Electrical Technology (EE11003)-Module D

Three Phase AC Circuits

Prof. Alok Kanti Deb

Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur
alokkanti@ee.iitkgp.ac.in
Electrical Technology (EE11003) • L-T-P Credits-4
Section 1 • 3-1-0

Theory Class Timings: D4 slot Tutorial Faculty

Mon: D1 (12 PM-1 PM); Section 1: Prof. Alok Kanti Deb
Tue : D2 (10 AM - 12 PM);
Thu: D4 (8 AM-9AM)
2
 Syllabus
1. Module A: Introduction, DC Networks, Theorems
2. Module B: Single Phase AC Circuits
3. Module C: Transients- Capacitor, Inductor
4. Module D: Three Phase AC Circuits
5. Module E: Magnetic Circuits
6. Module F: Transformer
Text Book: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105053/

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals by Vincent Del Toro Prentice

Hall of India available on Amazon

Other reference books will be given during lecture class

Tests: 5
3
 Polyphase/Multiphase System
R
Single phase
vt   VmCoswt  1-phase
L 1-Φ
1-ph
2-phase, 3-phase, 6-phase, 12-phase

Most commonly used for industrial applications

Power transmission is economical in 3-phase.

760KV
33KV, 220 KV, 440KV, 750 KV 4
 Three Phase EMF
Generation

Multi-turn coil is placed inside a magnet. The windings are distributed in

number of slots.
Three windings with equal number of turns in each one, are used, so as to
obtain equal voltage in magnitude in all the three phases.
Also to obtain a balanced three phase voltage, the windings are to be placed
at an electrical angle of 120° with each other, such that the voltages in each
phase are also at an angle of 120° with each other.

The windings are in the stator and the poles are in the rotor. 5
6
The rotor is rotating at synchronous speed, N s (r/min or rpm)
pN s
To obtain a frequency f  (Hz)
120
p being the number of poles, p=2
Three windings for three phases are R(+) & R′(−), Y(+) & Y′(−) and B(+) & B′(−).

A winding with (+) sign is taken as start and with (−) sign is taken as finish.
For making a star connection R′, Y′ & B′ are connected together, and the point is
taken as neutral, N.
7
VRn  Van  VmCoswt   Vm 0  (V)

 
VYn  Vbn  Vm Cos wt  120  Vm   120  (V)

VBn  Vcn  V Cos wt  240   V

m

m   240

(V)  Vm 120 (V)

Vcn

120
Ref w
 120 Van
CCW

R-Y-B phase sequence

R-Y-B-R-Y-B……...
Vbn
8
 R-B-Y Phase Sequence

VYn

120
Ref w
 120 VRn
CCW

VR  Vm 0

VB  Vm   120 
VBn
VY  Vm   240   Vm 120 

9
 VR
R
VY
n
Y 3-ph, 4 wire system
VB
B

N
n

=>

Y
B

10
3-phase 3 wire system

B R

Y
Y
B

11
 a
Y Connected Generator Van  Vm 0
Vab  Van  Vnb  Van   Vbn 
n
Vbc  Vbn  Vnc  Vbn   Vcn  Vbn  Vm   120

Vcn  Vm 120
Vca  Vcn  Vna  Vcn   Van 
b
Vcn c
Vca Vbn Vab

Phase Sequence: A-B-C

120 30
Ref w
 120 Van
CCW

Vab  3Vm 30 V 

Vbc  3Vm   90 V 
Vbn Vca  3Vm 150 V 

12
Vbc
 Phase Sequence: A-C-B
Vab  3Vm   30 (V)
Vbc
Vbc  3Vm 90 V 

Vca  3Vm   150 V

Vbn

120
Ref w

 120  30 Van
CCW

Vca Vcn Vbn Vab

13
Y/Wye connection Delta/Δ Connection
Z1
Z1

Z2
Z2

Z3
Z3

Z1
Z3 Z1

Z3 Z2 Z2

Z1  Z 2  Z 3 Unbalanced load
Z1  Z 2  Z 3 Balanced Load
14
3-Phase Generator and Load Connections

R
3-phase Y 3-phase
Generator Load
B

Generator Load
Y Y
Δ Y
Δ Δ
Y Δ

15
 Three Phase Y-Y Connection
a

+
Vm 0 Vcn

Vca Vbn Vab

n
Vm 120 Vm   120
b

120 30
c Ref w
Phase Sequence: A-B-C  120 Van
CCW
Phase Voltages (Vp)
Van = Vbn = Vcn => Balanced Source
Van Vbn Vcn  0
Line Voltages (VL) Vab  3Vm 30 (V) Vbn
Vbc  3Vm   90 V 
VL  3Vm
Vca  3Vm 150 V 
Vbc
16
 A Balanced Three Phase System
Y-connected load (Sink)
Y-connected generator (Source) a Transmission Line
A
IaA
+ Zp

Vm 0 InN
N
n
Vm 120 Vm   120
Zp Zp
b
IbB C B

c Vcn VL  3V ph
IcC
Assumption: Line wires have zero impedance I cC I L  I ph
V
I aA  an
Zp
Vbn Van   120
I bB    I aA  120
Zp Zp 120
Ref w
Vcn Van 120
I cC    I aA120  Van
Zp Zp  120 CCW
Applying KCL at N, I bB I aA
I nN  I aA  I bB  I cC  0
I nN  I aA  I bB  I cC   0
17
Vbn
Ex: A balanced 3-ph, Y-connected load, VL=300 V (r.m.s). Load power is 1200W
at 0.8 p.f. (lead). Find the line current and per phase load impedance.
A
IL
V p Zp IP

N
VL=300 V
Zp Zp
C B

VL 300
Phase voltage = V p   V (r.m.s.) Phase Current, I p  I L
3 3
1200
Per phase power=  400W Ip
3
300   Vp
400  I L 0.8 Ref w
3
I L  2.89 A    0 CCW

300 Z p  60  Cos 1 0.8

3
Zp  = 60 Ω  60  36.87 
2.89
Ex: Y-connected load. Each phase has 3 loads in parallel: -j100 Ω, 100 Ω, (50 + j50) Ω.
Vab = 400 V (r.m.s). Find Van, IaA, and total power drawn by the load.
a A

Zp
Vab=400V (r.m.s) N 50 Ω
100 Ω
−j100 Ω
Zp Zp
C B j50 Ω
b
c Zp
1 1 1 1 50  j 50
    j 0.01  0.01   j 0.01  0.01  0.01  j 0.01  0.02
Z p  j100 100 50  j 50 2500  2500
400 400 1
Z p  50 Vab  4000  (V) Van    30  (V) I aA     30
3 3 50

Per phase power, Pp=

400 400 1
3
 . Cos 0
3 50

   4.62  30  A

Vab Ref w

Total power = 3Pp= 3200 W  30
I aA CCW
Van
19
 Ex: A balanced 3-ph, 3-wire system has line voltage 500V. 2 balanced Y connected loads
are present. Find the phase voltages, line current, total power drawn by the loads, p.f. at
which the source is operating. (Sequence-ABC)
I aA  I L A1
A A2
i1 i2 VL  500V
Z1 = (7−j2) Ω Z2 = (4+j2) Ω Vab  5000  (V)
VAB=500V N1 N2 500
Van    30  (V)
3
Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2
C1 B1 C2 B2
B
C Vca
Van
i1   39.65  14.05 (A)
Z1
V
i2  an  64.54  56.55 (A)
Z2 120
I aA  i1  i2  97.5  40.7  (A) Vab Ref w
30.7  14.05

40
   
p. f .  Cos VIan  Cos  30    40.7 
an
  120  56.55 Van i1 CCW
 0.98 (Lag)
500
P = 3Pp = 3  97.5 0.98  82.97kW
3
Vbc i2
I aA
 a Transmission Line The Delta (Δ) Connection
Y-connected IaA A
Delta (Δ)
generator +
Vm 0 I AB I CA connected load
 VL  3V p Zp Zp

n
Vm 120 Vm   120 
IbB B Zp C
b
IcC I BC
c I cC
V p = Van = Vbn = Vcn
VL = Vab = Vbc = Vca
VL  3V p Vab  3V p 30 Vcn Vbn
Vca Vab
Vab Vbc Vca I CA
I AB  I BC  I CA 
Zp Zp Zp I AB

120 30
I p = I AB = I BC = I CA Ref w
I aA  I AB  I CA  120 Van
CCW

I L = I aA = I bB = I cC I aA
Vbn
I L  3I p I BC
I bB
Vbc
Ex.1 VL = 300 V, Δ connected load at p.f. = 0.8 (lag) consumes 1200W.
Find the per phase impedance.

1200
 300  I ph  0.8
3

I ph  1.66A

300
Z   180
I ph

Z  180Cos 1 0.8

 18036.87  

22
 Ex 2; Two Δ- connected loads are in parallel. Load 1: 40 KVA at 0.8 (lag)
Vab  44030 (V) Find line current, total power. Load 2: 24 KW at 0.9 (lead)
a
IaA A1 A2
I AB1 I CA1 I AB 2 I CA2
Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2
Vab  44030 V 


B1 Z1 C1 B2 Z2 C2
IbB I BC1 I BC 2
b I
cC
c
 
S1  40 0.8  j 40  Sin Cos 1 0.8  32  j 24KVA S 2  24  j
24
0 .9
 Sin  Cos 1 0.9 
32000 I CA1
I AB1 
3
 30.3 Vca  24  j11.62KVA
440  0.8

I AB1  30.3 30 Cos 1 0.8 
I CA2
I AB 2
55.86 
Vab

 30.3  6.87   A 30 Ref w

24  10 3 I
 AB1 CCW
3  20.2  6.87
I AB2   12.4 
440  0.9

I AB 2  20.2 30  Cos 0.9 
1
 I aA
I aA  I AB1  I CA1   I AB2  I CA2 
 20.255.86 A I BC 2
 75.17  12.4   A
I BC1
Applying KCL at A, Total power,
I aA  I CA1  I AB1 I CA2  I AB2  0 S1+S2= 56  j12.38KVA
Vbc
 Power Calculation in Balanced 3-Phase Load
IaA
a A
I aA A
a VAN Zp
I AB I CA
Vab N
Vab Zp Zp
IbB Zp Zp
b B Zp C
IbB C
b B
Vbc I cC I BC
c Vbc I
cC
c
VL  V p I L  3I p
VL  3V p IL  I p
Total Active Power,
P  3Pp Total Active Power,
 3  V p  I p  Cos  P  3Pp

 3  VL  L  Cos 
I  3  V p  I p  Cos 
3
 I L  Cos 
VL
 3VL I L Cos   3
3
 3VL I L Cos  
24
 Wattmeter
Used for measuring power.

Wattmeter

M
c.c. L
i

v COM V Load
v.c.

c.c. – Current Coil Low resistance thicker Heavy

v.c. – Voltage Coil High resistance thin Light

25
 T
PA The Wattmeter in a Three-Phase System
1
PA 
T 
vax I aA dt
0
a
IaA
A

vax  vaN  v Nx Zp
x N
PB
T Zp Zp
1
PB 
T 
vbx I bB dt
0
IbB B C
b

T PC
1
PC 
T 
vcx I cC dt
0
IcC

c
P  PA  PB  PC
T T T
1 1 1

T  v ax I aA  vbx I bB  vcx I cC dt 
T  v
0
aN I aA  vbN I bB  vcN I cC dt 
T
v Nx I aA  I bB  I cC dt

0
0
T
1

T  v aN I aA  vbN I bB  vcN I cC dt  I aA  I bB  I cC  0 (for Balanced load)
0 26
 P1
I AB
a IaA A
a B
Zp

b IbB Zp Zp
b P2 I BC
I CA

C I cC
IcC
c
c
V

P1  V AB  I aA Cos I aAAB  VL I L Cos 30  

 Vca
Vcn  Vbn Vab

 V I Cos90  120 
I CA
P2  VCB  I cC CosVICB L L
 

 V I Cos 30   
 I AB
cC
 
L L 120
30

P1 Cos 30   

   P  P 
tan     3  2 1   120  Van
Ref w


P2 Cos 30       P1  P2  CCW

P1  P2   0  pure R, p.f.  1 (unity pf) I aA

Vbn
P1  P2   0  Capacitive load I BC
I bB
P2  P1   0  Inductive load 27
Vbc
Ex. A three phase motor operating at a 400V supply, developing 20 kW at an
efficiency of 0.87 and p.f.=0.82. Calculate i) line current, ii) phase current if
windings are Δ connected.
3-phase motor
IL
R

VL Y

Output
  0.87 p. f  0.82 
Input
20  103
3VL I L Cos  
Output
Input    3  400  I L  0.82
 0.87
IL
I L  40.46 A I ph   23.1A
3
28
 References
1) Hyat & Kemmerly, “Engineering Circuit Analysis”, 9th ed, Tata McGraw
Hill Education Pvt Ltd, 2020
2) Joseph A Edminister, “Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of
Electric Circuits”, McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1983
3) Hughes, “Electrical and Electronic Technology”, Pearson, 2011
4) C K Alexander and M N O Sadiku, “Fundamentals of Electric Circuits”,
McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd, 2013
5) J P Tiwari, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, New Age Int Pvt Ltd, 2012
6) S Bagchi, “Circuit theory and Networks”, S Chand, 2000.
7) Jagadish Pal, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Aryan Books, 2024

29
Thank You

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