SCIENCE (086) Practical Syllabus 10

CONTENTS
cHA Prac Date Practical Remark Sign
PTE tical
R No.

1 1A. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH

paper/universal indicator:
A
(i) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
(ii) Dilute NaOH solution
(iii) Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
(iv) Lemon juice
(v) Water
(vi) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution
1 1B. Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl &
NaOH) on the basis of their reaction with:
B
a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
b) Zinc metal
c) Solid sodium carbonate
2 6.4.24 Performing and observing the following reactions and
classifying them into:
(i) Combination reaction
(ii) Decomposition reaction
(iii) Displacement reaction
(iv) Double displacement reaction

A. Action of water on quicklime

B. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
1 C. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
D. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium
chloride
solutions
3 Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the
following salt solutions:

i) ZnSO4(aq)
ii) FeSO4(aq)
iii) CuSO4(aq)
iv) Al2 (SO4)3(aq)
Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing
order of reactivity based on the above result.
4 Studying the dependence of potential difference (V)
across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it
and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph
between V and I.
5 Determination of the equivalent resistance of two
resistors when connected in series and parallel.
6 Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show
stomata.
7 Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out
during respiration.
8 Study of the following properties of acetic acid
(ethanoic acid):

i) Odour
ii) solubility in water
iii) effect on litmus
iv) reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
9 Study of the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample
of soap in soft and hard water.
10 Determination of the focal length of:

i) Concave mirror
ii) Convex lens
by obtaining the image of a distant object
11 27.6.24 Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a
rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence.
Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction,
angle of emergence and interpret the result.
12 Studying

(a) binary fission in Amoeba, and

(b) budding in yeast and Hydra
with the help of prepared slides.
13 Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass
prism.
14 Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a
dicot seed (Pea, gram or red kidney bean).

---------xxx---------
06.04.24 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -2
Link to watch

reactions

Combination Reaction (Theory) : Class 10 : Chemistry : Amrita Online Lab (olabs.edu.in)

Decomposition Reaction (Theory) : Class 10 : Chemistry : Amrita Online Lab (olabs.edu.in)

Single Displacement Reaction (Theory) : Class 10 : Chemistry : Amrita Online Lab

(olabs.edu.in)

Double Displacement Reaction (Theory) : Class 10 : Chemistry : Amrita Online Lab

(olabs.edu.in)
Note : Draw diagrams on white side of the practical file
---------------------------------XXX-----------------------------------------------------

4.5.2 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -6

Link to watch
http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=16&sim=137&cnt=1

Aim
To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
Theory

 Plants need oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for

photosynthesis. The exchange of gases in plants occurs through the
surface of stems, roots and leaves.
 On leaves there are plenty of small tiny pores called stomata.
 On the dorsal/ lower side of leaf more stomatal pores are present
than the ventral/ upper surface of leaf.
 Through these pores, plants can also lose water by the process
called transpiration.
 To avoid excess loss of water, the stomata pores closes and when
gases are required, these pores open.
 This opening and closing of pores is monitored by guard cells.
 The guard cells swell when water flows into them, causing the
stomata pore to open. When the guard cells shrink the stomata pores
close.
 The guard cells contain chloroplast and nucleus in it. They are bean-
shaped in dicots and dumb-bell shaped in monocots.

Materials Required
Freshly plucked leaf of Rheo or Tradescantia, petri dish, slide, coverslip,
needle, forceps, brash, dropper, watch glass, filter paper, glycerine,
safranin solution and microscope.
Procedure

1. Take a freshly plucked leaf (Rheo or Tradescantia).

2. Stretch the leaf with its dorsal (lower) part facing upwards.
3. Break the leaf by applying suitable pressure so that the epidermis
projects from the leaf.
4. Cut the epidermis and put it in a petri dish.
5. Take a watch glass, add few drops of water and a drop of stain in it.
6. Transfer the small piece of epidermis from petri dish into the watch
glass with the help of brash.
7. Allow the peel to remain in the stain for 2-3 minutes, so that it can
take up the stain.
8. With the help of brush transfer the stained peel into a petri dish with
water to remove the extra stain.
9. Now take a clean slide and place it on a filter paper. In the centre of
the slide put a drop of glycerine and transfer the stained peel from
petri dish on the slide.
10.Gently hold the coverslip with the needle and place it on the peel.
Avoid air bubbles formation.
11.Use the filter paper to clean the excess stain, water or glycerine that
comes out from the coverslip sides.
12.Ensure that the slide is clean and place it under the microscope and
observe it.

Observations

1. In an epidermal peel we see single layer of cells.

2. In between the epidermal layer small spots are seen.
3. When focused under powerful microscope the stomata pores are
clearly seen.
4. Each stomata pore has two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
5. Each guard cell has one nucleus and many chloroplasts.
Conclusion
Epidermal layer of leaf peel has many stomata pores. Each stomatal pore
has two kidney shaped guard cells, in dicots plants. Each guard cell has
one nucleus and many chloroplasts.
Precautions

1. While removing the epidermal peel, ensure that you pluck the thinner
scrap of leaf.
2. Do not overstain the peel.
3. Avoid air-bubbles formation while placing the coverslip.
4. The peel should not be folded.
5. The slide should be clean and dry before placing it under microscope.

4.5.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -7

Link to watch

http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=16&sim=136&cnt=1

Aim
To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.
Theory

 All living things show respiration.

 It is a chemical process that occurs inside the cell, hence called
cellular respiration.
 It involves the breaking down of food to release energy and carbon
dioxide.
 Its reaction is the reverse of photosynthesis.

 There are two types of respiration in animals: Aerobic and anaerobic

respiration.
 Aerobic respiration needs oxygen and anaerobic respiration occurs in
the absence of oxygen.
  There are three pathways of respiration as shown below:

 The energy released in cellular respiration is immediately used to

synthesise a molecule called ATP.
 Plants also release CO2 during respiration.
 The exchange of gases during respiration takes place through small
pores on the leaf called stomata.
 Carbon dioxide can be tested by lime water test.
 A freshly prepared lime water is Ca(OH)2 When CO2 is allowed to
pass through it an insoluble compound called CaCO3 is formed which
makes the lime water milky.

(A) Test for release of CO2 during respiration in animals.

Materials Required
Two test tubes, a cork with two holes, two glass tubes, syringe, lime water.
Procedure

1. Take some freshly prepared lime water in two test tubes.

2. Fit cork with two holes in test tubes A and B.
3. Fix two glass tubes in this cork of test tube A as shown in the figure.
4. Exhale air into the tube and record your observations.
5. In another test tube B, which has lime water, pass air through syringe
and record your observations.
Observation

 In test tube A, the lime water turns milky sooner than in test tube B.

Conclusion

1. The exhaled air contains lot of CO2 which turns lime water milky.
2. This proves that during respiration we exhale CO2 gas.

Precautions

1. The glass tube should be dipped in the lime water.

2. The lime water should be freshly prepared.

(B) To test release of CO2 by plants during respiration.

Materials Required
A conical flask, small test tube, cork, thread, germinating seeds, a bent
tube, a beaker, water and freshly prepared lime water.
Procedure

1. Take two conical flasks, add germinating seeds with little water
sprinkled over it.
2. Fix the mouth of conical flasks with cork in which a bent tube is fixed.
3. Suspend a small test tube containing KOH solution in it with the help
of a thread in conical flask A.
4. Allow the mouth of the bent tube to be immersed in water in set-up A
and in lime water in set-up B as shown below.
 5. Record your observations after few hours.

Observations

1. In set-up A, the water level in the bent tube dipped in beaker

increases after few hours.
This is because the oxygen present in the conical flask is taken up by
germinating seeds and CO2 released due to respiration is absorbed
by KOH present in small tube. Hence, the air pressure in the flask
reduces and water level rises.
2. In set-up B, the freshly prepared lime water turns milky. This is due to
excess CO2 released into the test tube during respiration of
germinating seeds.

Conclusion
This shows that CO2 is given out during respiration.
Precautions

1. Lime water should be freshly prepared.

2. KOH solution should be freshly prepared.
3. Germinating seeds should have lot of moisture in them.

PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -10

Date 27 .6.22

http://cdac.olabs.edu.in/?sub=74&brch=9&sim=67&cnt=1

OR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x40F1b3d-A8
AIM 10 (i) To determine focal length of a given concave mirror:

Materials Required
A concave mirror, a measuring scale, a screen a mirror holder and mirror
stand.

Procedure

1. Select a distant object from the laboratory window (distance should

be more than 50 ft).
2. Fix the concave mirror on the mirror stand placed on the table, facing
the distant object.
3. Place the screen in front of the reflecting surface of the mirror. Move
the screen back and forth until a clear, sharp image of the distant
object is obtained on the screen.
4. Measure the distance between the concave mirror and the screen
with a metre scale. This distance is the focal length of the given
concave mirror. Record the focal length.
 5. Repeat the above procedure twice and record the readings. Take
three readings and calculate the average focal length.

Observation Table

S.No. Position of Position of Focal length/=

concave mirror screen (S) (M – S)
(M)
1 60 cm 50 cm f1 = 10 cm

2 60 cm 50 cm f2 = 10 cm

3 60cm 50 cm f3 = 10 cm
Calculation
Mean value of focal length of concave mirror =

Result
The focal length of the given concave mirror = 10 cm

Precautions

1. The distant object must be well illuminated to produce a well

illuminated and distinct image.
2. Always place the concave mirror near an open window.
3. The polished surface of the concave mirror must face the distant
object.
4. There should be no obstacle or hurdle in the path of rays of light from
the distant object, incident on the concave mirror.
5. The base of the stands of the concave mirror and screen should be
parallel to the measuring scale.
6. The mirror holder along with the mirror should be kept perpendicular
to the measuring scale for precise measurements.

Date 5.7.22

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x40F1b3d-A8

AIM 10 (ii) To determine focal length of a given convex mirror:

Materials Required
Wooden bench, convex lens, a lens holder, a screen fixed to a stand, a
measuring scale; etc.

Procedure

1. Arrange the wooden bench capable of holding the lens and screen
horizontally on a table, so that the lens and screen are not disturbed.
2. Keep the lens in a holder facing a distant object say tree branches.
 3. Fix the screen on another holder and keep it on the bench.
4. Adjust the position of the screen in such a way that a sharp image of
the given distant object falls on it.
5. Note down the position of the lens in the table and the screen, and
find the differences and record the same. The difference will give the
focal length of the given convex lens.
6. Focus the lens towards various distant objects and repeat the
experiment to find the position of sharp image and thereby the focal
length.
7. Add all the focal lengths found out and find the mean value of the
focal length of the convex lens.

Observation Table

S.No. Position of Focal length/=

Position of screen (S) (L – S)
convex lens (L)
1 60 cm 50 cm f1 = 10 cm

2 60 cm 50 cm f2 = 10 cm

3 60cm 50 cm f3 = 10 cm
Calculation
Mean value of focal length of convex lens =

Result
The focal length of the given convex lens = 10 cm

Precautions

1. Convex lens should be placed vertically.

2. There should be no obstacle or hurdle in the path of rays of light from
the distant object incident on the common lens.
3. In order to get a well illuminated and distinct image, it must be
ensured that the distanct object is well illuminated.
4. The base of the stands of the convex lens and screen should be
parallel to the measuring scale.

27.06.24 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -11

http://cdac.olabs.edu.in/?sub=74&brch=9&sim=37&cnt=1

Aim
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab
for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of
refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result.

Theory

 Refraction of Light: When light passes from one medium to other it

deviates/changes its path, this property of light is called refraction of
light.
 Normal Ray: A ray of light which forms an angle of 90° with the
refracting surface is said to be normal. When a ray of light travels
along the normal, it does not suffer any refraction.
 Incident Ray: A ray of light that travels towards the refracting surface
is called incident ray.
 Refracted Ray: A ray of light that changes its path when passes
through a refracting surface is said to be refracted ray.

 Emergent Ray: A ray of light which emerges out into the original
medium after refraction is said to be an emergent ray.
 Lateral Displacement: The perpendicular shift in the path of light,
seen when it emerges out from the refracting medium is called lateral
displacement.
 Angle of Incidence (i): The angle formed between the normal and
incident ray is called angle of incidence.
 Angle of Refraction (r): The angle formed between the refracted
and normal ray is called angle of refraction.
 Angle of Emergence (e): The angle formed between the normal and
emergent ray is called angle of emergence.
  DRAN: When a ray of light travels from denser medium to rarer
medium it bends away from the normal.
 RDTN: When a ray of light travels from rarer medium to denser
medium, it bends towards the normal.
 During Refraction:
(i) Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence.
(ii) Incident ray and emergent ray are parallel.
 Laws of Refraction:
(i) The incident ray, the normal ray and the refracted ray, all lie in the
same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is a constant quantity for the two given media. This law is
also known as Snell’s law. sin i/ sin r
This constant value is called the refractive index of the second
medium with respect to the first.

Materials Required
A drawing board, 4-6 all pins, white sheet of paper, rectangular glass slab,
a protractor, a scale, a pencil and thumb pins.

Procedure

1. Take a soft drawing board. Fix a white sheet on it with the help of
thumb pins.
2. Place the rectangular glass slab in the centre of the white paper and
draw its outline boundary with pencil.
3. Mark this rectangular figure obtained as ABCD.
4. On one side of this figure, i.e., AB take one point E, draw a
perpendicular EN and label it as normal ray.
5. With the help of a protractor draw one angle of 30° with the EN. Fix
two pins P and Q on the ray of this angle, the distance between the
pins should be more than 4-5 cm.
6. Put the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD.
7. See through the glass slab from side CD and fix pin R and S such
that when seen through the glass slab all
the pins lie in straight line, [i.e., Pins P, Q, R and S should lie in
straight line when seen through the glass slab], ‘
8. Now, remove the pins P, Q, R and S one by one and draw small
circles around the pin points.
9. Remove the glass slab.
10.Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F.
Draw perpendicular to CD at point F as N’M’.
11.Join points E and F with the pencil.
 12.Measure the angles formed at AB and CD, i.e., the incident angle,
refracted angle and emergent angle.
13.Extend ray PQ with scale and pencil in dotted line. It will be parallel to
ray FRS. The distance between these two parallel rays is called
lateral displacement (d).
14.Measure the lateral displacement.
15.Repeat the above procedure for angles 45° and 60°.
Diagram

ABCD = Glass slab

P, Q, R, S = All pins ∠PEN = ∠i = incident angle = 30°

EN and FM’ = Normal rays

∠MEF = ∠r = refracted angle

∠SFM’= ∠e = emergent angle = 30° ~ 31°
d = lateral displacement.

Observations Table
 ∠i – ∠e
S. No. Angle of
Angle of Angle of emergent
incidence refraction (∠e =
(∠i = ∠PEN) (∠r = ∠SFM’)
(∠PEN –
∠MEF) ∠SFM’)

1 30° 28° 30° 0°

2 45° 43° 44.8° 0.2°

3 60° 56° 59.8° 0.2°

Conclusion

1. The angle of incidence is nearly equal to the angle of emergence.

2. The angle of refraction is less than angle of incidence because light is
travelling from rarer to denser optical medium.
3. The lateral displacement remains the same for different angles of
incidences.
4. When the light ray travels from optically rarer medium (air) to optically
denser medium (glass) the light bends towards the normal.

Precautions

1. The glass slab should be perfectly rectangular with all its faces
smooth.
2. The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on
it.
3. The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.
4. All pins base should lie in straight line.
5. While fixing the pins P and Q or the pins R and S, care should be
taken to maintain a distance of about 5 cm between the two pins.
6. Draw thin lines using a sharp pencil.
7. Use a good quality protractor having clear markings.
8. Place the protractor correctly to measure the angles.
9. Perpendiculars should be drawn correctly.
 13.7.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -1 A
http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=78&cnt=330

AIM
To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal
indicator

(i) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

(ii) Dilute NaOH solution

(iii) Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution

(iv) Lemon juice

(v) Water

(vi) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution

OBSERVATION, RESULT & INFERENCE
 14.7.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -1 B
http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=6&cnt=204

Aim
To study the properties of acids (dil. HCl) and bases (dil. NaOH) by their
reaction with

 Litmus solution (blue/red)

 Zinc metal
 Solid sodium carbonate
 MATERIAL REQUIRED (to test properties of HCl)

THEORY/ PRINCIPLE
OBSERVATION (for properties of HCl)

MATERIAL REQUIRED (to test properties of NaOH)

 OBSERVATION ( for properties of NaOH)

3.8.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -13

Link to watch

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHSjJ_CrZ_w
Aim
To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.

Theory

 A prism has a triangular base and three triangular lateral surfaces.

These surfaces are inclined to each other.
Refraction of light through a prism
 In the given figure, ABC represents the base of a glass prism. Let PE
be the incident ray of light on face AB of the prism. EF represents the
bending of light when it enters the prism and hence show the
refraction of light.
 RS is the emergent ray at face AC of the prism.

The ∠BAC of the prism is called the angle of the prism and it is
The angle D shows the angle of deviation.

denoted by ‘A’.

• angle of incidence ∠i, i. e., ∠PQN

 In the figure, the relation between

• angle of refraction ∠r, i.e., ∠FEN,

• angle of deviation ∠D, i.e., ∠HGF and
• angle of prism ∠A, i.e., ∠BAC. ∠A + ∠D = ∠i + ∠e

Materials Required
A white sheet, soft board, thumb pins, 4-6 all pins, prism, pencil, scale,
protractor, drawing board.

Procedure

1. Fix a white sheet on a drawing board using drawing pins.

 2. Place a glass prism on it in such a way that it rests on its triangular
base. Trace the outline of the prism using a pencil.
3. Draw a thin line NEN normal (perpendicular) to face AB of the prism.
Also draw a straight line PE making an angle preferably between 30°
and 60° as shown in figure.
4. Fix two pins at a distance of 5 cm from each other on the line PE as
shown in the figure, later mark these points of pins as P and Q.
5. Look at the images of the pins, fixed at P and Q, through the other
face of the prism, i.e., AC.
6. Fix two more pins, at points R and S vertically such that the feet of
pins at R and S appear to be on the same straight line as the feet of
the images of the pins P and Q when viewed through the face AC of
the prism.
7. Remove the pins and the glass prism.
8. Join and produce a line joining R and S, let this line meet the prism at
point F.
9. Extend the direction of incident ray PQE till it meets the face AC. Also
extend (backwards) the emergent ray SRF so that these two lines

10.Mark the angle of incidence ∠i, angle of refraction ∠r and the angle
meet at a point G.

of emergence ∠e and ∠D as shown in the figure.

11.Repeat the experiment for more angle of incidence preferably
between 30° and 60°.

Glass Prism Experiment Class 10 Observations Observations

1. The light ray enters the prism at surface AB, bends towards the
normal on refraction.
2. At surface AC of the prism, this light ray bends away from the normal
because it travels from a glass to air.
3. The peculiar shape of the prism makes the emergent ray bend at an
angle to the direction of the incident ray. This angle is called the
angle of deviation (∠D).

Conclusion

1. The light ray, i.e., the incident ray first bends towards the normal
when it gets refracted in the prism and while leaving the prism it
bends away from the normal.

incidence ∠i. It attains a minimum value then increases with further

2. The angle of deviation first decreases with the increase in angle of

increase in angle of incidence.

Precautions
 1. A sharp pencil should be used for drawing the boundary of the prism.
2. Use soft board and pointed pins.
3. The pins should be fixed at a distance of 5 cm or more.
4. The pins should be fixed vertically and immediately encircled after
they are removed.
5. While viewing the col-linearity of pins and images, the eye should be
kept at a distance from the pins so that all of them can be seen
simultaneously. The col-linearity of all the four pins can be confirmed
by moving the head slightly to either side while viewing them. They all
appear to move together.
6. The angle of incidence should be between 30° and 60°.
7. Proper arrows should be drawn for the incident ray, refracted ray and
emergent ray.

26.8.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -4

Link to watch

http://cdac.olabs.edu.in/?sub=74&brch=9&sim=75&cnt=4

AIM
To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the
current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph
between V and I.

THEORY/ PRINCIPLE
  In a circuit ammeter is always connected in series and voltmeter is
connected in parallel across the points between which potential
difference is to be measured.
 A straight line graph obtained between V and I verifies the Ohm’s law.
 Least Count: It is very important to find the least count of ammeter
and voltmeter before using them.

If in the ammeter, there are 10 divisions from 0 to 0.1 A then each division
indicates 0.01 A.
A. To calculate the least count of ammeter.
Range of ammeter = AR = 0.5 Ampere
Number of divisions in ammeter = AN = 50
Least count of ammeter = AR / AN = 0.5/50 = 0.01 ampere.
B. To calculate the least count of voltmeter.
Range of voltmeter = VR = 0.1 Volt
Number of divisions in voltmeter = VN = 10
Least count of voltmeter = VR/VN = 0.1 / 10 = 0.01 volt
Materials Required
A battery, an insulated copper wire (cut into 10 pieces), a key, an ammeter,
a voltmeter, a rheostat, a resistor and a piece of sand paper.
Procedure

1. Keep the devices as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect them with the connecting wires and keep the key open.
3. Positive terminal of the battery is connected to the positive terminal of
the ammeter.
4. Check the +ve and -ve terminals of voltmeter before connecting it in
the circuit.
5. Once the circuit is connected, insert the key and check the rheostat,
adjust its slider and see whether the ammeter and voltmeter readings
are shown.
6. By using the slider of rheostat take three different readings of current
1 and voltmeter V.
7. Record your observations in the observation table.
8. Calculate resistance of a given resistor by formula R=VI.
9. Plot a graph of voltmeter reading and current reading. On x axis take
V and on y axis take I.
10.Resistance increases with increase in temperature of pure metals.

Observation Table
A. Least count of ammeter and voltmeter

B. For reading of ammeter and voltmeter

Conclusions

1. The value of R is found to be same and constant in all three readings.

2. The resistance of a resistor is ratio of potential difference V and
current I.
3. The graph of V and I is a straight line. This shows that V∝I. This
verifies Ohm’s law.

Precautions
 1. The connecting wires should be thick copper wires and the insulation
of their ends should be removed using the sand paper.
2. Connections should be tight otherwise some external resistance may
introduce in the circuit.
3. Connections should be made as per the circuit. Before closing the
circuit show the connections to the teacher to take the readings.
4. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resister such
that the current enters at the positive terminal and leaves at the
negative terminal of the ammeter.
5. Voltmeter should always be connected in parallel to resistor.
6. Calculate the least count of voltmeter and ammeter correctly.
7. The pointers of the ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero mark
when no current flows through the circuit.
8. Current should be passed through the circuit for a short time while
taking observations; otherwise current would cause unnecessary
heating in the circuit. Heating may change the resistance of resisters

17.10.22 EXPERIMENT/ PRACTICAL NO. 12

https://youtu.be/1OOnn5JN4EI

AIM:
To study binary fission in amoeba and budding in yeast with the help of
prepared slides
(a) binary fission in Amoeba Experiment
(b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
Theory

 Asexual reproduction: When an organism reproduces by single

organism, it is called asexual reproduction.
 1. Binary Fission
 This is commonly seen in single celled animals.
 Karyokinesis: The division of nucleus dividing to form two daughter
nuclei
 Cytokinesis: is the division of cytoplasm in the mother cell. Two
daughter Amoeba are formed.
2. Budding

 In this type of reproduction an outgrowth develops due to repeated

cell division on the parent cell that grows to form a bud. The fully
grown bud detaches from the mother’s body by forming a constriction
at the base and become new individual.
 reproduce by budding. Sometimes chain of cells remain attached to
the parent cell. When these cells get detached they form a new
individual organism.

Materials Required

1. Prepared slides of Amoeba showing binary fission with different

stages.
2. Prepared slides of yeast showing budding with different stages.
3. Compound microscopes 2-4.

(A) Binary Fission in Amoeba

Procedure

1. Place the prepared slides of Amoeba showing different stages of

reproduction on the stage of the microscope.
2. Adjust the mirror of the microscope to focus maximum light on the
slide. Adjust the eye-piece of the microscope so that the slide is
clearly focused and seen.
3. Draw diagrams of the stages of binary fission in Amoeba.

Observations

1. Amoeba is a protozoa that lives in water and has irregular shape.

2. In the centre of Amoeba dense nucleus is seen.
3. In second stage, Amoeba shows the nucleus division, i.e.,
karyokinesis.
4. In third stage, we can see the cell body division, i.e., cytokinesis.
5. In the fourth stage, two daughter cells of Amoeba are formed.
Conclusion
The given slides showed the division of a single cell body into two equal
halves. Hence, the kind of reproduction seen in Amoeba is binary fission.

(B) Budding in Yeast

Procedure

1. Place the permanent/prepared slides of yeast showing different

stages of reproduction on the stage of microscope.
2. Make the adjustments in mirror of the microscope for focussing
maximum light on the slide.
3. Adjust the eye-piece so that the slide is clearly seen.
4. Draw diagrams of the stages of budding yeast cells.

Observations

1. Yeast is oval or spherical in shape.

2. It is a unicellular organism.
3. In the second stage, yeast shows a small growth on it called ‘bud’.
4. In the third stage, yeast shows that in some situations many such
chain of buds is seen on the parent cell. This process is called
‘budding’.
5. On maturity the buds get separated from parent cell to form and grow’
as a new organism. This process is called budding.

Conclusion
The given slides showed the small growth (bud) on yeast. hence, yeast
shows budding.
Precautions

1. Use microscope very carefully. Do not disturb its adjustments.

2. The slides shown under the microscope should not be disturbed.
3. Set the mirror of the microscope for better focus of light on the slide.
4. The slide can be seen under low power or high power of the
microscope. These adjustments should be done very carefully.
 20.10.22 EXPERIMENT/ PRACTICAL NO. 14
https://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=16&sim=135&cnt=318

Aim
To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or
red kidney bean).
Theory

 Seed: Seed is a small embryonic plant present in a safe coating of

seed coat, it stores food.
 Seed formation: The male gamete of plant, i.e., pollen grains and
female gamete of a plant, i.e., ovules fuse together to form seed. The
seed formation takes place due to fertilization, and it is the product of
reproduction in plants. The embryo of seed is formed from the zygote.
 Food in seed: The food is stored in the cotyledons of embryo in
some plants and in the endosperm, a special tissue outside the
embryo in other plants.
 Three basic parts of a seed:
1. An embryo
2. Nutrient for embryo
3. Seed coat.
 Embryo: The embryo of seed is an immature plant from which a new
plant can grow.
 The radicle that comes out of the embryo is the embryonic root. The
plumule is the embryonic shoot.
 Cotyledons: It is the seed leaf present in seed. If the embryo has
one seed leaf it is monocotyledon and if it has two seed leaves it is
dicotyledon.
 Epicotyl: The part of the embryonic stem above the point of
attachment of the cotyledon is the epicotyl.
 Hypocotyl: The area between the radicle and the place of origin of
cotyledons is termed as hypocotyl.
 Nutrients for the Embryo: Seed stores nutrients for the growth of an
embryo during germination. The nutrients/ stored food is in the form
of oil, fat and protein.
 Seed Coat: The seed coat protects the embryo from mechanical
injury and from drying out
Materials Required
Water soaked seeds of pea, gram or red kidney beans, petridish, forcep,
needle, brush and simple microscope and slide.
Procedure

1. Take 8-10 soaked seeds of pea/gram/red kidney beans, place them

on wet cotton in petridish overnight. The seed coat becomes soft
which helps in the opening of the seeds.
2. With the help of forcep, slowly remove the seed coat and study
different parts of seed embryo.
3. Now, slowly remove the embryo axis with needle and place it on the
slide.
4. Observe these three parts of the seed obtained, record your
observations and draw diagrams.

Observations

1. The seed has a small pore called micropyle.

2. It is a dicot seed, i.e., the seed has two cotyledons.
3. The embryo axis shows radicle and plumule, (as shown in the figure),
the radicle is future root and the plumule is future shoot.
4. The food is stored in cotyledons.

Conclusion
The different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed were identified as plumule
(future shoot), radicle (future root), seed coat (outer covering) and
cotyledons (food store)
Precautions

1. The best quality seeds should be used for study.

2. Soak the seeds overnight to make the seed coat soft.
3. Observe the parts under simple microscope/lens and record your
observations.
4. Remove the seed coat very gently.

4.11.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -5 (i)

https://youtu.be/xWYKM-mDryo

Aim
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in
series.
Theory

 If two resistors named as R1 and R2 are joined end to end they are
said to be connected in series.

Total resistance R for connection in series combination is:

R = R 1 + R2

Materials Required

 Two resistors of different values for example,

R, = 1 Ω, R, = 2Ω.
 Battery of 6 volt.
 Ammeter, plug key, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper,
voltmeter and rheostat.

Procedure

1. Make the connections according to the diagram given below.

 2. Connect ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel and rheostat in
series in the circuit.
3. Carefully check the +ve and -ve terminals of the battery, voltmeter
and ammeter, and the connections as shown in Fig. I.
4. Now connect voltmeter in parallel one by one to individual resistance
as shown in Fig. II and note down the readings.
5. Plug the key. Measure the potential difference across each resistor.
Let it be V1 and V2
6. Calculate the relationship between V, V1, and V2.

Observation Table For Resistance In Series

Result

1. The calculated value of Rs = R1 + R2 = 3 Ω

2. The experimental value of Rs = 3 Ω
The above two values are close to each other.
Hence, Rs = R1 + R2 is verified.

Precautions
 1. The connecting wires should be thick copper wires and the insulation
of their ends should be removed using the sandpaper.
2. Connections should be tight otherwise some external resistance may
introduce in the circuit.
3. Connections should be made as per the circuit.
4. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and
Voltmeter should always be connected in parallel to resistor.
5. The pointers of the ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero mark
when no current flows through the circuit.
6. Current should be passed through the circuit for a short time while
taking observations; otherwise a current would cause unnecessary
heating in the circuit. Heating may change the resistance of resistors.

4.11.22PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -5 (ii)

https://youtu.be/s0Pk34_yN-Y

Aim
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in
parallel.
Theory

 When resistors are connected in parallel combination the total

resistance is reciprocal sum of the individual resistances.
i.e., 1/Rp = (1/R1) + (1/R2)

Materials Required
A battery, a plug key, connecting wires, an ammeter, a voltmeter, rheostat,
a piece of sand paper and two resistors of different value.

Procedure
 1. Keep the key off and make all the connections as shown in the given
figure I.
2. When the circuit is connected appropriately insert the key.
3. Note three readings of ammeter and voltmeter for the resistors R1 and
R2 separately.
4. Now connect the circuit as shown in figure II below.
5. The resistors and voltmeter are connected in
6. Use the rheostat and record three different readings of ammeter and
voltmeter.
7. Remove the key.
8. Do the calculations from the observation table.

Circuit Diagrams

Observation Table For Resistance In Parallel

Resistor No. of Voltmeter Ammeter R=V/I Mean

Reading Reading Value of
Used Observations in Volts in (in Resistance
(V) Ampere Ohm) (Ohm)
(I)

R (a)
1 0.01 0.01 1
R1 = 1
(1st Resistor) (b) 0.02 0.02 1
Ohm
(c) 0.04 0.04 1

R (a) R2 = 2
2 0.02 0.01 2

(b) 0.06 0.03 2 Ohm

(2nd (c)
Resistor) 0.08 0.04 2

1/Rp= 0.026 1/Rp =1.5

(1/R1)+ (1/R2) Ohm OR
0.04 0.67
(Parallel Rp = 0.67
Combination
) Ohm

Result

1. The calculated value of 1/Rp = (1/R1) + (1/R2) = 1.5 Ω

2. The experimental value of 1/Rp = 1.5 Ω
3. The equivalent resistance (Rp =0.67 Ω ) is less than the individual
resistance (R1 or R2)

Precautions

Same as in resistance in series

21.11.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -8
http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=11&cnt=124

Aim

To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):

(i) odour (smell)
(ii) solubility in water
(iii) effect on litmus
(iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate

Theory
Acetic Acid
> The chemical name and formula of acetic acid is ethanoic acid,
CH3COOH.
> The functional group — COOH group is responsible for the properties of
acetic acid. —COOH is called carboxyl group.
> It is also called glacial acetic acid, because it freezes at 16.6°C.
> Acetic acid is soluble in water.
> It has vinegar like smell.
> It dissociates in water to form CH3COO and H+ ions. The dissociation is
partial and hence it is called weak acid.
> It turns blue litmus red.
> It reacts with sodium bicarbonate to liberate CO2 gas.

> Acetic acid reacts with alcohol to form ester. This reaction is called
esterification. Esters have fruity smell.

Materials Required
Test tubes, water, litmus paper, test tube stand, a dropper, a beaker, a cork
fit in a test tube with bent tube fixed in it.
Chemicals Required: Acetic acid (ethanoic acid), Distilled water, Sodium
bicarbonate and Freshly prepared lime water.

Procedure
1. Dilute the given acetic acid with distilled water in a beaker.
2. Pour 5 ml of acetic acid in a test tube and perform the following tests:

S.No. Test Experiment Observation Inference

Take 5 mL of acetic It has a peculiar
Acetic acid has a
acid in a test tube pungent smell,
1. Odour vinegar like
and smell it by (vinegar like
smell.
wafting. smell)
Take 2 mL of acetic It dissolves in Acetic acid is
Solubility in acid in a test tube, water to form soluble in water
2.
water add 10-15 mL of homogeneous in all
water and shake. solution. proportions.
Use clean dropper
Effect on and pour 1-2 drops Blue litmus Acetic acid turns
3.
Litmus of acetic acid on paper turns red. blue litmus red.
blue-litmus paper.
4 Sodium Take a pinch of Reaction begins, Acetic acid and
bicarbonate sodium bicarbonate brisk sodium
in a clean test tube effervescence is bicarbonate
 and add 1 mL of seen, a
react to liberate
dilute acetic acid in colourless gas is
CO2 gas.
the test tube. evolved.
CO2 gas evolved
above reacts
Fix a cork with bent with calcium
delivery tube in the hydroxide to
mouth of above test form calcium
tube. Dip the other The gas turns carbonate which
end of delivery tube lime water milky. is insoluble in
to a test tube water.
containing lime Ca(OH)2 + CO2 —
water. > CaCO3 + H20
(White
precipitate)

Reactions

Precautions
1. Acetic acid should be handled with care.
2. The vapours of the chemicals should not be inhaled.
3. Add only small amount of NaHCO3 to ethanoic acid to control the
intensity of CO2 evolved.
4. Use freshly prepared lime water for CO2 test.

22.11.22 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENT NO. -9

https://youtu.be/oVAQkOf7REU
https://youtu.be/oVAQkOf7REU

Aim
To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and
hard water.
Theory
> Soap: It is the sodium or potassium salt of long-chained carboxylic acids.

Cleansing Property of Soap

> Soaps when mixed in water its ionic end dissolves in water but the long
chain of carboxylic acid does not dissolve in water but dissolves in oil.
> The soap molecules form structures called ‘micelles’.
> The ionic end is towards the water and the non-ionic end faces towards
the oil.
> This forms emulsion in water.

> The soap micelles thus helps.in dissolving the dirt in water and we can
wash clothes clean.
> Soft water: The water with no salt in it.
> Hard water: The water with dissolved salt in it. It may be calcium or
magnesium salts.
> For cleansing purpose, the foam needs to be produced which depends
on free availability of hydrophobic portion of soaps (or alkyl group).
> In soft water, soap shows the cleansing property by forming foam.
> In hard water, hydrophobic end of soap is trapped due to scum or
precipitation with the calcium and magnesium salts. This makes the hard
water unsuitable for washing.

Materials Required
Two test tubes, test tube stand and measuring cylinder.
Chemical required: Samples of hard and soft water, soap solution and
cooking oil.
Procedure (Part A)

1. Take 10 mL of distilled water (soft water) in a test tube. Label it as ‘A’.

2. Take 10 mL of hard water (water from hand-pump, underground water)
in another test tube. Label it as ‘B’.
3. In both the test tubes, add few drops of soap solution.
4. Shake the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ vigorously for an equal period of time.
Keep them in the test tube stand and record your observations.

Observations
1. In test tube A, soap formed lather or foam.
2. In test tube B, white precipitate was formed with no lather or foam.

Procedure (Part B)

1. Take 10 mL of distilled water/soft water and add a drop of cooking oil in

it. Label this test tube as ‘A’.
2. Take 10 mL of hard water and add a drop of cooking oil in it. Label this
test tube as ‘B’.
3. Now, add a few drops of soap solution in both the test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’.
4. Shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same period of time.
5. Keep them on the test tube stand and record your observations.
Observations
1. The test tube ‘A’ with soft water showed the oil emulsified due to soap
solution.
2. The test tube ‘B’ showed no emulsification due to soap solution.

Conclusion
1. The formation of emulsion of oil in soft water by soap shows the effect of
soap in cleaning.
2. Soaps are more effective cleaners in soft water than in hard water.

Precautions
1. Use same sample of soap solution for soft water and hard water.
2. Use same cooking oil for soft water and hard water.
3. The concentration of all test solutions must be same.
4. Shake every test tube for equal number of times and in a similar manner.