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EXPERIMENT NO-1

AIM:-

To plot and verify the VI characteristics of P-N junction diode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. Analog board of AB01.

2. 2. DC power supplies +12V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

3. 3. Digital Multimeter (2 numbers).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Circuit used to plot different characteristics of Si diode is shown in figure

THEORY:-

When a P type semiconductor is suitably joined to N type semiconductor surface is PN junction. Most
semiconductor devices contain one or more PN junction. The PN junction is of great importance because it
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is in effect, the control element for semiconductor devices. The potential difference across a PN junction can
be applied in two ways, namely;

1. Forward Bias

2. Reverse Bias

Forward Bias:-

When external voltage applied to the junction is in such a direction that it cancels the potential barrier,
thus permitting current flow, it is called Forward Biasing. To apply forward bias, connect positive terminal
of battery to P type and negative terminal to n type as shown in diagram. The applied forward potential
establishes an electric field which acts against the field due to potential barrier. Therefore, the resultant field
is weakened and the barrier high is reduced at the junction. As potential barrier voltage is very small,
therefore a small forward voltage is sufficient to completely eliminate the barrier. Once the potential barrier
is eliminated by the forward voltage, junction resistance becomes almost zero and a low resistance path is
established for the entire circuit. Therefore, current flows in the circuit. This is called forward current. With
forward bias to pn junction, the following points are worth noted.The potential barrier is reduced and at
some forward voltage (0.1 to 0.3), it is eliminated altogether. The junction offers low resistance (called
forward resistance, RF) to current flow. Current flows in the circuit due to the establishment of low
resistance path. Current flows in the circuit due to the establishment of low resistance path. The magnitude
of current depends upon the forward voltage
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Reverse Biasing:-

When the external voltage applied to the junction is in such a direction that potential barrier is increased, it is
called reverse biasing. To apply bias, connect negative terminal of battery to P type and positive terminal to
n type as shown in diagram. The applied reverse potential establishes an electric field which acts in the same
direction as the field due to potential barrier. Therefore, the resultant field is strengthened and the barrier
high is increased at the junction. The increased potential prevents the flow of charge carriers across the
junction. Thus,a high resistance path is established for the entire circuit and hence the current does not flow.
With reverse bias to pn junction, the following points are worth noted .

The potential barrier is increased.

The junction offers high resistance ( called reverse resistance, RF) to current flow.

No Current flows in the circuit due to the establishment of high resistance path.

PROCEDURE:-

Connect +12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

• To plot forward characteristics proceed as follows

1. Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).

2. Connect Ammeter between test point 2 and 8 to measure diode current ID (mA).

3. Connect one voltmeter between test point 1 and 9 to measure voltage VD diode

4. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.

5. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of diode voltage VD from zero to 1V in step and
measure the corresponding values of diode current ID in an observation Table 1.

6. Plot a curve between diode voltage VD and diode current ID as shown in figure 3 (First quadrant) using
suitable scale with the help of observation Table 1. This curve is the required forward characteristics of Si
diode.
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OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S.NO. DIODE VOLTAGE(VD) DIODE CURRENT(Id)

1 0.0V
2 0.1V
3 0.2V
4 0.3V
5 0.4V
6 0.5V
7 0.6V
8 0.7V
9 0.8V
10 0.9V
11 1.0V

Reverse Bias Characteristics:-

Make all the connections as shown in fig using patch cords. Connect negative socket of power supply to one
end of resistance. Connect other end of resistance to anode of PN junction diode & also to -ve socket of
Voltmeter. Connect cathode of PN junction diode to -ve socket of µ A/mA. Connect +ve socket of power
supply to +ve of voltmeter & to +ve of µ A/mA meter.

Select the current meter to 150 µ A range using SPDT.

Switch ON the instrument and set the voltage to 0 volt. Increase the voltage slowly and note down the
corresponding current. As the voltage approaches to 150 µ A, change the current meter range to 15mA using
SPDT switch. Note down the observations table. Plot a graph between voltage and current shown. • To
plot Reverse characteristics of a Si diode proceed as follows

1. Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).

2. Connect Ammeter between test point 3 and 8 to measure diode current ID (nA).
3. Connect one voltmeter between test point 1 and 9 to measure voltage VD diode
4. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
5. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of diode voltage VD from zero to 10V in step and
measure the corresponding values of diode current ID in an observation Table 2.
6. Plot a curve between diode voltage VD and diode current ID as shown in figure 3 (third quadrant) using
suitable scale with the help of observation Table 2. This curve is the required forward characteristics of Si
diode.
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OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S.NO. DIODE VOLTAGE(VD) DIODE CURRENT(Id)

1 0.0V
2 1.0V
3 2.0V
4 3.0V
5 4.0V
6 5.0V
7 6.0V
8 7.0V
9 8.0V
10 9.0V
11 10.0V

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Connect all electrical connection as per diagram.
2. Checked for any loose contact and if found loose tight it.
3. Handover the instrument kit to Lab tech. properly.
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EXPERIMENT NO-2

AIM :-

Study of characteristics of op amp (input offset voltage, slew rate, cmrr, bw, input bias current.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. Experiment board, ST2322.

2. Oscilloscope

3. 2 mm patch cords.

THEORY:-

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE:-

Whenever both the terminals of the op-amp are grounded,ideally the output voltage should be zero.
However,in this condition,the practical op-amp shows a small non zero output voltage. This DC
voltage,which makes the output voltage zero,when the other terminal is grounded is called input offset
voltage. Denoted as Vios.

INPUT BIAS CURRENT:-

For ideal op amp, no current flows into the input terminals. The practical op-amps do have some input
currents which are very small,of the order of 106 A to 1014 A.

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio:-

Common-mode rejection ratio, CMRR, is defined as the ratio of the differential voltage amplification to the
common-mode voltage amplification,

CMRR = AD/ACM ................................(2)

Ideally this ratio would be infinite with common mode voltages being totally rejected. The common-mode
input voltage affects the bias point of the input differential pair. Because of the inherent mismatches in the
input circuitry, changing the bias point changes the offset voltage, which, in turn, changes the output voltage.
The ADIF is the differential gain while the ACM is the common mode, and the value of common mode gain
is
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ACM = VOCM /VCM

Where the VOCM is the output common mode voltage and VCM is the input common mode voltage.
Generally the VOCM is very small in comparison VCM to; therefore, the CMRR becomes a very large
value. Being the very large value it is most often expressed into decibel (dB). For IC 741 the CMRR is
90dB, and for IC 084 it is 120dB. CMRR falls off as the frequency increases.

Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio:-

Supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR), also known as, KSVR, power supply rejection ratio, PSRR. SVRR is
the ratio of power supply voltage change to output voltage change. The power voltage affects the bias point
of the input differential pair. Due to the inherent mismatches in the input circuitry, changing the bias point
changes the offset voltage, which, in turn, changes the output voltage. For a dual supply op amp,

∆VCC± ∆VDD±

or KSVR = ...........................(3)

KSVR =

∆VOS ∆VOS

This means the lower the value of SVRR, in micro volts better the performance of theOp Amp. The term
∆VCC ± means that the plus and minus power supplies are changed symmetrically. The SVRR is also
representing as a DC parameter while When KSVR is graphed vs. frequency; it falls off as the frequency
increases.

Slew Rate at Unity Gain:-

Slew rate, SR, is the rate of change in the output voltage caused by a step input. Its units are V/μs or V/ms.
Figure 4 shows slew rate graphically. The primary factor controlling slew rate in most op amps is an internal
compensation capacitor Cc, which is added to make the Op amp unity gain stable. Referring to figure 5
voltage change in the second stage is limited by the charging and discharging of the compensation capacitor
Cc. The maximum rate of change is when either side of the differential pair is conducting 2IE. Essentially
SR = 2IE/Cc. Remember, however, that not all op amps have compensation capacitors. In op amps without
internal compensation capacitors, the slew rate is determined by internal Op amp parasitic capacitances.
Non-compensated op amps have greater bandwidth and slew rate, but the stability of the circuit is needed to
take care by other means. In op amps, power consumption is traded for noise and speed. In order to increase
slew rate, the bias currents within the Op amp are increased.
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PARAMETER NAME PARAMETERS SYMBOL VALUE

INPUT CURRENT IIN 0

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE VOS 0

INPUT IMPEDANCE INPUT IMPEDANCE ∞

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE ZOUT 0

GAIN A ∞

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

For open loop Common Mode Rejection Ratio.

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PROCEDURE:-

To observe the open loop Common mode gain of an op amp.

1. Connect the on board function generator probe at socket ‘IN2’

2. Set the function generator signal on 2 V, 1 KHz sinusoidal signal and observe the input at Oscilloscope
CH II. Observe the output waveform between output sockets ‘2’ and ground, on
3. Oscilloscope CH I.
4. Note the amplitude of the output waveform and calculate the gain at given frequency.
5. Increase the input voltage with the margin of 1 V.
6. Observe the output wave form, note the amplitude and Calculate the gain at given frequency.
7. Increase the frequency with the margin of 1 KHz up to 5 KHz.
8. Repeat the steps from 3 to 6 with every increment in frequency.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S. FREQUEN VIN INPUT VIN INPUT VIN INPUT VIN INPUT CMMR=20LOG10
CY(KHZ) VOLTAGE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
NO (ΔIN/=ΔOUT)(DB)

∆ in =Vin1 - Vin2

∆ out =V out1 - V out2

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EXPERIMENT NO–3

AIM:-

Study of op amp as inverting amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. Experiment board, ST2322.

2. Multi-meter,

3. 2 mm patch cords.

THEORY:-

Op amp as Summer, Averager and Scaler :

The operational amplifier is basically used to perform mathematical operation and summer averager and
scaler are some of them. To add two or more then two input voltage we use Op amp as Summer. To find the
average of input voltage an Averager is used and when different input voltages are applied in input terminal
its called Scaler. The Op amp can be used in both inverting as well as non-inverting configuration while
working as summer, averager or scaler. The only difference between both of the configuration is that in
inverting configuration the inputs are applied at negative (inverting) terminal. The schematic diagram of
inverting Op amp as summer, averager and scaler is shown in figure 33. Op amp in figure 33 shows the
inverting configuration with three inputs Input 1, Input 2 and Input 3. Depending on the relationship
between the feedback resistor RF and the input resistor Ra, Rb, and Rc, the circuit can be used as a
summing amplifier (Adder), averaging amplifier or a scaling amplifier. The circuit's function can be verified
by examining the expression for the output voltage, VOUT.

VOUT = − [(RF / Ra)Va + (RF / Rb) Vb + (RF / Rc) Vc)] ................

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-

• To observe the Op amp in summing configuration,

1. Set the value of Potentiometer P4 and P5 at 1 KΩ.
2. Connect the on board firs variable power supply to input socket ‘IN10’, and then set the input voltage
V1 to 0.5 V.
3. Connect the on board second variable power supply to input sockets ‘IN11’, and then set the input
voltage V2 to 0.5 V.
4. Insert the multi-meter’s positive probe at TP12’s sockets and negative probe at the ground.
5. Calculate the output voltage VOUT by using equation 28.
6. Note the measured output voltage VOUT’.
7. Verify the measured output voltage to calculated output voltage.
8. Vary the input voltages V1 and V2
9. Repeat the above step from 4 to 7 for every variation in input.

Note : In all the experiments first set the value of Potentiometers, connect the supply to input terminal and
then measure the supply voltages because the voltage drop at input terminal due to virtual ground.
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OBSERVATION TABLE :

S. INPUT INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT ERROR=II

NO VOLTAGEV1 VOLTAGEV2 (CALCULATED) VOLTAGE N-IOUT
(MEASURED)

Op amp as inverting Averager:-

Averager :It is also called averaging amplifier. If in the circuit of figure

Ra = Rb = Rc= n .RF,

Where ‘n’ is the number of input applied at inverting input of op amp, if there are only two input applied,
then Ra = Rb = Rc= 2. RF,

And equation 27 can be rewritten as :

VOUT = − (RF / R). (Va+ Vb)

VOUT = − (RF / 2. RF) (Va+ Vb)

VOUT = − (Va+ Vb)/ 2 .......................... (29)

This means that the output voltage is equals to the negative average of all the inputs

PROCEDURE:-

• To observe the Op amp in averaging configuration,

1. Set the value of Potentiometer P4 and P5 at 2 KΩ.
2. Connect the on board firs variable power supply to input socket ‘IN10’, and then set the input voltage
V1 to 0.5 V.
3. Connect the on board second variable power supply to input sockets ‘IN11’, and then set the input
voltage V2 to 0.5 V.
4. Insert the multi-meter’s positive probe at TP12’s sockets and negative probe at the ground.
5. Calculate the output voltage VOUT by using equation 29.
6. Note the measured output voltage VOUT’.
7. Verify the measured output voltage to calculated output voltage.
8. Vary the input voltages V1 and V2
9. Repeat the above step from 4 to 7 for every variation in input.
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OBSERVATION TABLE :

S.NO INPUT INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE ERROR=II

VOLTAGEV VOLTAGEV (CALCULATED) (MEASURED) N-IOUT
1 2

Op amp as inverting Scaler:-Scaler or Weighing amplifier :If each input voltage is amplified by a different
factor, in other words, weighted differently at the output, the circuit in figure 33 is then called a scaling or
weighted amplifier. This condition can be accomplished if Ra and Rb are different in values. Thus the
output voltage of the scaling amplifier is :

VOUT = − [(RF / Ra) Va + (RF / Rb) Vb ] .....................(30)

Where RF/Ra ≠ RF/Rb,

PROCEDURE:-
• To observe the Op amp in averaging configuration,
1. Set the value of Potentiometer P4 at 1 KΩ
2. Set the value of Potentiometer P5 at 2 KΩ.
3. Connect the on board firs variable power supply to input socket ‘IN10’, and then set the input voltage
V1 to 1 V.
4. Connect the on board second variable power supply to input sockets ‘IN11’, and then set the input
voltage V2 to 2V.
5. Insert the multi-meter’s positive probe at TP12’s sockets and negative probe at the ground.
6. Calculate the output voltage VOUT by using equation 30.
7. Note the measured output voltage VOUT’.
8. Verify the measured output voltage to calculated output voltage.
9. Vary the input voltages V1 and V2
10. Repeat the above step from 6 to 8 for every variation in input.
11. Vary the resistance value of Potentiometer P4 & P5.
12. Repeat the above step from 3 to 10

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S. NO INPUT INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE ERROR=IIN-

VOLTAGEV1 VOLTAGEV2 (CALCULATED) (MEASURED) IOUT
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EXPERIMENT NO–4

AIM:-

Study of op amp as non inverting amplifier.

EQUIPMENTS NEEDED :

1. Experiment board, ST2322

2. Multi-meter,

3. 2 mm patch cords.

THEORY:-Non-inverting Summer :In non-inverting configuration the inputs are applied at positive
terminal, the schematic diagram of non-inverting summer, averager and scaler is shown in figure 35. The
input is applied at non-inverting terminal hence the gain become 1+ RF/R,

Op amp in figure 35 shows the non-inverting configuration with two inputs; first input, Va, second input,
Vb. Again to verify the function of the circuit, the expression of output voltage must be obtained. In non-
inverting configuration the Op amp works as voltage series feedback. Therefore, using the superposition
theorem, the voltage at non-inverting terminal, V1,

Depending on the relationship between the feedback resistor R F and the input resistor Ra = Rb= R, the
circuit can be used as a summing amplifier (Adder), averaging amplifier or a scaling amplifier. The circuit's
function can be verified by examining the expression for the output voltage, VOUT.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-

• To observe the Op amp in non-inverting summing configuration,

1. Connect the on board firs variable power supply to input socket ‘IN12’, and then set the input voltage,
V1, to 0.5 V.
2. Connect the on board second variable power supply to input socket ‘IN13’, and then set the input
voltage, V2, to 0.5 V.
3. Insert the multi-meter’s positive probe at TP14’s sockets and negative probe at the ground.
4. Set the value of Potentiometer P6 at 2 KΩ.
5. Calculate the output voltage VOUT by using equation 32.
6. Note the measured output voltage VOUT’.
7. Verify the measured output voltage to calculated output voltage.
8. Vary the input voltages V1 and V2.
9. Repeat the above step from 5 to 7 for every variation in input.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S.NO INPUT INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE ERROR=

VOLTAGEV1 VOLTAGEV2 (CALCULATED) (MEASURED) IIN-IOUT
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Op amp as non-inverting Averager:-

An Averager gives the output which is average of applied input at non-inverting terminal. As we know that
depending on the relationship between the feedback resistor R F and the input resistor Ra = Rb = R, the
circuit can be used as an averaging amplifier. The circuit's function can be verified by examining the
expression for the output voltage, VOUT.

PROCEDURE:-

• To observe the Op amp in non-inverting Averaging configuration, connect the patch cord as shown in
figure 36.
1. Connect the on board firs variable power supply to input socket ‘IN12’, and then set the input voltage,
V1, to 0.5 V.
2. Connect the on board second variable power supply to input socket ‘IN13’, and then set the input
voltage, V2, to 0.5 V.
3. Insert the multi-meter’s positive probe at TP14’s sockets and negative probe at the ground.
4. Set the value of Potentiometer P6 at maximum resistance.
5. Calculate the output voltage VOUT by using equation 34.
6. Note the measured output voltage VOUT’.
7. Verify the measured output voltage to calculated output voltage.
8. Vary the input voltages V1 and V2.
9. Repeat the above step from 5 to 7 for every variation in input.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.NO INPUT INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT ERROR=
VOLTAGEV1 VOLTAGEV2 (CALCULATED) VOLTAGE IIN-IOUT
(MEASURED)
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EXPERIMENT NO–5

AIM:-

Design and performance evaluation of transistor amplifiers in CE configuration.

For PNP transistor:-

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. Study car

2. DC power supplies -12V, -5V from externaL

3. Digital Multimeter (3 numbers).

4. 2 mm patch cords.

THEORY:-

Transistor characteristics are the curves, which represent relationship between different DC currents and
voltages of a transistor. These are helpful in studying the operation of a transistor when connected in a
circuit. The three important characteristics of a transistor are:

1. Input characteristic.

2. Output characteristic.

3. Constant current transfer characteristic.

INPUT CHARACTERISTIC:-

In common emitter configuration, it is the curve plotted between the input current (IB) versus input voltage
(VEB) for various constant values of output voltage (VEC).

The approximated plot for input characteristic is shown in figure 1. This characteristic reveals that for fixed
value of output voltage VEC, as the base to emitter voltage increases, the emitter current increases in a
manner that closely resembles the diode characteristics.

]
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Output Characteristic:-

This is the curve plotted between the outputs current IC versus output voltage VEC for various constant
values of input current IB.

The output characteristic has three basic region of interest as indicated in figure 2 the active region, cutoff
region and saturation region.

In active region the collector base junction is reverse biased while the base emitter junction is forward
biased. This region is normally employed for linear (undistorted) amplifier. In cutoff region the collector
base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor both are reverse biased. In this region transistor acts
as an ‘Off’ switch.

In saturation region the collector base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor both are forward
biased. In this region transistor acts as an ‘On’ switch.

Constant current transfer Characteristic:-

This is the curve plotted between output collector current IC versus input base current IB for constant value
of output voltage VEC.
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The approximated plot for this characteristic is shown in figure:-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Circuit used to plot different characteristics of transistor is shown in figure 4.

PROCEDURE:-

Connect -5V and -12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612
Analog Lab:-
To plot input characteristics proceed as follows:
1. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
2. Connect Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input base current IB (A).
3. Short or connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 4 and 5
4. Connect one voltmeter between test point 1 and ground to measure input voltage VEB and another
voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VEC.

5. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VEC at some
constant value (1V, 3V,)
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for NPN transistor:-

THEORY:-

Transistor characteristics are the curves, which represent relationship between different DC currents and
voltages of a transistor. These are helpful in studying the operation of a transistor when connected in a
circuit. The three important characteristics of a transistor are:

1. Input characteristic.

2. Output characteristic.

3. Constant current transfer characteristic.

Input Characteristic:-

In common emitter configuration, it is the curve plotted between the input current (IB) versus input voltage
(VEB) for various constant values of output voltage (VEC).

The approximated plot for input characteristic is shown in figure 1. This characteristic reveals that for fixed
value of output voltage VEC, as the base to emitter voltage increases, the emitter current increases in a
manner that closely resembles the diode characteristics.

Output Characteristic:-

This is the curve plotted between the outputs current IC versus output voltage VEC for various constant
values of input current IB.The output characteristic has three basic region of interest as indicated in figure 2
the active region, cutoff region and saturation region. In active region the collector base junction is reverse
biased while the base emitter junction is forward biased. This region is normally employed for linear
(undistorted) amplifier. In cutoff region the collector base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor
both are reverse biased. In this region transistor acts as an ‘Off’ switch.

In saturation region the collector base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor both are forward
biased. In this region transistor acts as an ‘On’ switch.
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Constant current transfer Characteristic:

This is the curve plotted between output collector current IC versus input base current IB for constant value
of output voltage VEC. The approximated plot for this characteristic is shown in figure

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit used to plot different characteristics of transistor is shown in figure 4.

PROCEDURE:-

Connect -5V and -12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612
Analog Lab:-

To plot input characteristics proceed as follows:

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1. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
2. Connect Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input base current IB (A).
3. Short or connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 4 and 5
4. Connect one voltmeter between test point 1 and ground to measure input voltage VEB and another
voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VEC.
5. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage V EC at some
constant value (1V, 3V,)
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Connect all electrical connection as per diagram.

2. Checked for any loose contact and if found loose tight it.
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EXPERIMENT NO -7

AIM:-
Design and performance evaluation of transistor amplifiers in CB configuration.
AIM:-

Component Quantity

1. Resistance 51 Ω 1 W 2

2. Potentiometers 1KΩ 2

3. Transistor NPN BC548 1

CIRCIUT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. Make connections as shown in diagram.

2. Connect -5V DC from DC power supply block to terminals 1, 2.
3. Connect + 10VDC from DC power supply block to terminals 3, 4.
4. Switch on the instrument.
5. Set both potentiometers such that VCB and VBE equal to 0V.
6. Vary P2 to get VCB equal to 3V.
7. Vary P1 to get VBE from 0V to 0.8V and measure the corresponding Value of IE.
8. Plot curve between VBE and IE. This plot will give the input characteristics.
9. Set both potentiometers such that VCE and VBE equal to 0V.
10. Vary P1 to get IE equal to 0 amp.
11. Vary P2 to get VCE from 0V to 10V and measure the corresponding value of IC.
12. Repeat step 11 for IE equal to 5mA, 7mA, 10mA.
13. Plot curve between VCE and IC. This plot will give the output characterist
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EXPERIMENT NO-8

AIM:-

design and performance evaluation of transistor amplifiers in CC Configuration.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. 2 mm patch cords

CIRCIUT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect +5V and 12V dc power supplies at their indicated position .

2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
3. Connect Ammeter between test point 16 and 5 to measure input base current IB (μA).
4. Connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 6 and 22.
5. Connect voltmeter between test point 16 and ground to measure input voltage VCB .
6. Switch On the power supply.
7. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at some constant value (4.5V,
5V, 5.5...).
8. Now connect voltmeter between test point 22 and ground to measure output voltage VCE.
9. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VCB in step and
measure the corresponding values of input current IB for different constant value of output
voltage VCE in an Observation Table 1.
10. Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.
11. Repeat the above procedure for different sets of output voltage VCE.
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12. Plot a curve between input voltage VCB and input current IB as shown in Fig 1 using
suitable scale with the help of Observation Table l. This curve is the required input
characteristic.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.NO. INPUT VOLTAGE Vcv INPUT CURRENT (μA)OF OUT VOLTAGE

Vce=4.5v Vce=5v Vce=5.5v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
S.NO. OUTPUT VOLTAGE VCE OUTPUT CURRENT IE AT A CONSTENT VELUE OF INPUT
VOLTAGE

IB =10ΜA IB =10ΜA IB =10ΜA

1 0.0V
2 0.5V
3 1V
4 1.5V
5 2V

RESULT:-

Input resistance Rin = __________

Output resistance Rout =_________

Current Gain ac = ___________

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EXPERIMENT NO-9

AIM:-

Study of the appication of IC 555 as a mono stable (one shot) Multivibrator

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. Analog board of AB28.

2. DC power supplies + 5V, from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

3. 2 mm patch cords.

4. Ohm meter.

5. Function generator [for pulse signal (Scientech Function Generator ST4062,

ST4063 etc.)]

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Circuit used to study monostable multivibrator is shown in Figure

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PROCEDURE :

• Connect power supply + 5V from ST2612 or any external source.

1. Connect point a to point b using a 2mm patch cord.
2. Connect point c to point d/e using a 2mm patch cord.
3. Keep the pot (R2 1M) to fully anticlockwise direction.
4. Apply a pulse signal of 5Vpp and 1 KHz (keep duty cycle of pulse 50%) at pin 2 of IC 555 i.e. to the
point e/g on AB28 board. Observe the same on oscilloscope CHI.
5. Connect pin 3 of IC55 i.e. output socket to the oscilloscope CHII.
6. Vary the pot and observe the variation of output pulse duty cycle with the change in resistance R
(where, R=R1+R2).
7. For any value of R measure the ON time of output pulse.
8. Calculate the same by following equation for theoretically calculating the output pulse ‘On’ time.
TP = 1.1 * R1C1
Note : For calculating the value of R, disconnect the +5V supply and connection between point a and b.
Connect ohmmeter between point a and TP1. The ohmmeter will read the value of R.
9. Verify theoretical and practical values of TP. Note : The two values of TP (theoretical and practical
values) will match only for time for which input pulse is High i.e. only for ‘On’ 'time of input pulse. To
verify this vary the duty cycle of input signal and check the output pulse duty cycle by varying R
(R=R1+R2).
Repeat above procedure for different values of R.
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EXPERIMENT NO-10

AIM:-

Study of IC 555 as an A stable (free running) Multi vibrator

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. Analog board AB28.

2. DC power supplies +5V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

3. 2 mm. patch cords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Circuit used to study A stable Multi vibrator is shown in Figure 6

PROCEDURE:-

• Connect power supply +5V from ST2612 or any external source.

1. Connect point a to point b using a 2mm patch cord.
2. Connect point d to point f/g using a 2mm patch cord.
3. Keep the pot (R2 1M) to fully anticlockwise direction.
4. Connect pin 3 of IC55 i.e. output socket to the oscilloscope.
5. Vary the pot and observe the variation of output signal’s frequency with the
change in resistance R (where, R=R1+R2).
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6. To verify the above calculate the frequency of output signal using following
equation
1.44
fout = C1 ( R + 2 R 3)
Note : For calculating the value of R, disconnect the +5V supply and connection
between point a and b. Connect ohmmeter between point a and TP1. The
ohmmeter will read the value of R.
7. Trace the waveforms of the voltage across capacitor C1 and ground.
8. Repeat above procedure for different values of R.