2ND QUARTER

- conservation of electric

Science
By: Cy
charge: cannot be created
nor destroyed
- kite experiment
Electromagnetic 2. Christian Oersted
- magnetic fields from a
Waves magnet
- magnetic needle, compass
electromagnetic - he concluded that the

wave theory electric current made the

production of magnetism
- formulated by Maxwell 3. Michael Faraday
- accelerating electric - changing magnetic field
charges are capable of produces electric current
radiating energy in the - concept of field lines
form of EM wave 4. Andee Mane Ampere
- electrodynamics: effects
Wave – a travelling disturbance
from the interactions of
that can carry energy & information
electric currents with
but not matter
magnets
Mechanical EM Wave 5. Henrich Hertz
Wave - his findings proved the EM
- waves that - waves that do theory
require a not require a - electromagnetic waves
medium to medium to travel the fastest through a
propagate propagate vacuum
6. Alesandro Volta
- proved that electricity can
be made chemically
- invented the first electrice
battery, the voltaic pile
battery
7. Joseph Henry
- also found out that
EM Waves are transverse waves magnetism produces
where in the vibration of the electricity
particles are perpendicular to the
propagation of the wave
- they travel at 3 x 108 m/s
8. Gugliemo Marconi
- discovery of EM waves by

CONTRIBUTIONS sending signals to long

distances
OF SCIENTISTS
1. Benjamin Franklin
- discovered the 2 charges:
positive and negative

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 - most important since this is
the only one that our eyes
can see
- Violet: Highest Freq. &
tendency to bend
- Red: Lowest Freq. &
electromagnetic tendency to bend
- Dispersion: white light is
spectrum separated into diff. colors
from radio waves to gamma rays:
Ultraviolet
decreasing wavelength,
increasing frequency and energy - emitted by the sun &
artificial sources
- discovered by Johann
Radio Waves vs Microwaves
Wilhelm Ritter
Radio Microwaves - used in killing bacteria,
- satellites, curing inks & resins, used
- AM, FM, to check counterfeit
cellular, radio radar system
applications checks, sterilize drinking
and television
- can pass water, washing powder,
communication
through the vitamin D production
system
ionosphere, - disadvantages: risks of
applications
which is ideal blinding the eye and eye
- low frequency,
for satellite diseases
low energy
communication - UV A: reaches the lens of
- suitable for
- high energy, our eyes
long distances
high frequency - UV B: causes tanning effect
because they
- travels in one - UV C: most dangerous and
can be reflected
direction causes damage
by the
ionosphere X-ray
- can go in
multiple - artificially produced in a
directions device called a X-ray tube
Radar or Cathode Ray Tube
- they are emitted when fast
- stands for radio detection and moving electrons hit a
ranging
metal target
- locates objects & detects the - medically used
distance - can be dangerous because
they damage living cells
Gamma Rays
Infrared Rays
- emitted by neutron stars
- produced by heat
and radioactive substances
- used in thermal imaging,
- used in sterilizing medical
can be used in remote
equipment, radiotherapy
controls, night vision
(kills cancerous cells),
goggles
sterilizes drinking water
Visible Spectrum
- discovered by Isaac
Newton

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 - bouncing back of light upon
hitting a barrier
- obstruction of light
- abrupt change in the
propagation of wave

Normal line – imaginary line that is

perpendicular to the surface
Incident Ray – incoming light that
hits the surface
Ionizing & Non-Ionizing
Radiation Reflected Ray – ray that bounces
off or seems to come from the
incident ray

law of Reflection –
angle of incidence is always equal
to the angle of reflection
- the more perpendicular the incident
ray, less is reflected
- farther the light source, more is
Ionizing Non-Ionizing reflected
- remove - does not
electrons from remove electrons
atoms or from atoms or
molecules of molecules of
materials that materials that
include air, water, include air, water,
and living tissue and living tissue
- x-ray & gamma - has lower
ray energy
- radio,
microwave,
visible light,
infrared, UV
Specular Diffuse
Light and Optics - regular
reflection
- irregular
reflection
Reflection - reflected in the
same direction
- reflected in
diff. directions
- spreading of
light

Lateral Inversion – reversed from

left to right
Vertical Inversion – upside down

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characteristics formed by
plane mirrors
Size Same size
Orientation Upright
Lateral position Reversed from left
to right
Distance from the Same distance
mirror
Type of Image Virtual

Virtual Images – when there are no

real reflected light rays
Concave Convex
Real Images – when there are real - reflected rays - reflected rays
reflected light rays converge at the diverge, meets
focal point at the focal
Formula for finding the - curves inward point behind
- used for the mirror
no. of images headlights, - curves outward
dentist mirror, - used for side
N = 360 /Angle - 1 shaving mirror mirrors, rear-
view mirrors,
Curved mirrors security
purposes
– reflecting surfaces are from
portions of a sphere characteristics formed by
Center of Curvature – center of the Concave mirrors
sphere which the mirror is a part
Loc. Loc Orient. Size Type
Vertex – center of the mirror itself of .
objec
Focal Point or Focus – center of t
Bey- B/w Inverte Reduce Real
the C & V ond C& d d
C F
Principal Axis – line passing At C At C Inverte Same Real
through C towards V d
B/w Aft- Inverte Enlarge Real
Secondary Axis – any line passing C&F er C d d
through C At F NO IMAGE IS FORM-
ED
Radius – distance from C towards V B/w B/w Upright enlarge Virtual
V&F C& d
Focal Length – distance from F V
towards V

characteristics formed by
Concave mirrors
- ALL images are formed behind
the mirror, upright, reduced,
virtual

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Mirror equation

Principal rays
1. P-F – parallel to the principal
axis, passes through the F
2. F-P - passes through the F, um, nakakatamad na itype.

parallel to the principal axis

3. C-C - passes through the C,
reflects back on its own path Lens
4. V-Ray - directed through the
V, reflects back at a equal - any transparent material bounded
angle from the principal axis by 1 or more curved surface

Refraction Optical Center – center of the Lens

2F – similar to C in mirrors
Focal Point or Focus – center of
the 2F & O

- bending of light when it

passes obliquely from one
medium to another of
different optical density
due to the change in its
speed
- light travels from less
dense to a denser medium: Convex Concave
light bends towards the - reflected rays - reflected rays
normal line converge at diverge, meets
- light travels from a denser the focal point at the focal
to a less dense medium: - thicker at the point at the
light bends away from the center same side of
- used for the incident rays
normal line
magnifying - thicker at the
glass, edges
microscopes - used for spy

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 hole in doors,
flashlight,
telescopes

Principal rays
1. P-F – parallel to the principal
axis, passes through the F
2. F-P - passes through the F,
parallel to the principal axis
3. V-Ray - directed through the
O, continues to travel in the
same direction

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