1.Define term Computer Network.

A computer network is a set of interconnected devices (computers, servers, routers, switches,

etc.) that communicate with each other to share resources (data, files, applications, internet
access) and services. These connections can be established Through wired (Ethernet) or
wireless (Wi-Fi) media.

2.List guided and unguided transmission media

Guided Media:
1.​ Twisted Pair Cable
2.​ Coaxial Cable

Unguided media:
1.​ Radio Waves
2.​ Microwaves
3.​ Infrared
4.​ Satellite
5.​ Bluetooth

3.Draw a OSI model neat diagram

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection.
Definition:
The OSI model is a conceptual framework used to standardize the functions of a
communication system or network into 7distinct layers. It defines how data is transmitted from
one device to another across a network and ensures interoperability between different systems
and technologies.

Why OSI is Used ?

1. Standardization:
o The OSI model provides a standardized approach for designing and implementing networks,
ensuring compatibility between different manufacturers and vendors.
2. Interoperability:
o By breaking down communication into layers, OSI ensures devices and applications from
different vendors can communicate with each other.
3. Troubleshooting:
o The layered approach helps network administrators isolate and troubleshoot issues by
focusing on specific layers.
4. Modularity:
o Each layer operates independently. Changes or updates to one layer don’t affect others,
making the model flexible and scalable.
5. Reference for Protocols:
o It serves as a guideline for developing networking protocols and devices, enabling efficient
communication across networks.
6. Education and Understanding:
o The OSI model helps students and professionals understand how networks function step by
step, from physical connections to application-level communication.
7. Universal Language:
o It provides a universal framework for discussing and understanding network technologies,
making it easier for professionals to collaborate globally.

Physical Layer:
o Transmits raw bits over physical media (cables, wireless).
o Functions: Bit transmission, modulation, signal synchronization.
2. Data Link Layer:
o Ensures reliable node-to-node communication.
o Functions: Framing, error detection/correction, MAC addressing.
3. Network Layer:
o Handles routing and forwarding of data packets.
o Functions: Logical addressing (IP addresses), path determination.
4. Transport Layer:
o Ensures end-to-end communication and reliability.
o Functions: Flow control, error recovery, segmentation, reassembly (e.g.,
TCP/UDP).
5. Session Layer:
o Manages and controls sessions between applications.
o Functions: Session establishment, maintenance, and termination.
6. Presentation Layer:
o Ensures data is in a readable format for the application.
o Functions: Data encryption, compression, and translation.
7. Application Layer:
o Closest to the user; interfaces directly with applications.
o Functions: Email, file transfer, web browsing (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, FTP).

4.Define Network Topology.

Network topology refers to the arrangement or layout of different elements (nodes, links, etc.) in
a computer network. It defines how devices are interconnectedand how data flows within the
network. Topology can significantly impact the network's performance, scalability, and fault
tolerance.

5.State two advantages of computer network.

1.Resource Sharing:
o Hardware Sharing: Devices such as printers, scanners, and storage can be shared across the
network, reducing the cost of buying these devices for each user.
o Software Sharing: Applications can be installed on a server and used by multiple users,
reducing software costs and ensuring uniform updates.

2.Communication:
o Email, Instant Messaging, and Video Conferencing: Enables real-time
communication, collaboration, and file sharing across the globe.
o Social Networking and Collaboration Tools: Platforms like Slack, Teams, and SharePoint
enhance teamwork and productivity.

3.Scalability:
o Easy Expansion: Networks can easily accommodate new users and devices,
supporting business growth and technological advancements.

4. Flexibility:
o Remote Access: Users can access the network from remote locations, enabling
flexible work environments and remote collaboration.

6.Differentiate EPON and GPON routers

7.List the Features of 802.11W-LAN. (any two)

Two features of **802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN)** are:
1. Security (WPA, WPA2, WPA3)– Provides encryption and authentication mechanisms to
secure wireless communication.
2. Multiple Access Techniques (CSMA/CA)– Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) to prevent data collisions and ensure smooth communication between
devices.

8.Compare the guided and unguided transmission media. Which transmission media is best
suited for long-distance communication and why?
(From assignment 1 question 9)

9.Explain TCP/IP model with diagram.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
Definition:
The TCP/IP model is a networking framework that governs how data is transmitted
over the internet and other networks. It is a simplified, practical model consisting of 4
layers that ensure reliable communication between devices.
Uses of TCP/IP Model:
1. Internet Communication:
o TCP/IP is the foundation of the modern internet, enabling data exchange
between billions of devices globally.
2. Interconnectivity:
o It allows different types of devices (e.g., computers, smartphones, routers)
to communicate seamlessly, regardless of their hardware or operating
systems.
3. Protocol Support:
o TCP/IP supports essential protocols like HTTP (for websites), FTP (for file
transfers), SMTP (for emails), and DNS (for domain name resolution).
4. Routing:
o It enables data packets to find the best path across multiple networks
using IP addresses.
5. Reliability:
o TCP ensures data packets are delivered accurately and in the correct
sequence.
6. Scalability:
o TCP/IP can accommodate networks of all sizes, from small local networks
to the vast global internet.
7. Flexibility:
o It supports wired (Ethernet), wireless (Wi-Fi), and mobile communication
technologies
Application Layer:
o Combines the OSI model's Application, Presentation, and Session layers.
o Protocols: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, DNS.
2. Transport Layer:
o Ensures reliable data transmission and error checking.
o Protocols: TCP (reliable, connection-oriented) and UDP (faster,
connectionless).
3. Internet Layer:
o Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets.
o Protocols: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, ARP.
4. Network Access Layer:
o Combines the OSI model's Data Link and Physical layers.
o Handles the physical transmission of data over the network medium.

Why TCP/IP is Used ?

1. Global Standard:
o TCP/IP is the universal protocol suite for internet communication.
2. Simplicity:
o It uses fewer layers (4) compared to the OSI model (7), making it easier to
implement and understand.
3. Reliability:
o TCP ensures data integrity, even in unreliable networks, by
retransmitting lost packets.
4.interoperability:
o It ensures seamless communication between devices from different
manufacturers.
5. Efficient Data Delivery:
o IP finds the best route for data, while TCP ensures its accuracy.
6. Scalability:
o TCP/IP supports small local networks (LANs) as well as large global networks
(WANs).

10.Define physical and logical topology. List the types of Physical topology and explain any one
physical topology with suitable diagram.
Physical Topology
Definition:
The physical topology refers to the actual physical layout of the cables, devices,
and other network components.

Logical Topology
Definition:
The logical topology refers to how data flows within the network, independent of
its physical layout.

Types of Physical Topology:

1. Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a single central cable.
2. Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
3. Ring Topology: Each device is connected to two other devices, forming a
circular path.
4. Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device.
5. Tree Topology: Combines characteristics of bus and star topologies.
6. Hybrid Topology: A combination of two or more different topologies.

Bus Topology:
o Structure: All devices are connected to a single central cable, known as the bus
or backbone.

Diagram:-

o Advantages:
Easy to install and extend.
Cost-effective due to minimal cable requirements.
o Disadvantages:
Limited by the length of the central cable.
Difficult to troubleshoot, as a fault in the main cable can disrupt the

11.Describe IEEE 802.2 standards with diagram

IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control (LLC)
Subtitle: Managing Logical Communication in Network Layers
Definition What is IEEE 802.2? IEEE 802.2 is a standard developed by the
IEEE for:

• Logical Link Control (LLC) at the data link layer (Layer 2 of the OSI
model).
• Managing communication between network devices through error correction
and flow control.
• Providing a standardized interface for upper layers to access network
services.
Purpose Why IEEE 802.2?
To establish a uniform method for data link control.
Ensure reliable data transfer between devices.
Support multiple network protocols, such as Ethernet and Token Ring.

Key Features
1. Error Detection and Recovery:
o Provides error control and acknowledgment of frames.
2. Flow Control:
o Manages the rate of data transmission between sender and receiver to avoid
congestion.
3. Service Types:
o Unacknowledged Connectionless Service: For high-speed communication
without acknowledgment.
o Connection-Oriented Service: Establishes a logical connection for
guaranteed delivery.
o Acknowledged Connectionless Service: Adds acknowledgment to
connectionless communication.

Functions of LLC Sublayer

●​ Provides an interface between the Network Layer (Layer 3) and the MAC sublayer.
●​ Identifies and multiplexes protocols operating at higher layers (e.g., IPv4, IPv6).

12.Compare 802.11 and 802.16 in terms of

a) Application b)Typical range
c) Frequency Range d) Modulation.
(From assignment 2 )