While removing the epidermal peel, ensure that you pluck the thinner scrap of leaf.
2. Do not overstain the peel.
3. Avoid air-bubbles formation while placing the coverslip.
4. The peel should not be folded.
5. The slide should be clean and dry before placing it under microscope.
CLASS 10 BIOLOGY MANUAL RASHMITHA M TGT
 EXPERIMENT – 2

Aim
To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.

(A) Test for release of CO2 during respiration in animals.

Materials Required
Two test tubes, a cork with two holes, two glass tubes, syringe, lime water.

Procedure
1. Take some freshly prepared lime water in two test tubes.
2. Fit cork with two holes in test tubes A and B.
3. Fix two glass tubes in this cork of test tube A as shown in the figure.
4. Exhale air into the tube and record your observations.
5. In another test tube B, which has lime water, pass air through syringe and record your observations.

Observation
• In test tube A, the lime water turns milky sooner than in test tube B.
Conclusion
1. The exhaled air contains lot of CO2 which turns lime water milky.
2. This proves that during respiration we exhale CO2 gas.
Precautions
1. The glass tube should be dipped in the lime water.
2. The lime water should be freshly prepared.

(B) To test release of C02 by plants during respiration.

Materials Required
A conical flask, small test tube, cork, thread, germinating seeds, a bent tube, a beaker, water and freshly prepared lime
water.

Procedure
1. Take two conical flasks, add germinating seeds with little water sprinkled over it.
2. Fix the mouth of conical flasks with cork in which a bent tube is fixed.
3. Suspend a small test tube containing KOH solution in it with the help of a thread in conical flask A.
4. Allow the mouth of the bent tube to be immersed in water in set-up A and in lime water in set-up B as
shown below.
5. Record your observations after few hours.

CLASS 10 BIOLOGY MANUAL RASHMITHA M TGT

Observations
1. In set-up A, the water level in the bent tube dipped in beaker increases after few hours.
This is because the oxygen present in the conical flask is taken up by germinating seeds and
CO2 released due to respiration is absorbed by KOH present in small tube. Hence, the air pressure in the
flask reduces and water level rises.
2. In set-up B, the freshly prepared lime water turns milky. This is due to excess CO 2 released into the test
tube during respiration of germinating seeds.

Conclusion
This shows that CO2 is given out during respiration.

Precautions
1. Lime water should be freshly prepared.
2. KOH solution should be freshly prepared.
3. Germinating seeds should have lot of moisture in them.

EXPERIMENT – 3
Aim

To study binary fission in amoeba and budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides
(a) binary fission in Amoeba Experiment
(b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.

Materials Required

1. Prepared slides of Amoeba showing binary fission with different stages.

2. Prepared slides of yeast showing budding with different stages.
3. Compound microscopes 2-4.

(A) Binary Fission in Amoeba Procedure

1. Place the prepared slides of Amoeba showing different stages of reproduction on the stage of the
microscope.
2. Adjust the mirror of the microscope to focus maximum light on the slide. Adjust the eye-piece of the
microscope so that the slide is clearly focussed and seen.
3. Draw diagrams of the stages of binary fission in Amoeba.

DIAGRAM

Observations

CLASS 10 BIOLOGY MANUAL RASHMITHA M TGT

 1. Amoeba is a protozoa that lives in water and has irregular shape.
2. In the centre of Amoeba dense nucleus is seen.
3. In second stage, Amoeba shows the nucleus division, i.e., karyokinesis.
4. In third stage, we can see the cell body division, i.e., cytokinesis.
5. In the fourth stage, two daughter cells of Amoeba are formed.

Conclusion
The given slides showed the division of a single cell body into two equal halves. The division of nucleus and cell body
are seen which led to the formation of two daughter cells. Hence, the kind of reproduction seen in Amoeba is binary
fission.

(B) Budding in Yeast

Procedure
1. Place the permanent/prepared slides of yeast showing different stages of reproduction on the stage of
microscope.
2. Make the adjustments in mirror of the microscope for focussing maximum light on the slide.
3. Adjust the eye-piece so that the slide is clearly seen.
4. Draw diagrams of the stages of budding yeast cells.

DIAGRAM

Observations

1. Yeast is oval or spherical in shape.

2. It is a unicellular organism.
3. In the second stage, yeast shows a small growth on it called ‘bud’.
4. In the third stage, yeast shows that in some situations many such chain of buds is seen on the parent
cell. This process is called ‘budding’.
5. On maturity the buds get separated from parent cell to form and grow’ as a new organism. This
process is called budding.

Conclusion
The given slides showed the small growth (bud) on yeast. These buds on maturity separates from parent cell and
grow as a new organism, hence, yeast shows budding.

Precautions

1. Use microscope very carefully. Do not disturb its adjustments.

2. The slides shown under the microscope should not be disturbed.
3. Set the mirror of the microscope for better focus of light on the slide.
4. The slide can be seen under low power or high power of the microscope. These adjustments should be
done very carefully.

CLASS 10 BIOLOGY MANUAL RASHMITHA M TGT

 EXPERIMENT – 4
Aim
To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or red kidney bean).

Materials Required
Water soaked seeds of pea, gram or red kidney beans, petridish, forcep, needle, brush and simple microscope and
slide.

Procedure
1. Take 8-10 soaked seeds of pea/gram/red kidney beans, place them on wet cotton in petridish
overnight. The seed coat becomes soft which helps in the opening of the seeds.
2. With the help of forcep, slowly remove the seed coat and study different parts of seed embryo.
3. Now, slowly remove the embryo axis with needle and place it on the slide.
4. Observe these three parts of the seed obtained, record your observations and draw diagrams.

Observations
1. The seed has a small pore called micropyle.
2. It is a dicot seed, i.e., the seed has two cotyledons.
3. The embryo axis shows radicle and plumule, (as shown in the figure), the radicle is future root and the
plumule is future shoot.
4. The food is stored in cotyledons.

DIAGRAM

Conclusion
The different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed were identified as plumule (future shoot), radicle (future root), seed
coat (outer covering) and cotyledons (food store)

Precautions

1. The best quality seeds should be used for study.

2. Soak the seeds overnight to make the seed coat soft.
3. Observe the parts under simple microscope/lens and record your observations.
4. Remove the seed coat very gently.

CLASS 10 BIOLOGY MANUAL RASHMITHA M TGT