SCIENCE 10 – QUARTER 2

colors. Remote control and household

electrical appliances.
4. VISIBLE LIGHT – The reason why we see colors.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES – are waves that are
Artificial lighting, optical fibers in medical uses,
created as a result of vibrations
screen of electronic devices.
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGENTIC WAVE 5. ULTRAVIOLET – lies beyond the violet end of
the visible spectrum. UV lamps are used by
1. FREQUENCY – refers to the number of banks to check the signature on a passbook.
oscillations or wave per unit time; measure in Used in sterilizing water. But since UV rays have
hertz (Hz) or 1 cycle/second. high energy, it could be harmful to some
2. CREST – is the highest point or peak of the extent.
wave. 6. X-RAY – can penetrate the flesh but not the
3. TROUGH – is the deepest/lowest point of a bones. They are used in X-ray photography to
wave. help doctors look inside the body. Medical
4. PERIOD – is the time between oscillations in a use and engineering applications.
wave; measured in seconds (s) 7. GAMMA RAYS - they carry the highest amount
5. WAVELENGTH – is the distance between two of energy; thus, they are more dangerous.
consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave; Can kill living cells, used to treat cancer
measured in meters (m) through the process called radiotherapy.
6. AMPLITUDE – is the maximum distance from They are also used for sterilization. Treating
rest/equilibrium position to crest or trough cancer

• The shorter the wavelength, the higher the RADIATION – energy emitted from a body or
frequency; hence, frequency and source that is transmitted through an intervening
wavelength are inversely proportional. medium or space and absorbed by another
• The higher the frequency, the higher the body. Transmission is in the form of waves.
energy; hence frequency and energy are
• IONIZING RADIATION – has short wavelength,
directly proportional.
high frequency, and higher energy. Has
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM sufficient energy to produce ions in matter at
the molecular level. It can result to damage to
DNA and denaturation of proteins. A change In
DNA sequence of an organism (MUTATION)

• NON-IONIZING RADIATION – has longer

wavelength, lower frequency, and lower
energy. Injury is generally limited to thermal
damage i.e. burns.

Types of Ionizing Radiation and their Clinical Effects:

1. RADIO WAVE AND MICROWAVE

APPLICATION/USES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: Occupational exposures: radar and
communications equipment, industrial and
1. RADIO WAVES – have the longest wavelength commercial ovens
in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are Clinical Effects: potential cancer risk and can
used to transmit sound and picture cause burns.
information over long distances. Radio and TV
communication. 2. INFRARED
2. MICROWAVES – they are used in satellite Occupational Exposures: Welding,
communications, radar, television glassmaking, heating and dehydrating
transmission and cooking. processes
3. INFRARED – lies beyond the red end of the Clinical Effects: can penetrate superficial layer
visible light. Our bodies radiate infrared and of the skin, thermal injury and damage to the
under infrared camera or a night vision eye.
goggle, our images appear in variety of

Made by: Matthew A. Mendoza 10-LAPU5

 certain circumstances, causing combined
3. VISIBLE LIGHT amplitudes of the waves
Occupational Exposure: photography and o POLARIZATION - is the property of wave that
illumination. can oscillate with more than one orientation.
Clinical Effect: possible retinal injury
o TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION - phenomenon
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation and their Clinical
which occurs when a propagated wave
Effects:
strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger
1. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION than a particular critical angle with respect
- Bridge between Non-ionizing and Ionizing to the normal to the surface.
Radiation.

Clinical Effects: can affect the eyes and skin, MIRRORS – commonly used to describe the law of
sunburn, skin cancer reflection. An object such that each narrow beam
of light that strikes on its surface bounces (is
2. X-RAY reflected) in a single direction.
Clinical Effects: risk of developing cancer
later in life, cataracts in the eyes and skin TWO TYPES OF MIRRORS:
burns.
1. PLANE MIRROR – is a mirror with a flat (planar)
reflective surface. The image is a laterally-
Risk factors for X-ray damage include:
inverted “mirror image” of the object.
• A higher number of X-ray exams
• Receiving X-rays at a younger age LATERAL INVERSION – a flat mirror produces an
• Being female (women have a slightly higher image that has an Apparent Left-Right
lifetime risk than men) Reversal. The reversal is actually front-back,

L(ocation) = behind the mirror

3. GAMMA RAY
O(rientation) = image is upright
Clinical Effects: kill living organism in a
S(ize) = same size as the object
process called irradiation
T(ype) = image is virtual
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT:

o REFLECTION – when light bounces off an

object
➢ Specular Reflection – if the surface of an
object is smooth and shiny like glass, the
light will reflect at the same angle as it hit
the surface.
➢ Diffuse Reflection – if the surface of an
object is rough, reflected light rays scatter
in all direction.
LAW OF REFLECTION
o REFRACTION – the bending of light as it
passes from one medium to another. • The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection: θi = θr
o DIFFRACTION – the slight bending of light as it • Incident ray, the normal ray, and reflected ray lie
passes around the edge of an object. in one plane.
• A line perpendicular to the surface is imagined
o DISPERSION – splitting of a beam of white light at the point of reflection. This line is called a
into its seven constituent colors when passed normal.
through a transparent medium • The ray of light which strikes the surface is called
the incident ray.
o INTERFERENCE – phenomena of multiple light • The ray of light which leaves the surface is called
waves interacting with one another under the reflected ray.

Made by: Matthew A. Mendoza 10-LAPU5

MULTIPLE REFLECTION OF LIGHT – when mirrors are
placed side by side framing an angle between them
2. AT C
360
FORMULA: 𝑛= −1 L – at c
𝜃
2. CURVED OR SPHERICAL MIRROR – is a mirror with O – inverted
a curved reflecting surface.
S – same
o CONCAVE MIRROR – are spherical mirrors T – real
that curve inward like a spoon. Also known
as Converging Mirror.

3. BETWEEN C AND F
o CONVEX MIRROR – The reflective surface
bulges towards the light source (bulging
outward). Also known as Diverging Mirror.
L – beyond C
O – inverted
S – bigger
IMAGES FORMED BY MIRRORS T – real

L – ocation (beyond C, at C, between C and F,

behind the mirror)

O – orientation (inverted or upright)

4. LOCATED AT F
S – size (same size, smaller, larger)
NO IMAGE WAS
T – type (real or virtual)
FORMED

5. BETWEEN F AND V

L – Behind the mirror

O – upright

S – bigger

T – virtual

RAY DIAGRAMS: CONVEX MIRRORS

1. FAR FROM THE MIRROR

RAY DIAGRAMS: CONCAVE MIRRORS
L – behind the mirror
1. BEYOND C
O – upright
L – between c and f
S – smaller
O – inverted
T – virtual
S – smaller

T – real

Made by: Matthew A. Mendoza 10-LAPU5

2. NEAR FROM THE MIRROR It forms real and virtual images
depending on the position of the object.
L – behind the mirror
O – upright Application: Microscope, camera lens,
S – smaller projectors, magnifying glass, eye lens
T – Virtual 2. CONCAVE LENS – are thicker at the
edges and thinner in the center (also
MIRROR EQUATION know as diverging lens). It forms upright
and reduced images.
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖
Where: f = focal length

𝑑𝑜 = distance of the object

𝑑𝑖 = distance of the image

MAGNIFICATION (m)

𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑖 Application: flashlight, binoculars, spy

= hole in doors
𝑆𝑜 𝑑𝑜
Where: 𝑆𝑖 = Size of the image VISION DEFECTS AND CORRECTIVE LENS

𝑆𝑜 = Size of the object • HYPEROPIA or FARSIGHTEDNESS – is a

common vision condition in which you
QUANTITY POSITIVE SIGN (+) NEGATIVE SIGN (-)
can see distant object clearly, but
f concave convex
objects nearly may be blurry. Convex
𝑑𝑜 Both concave
lenses can help
and convex
𝑑𝑖 real virtual
• MYOPIA or NEARSIGHTEDNESS – is a
h = 1; same size
common vision condition in which near
m h > 1; enlarge
h < 1; reduce objects are clear, but objects far way
look blurry. Concave lenses can help.

LENS – is a transparent material made of glass

that refracts light rays and focuses them at a HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED – discovered that
point. electric currents create magnetic field. He
discovered the relationship between electricity
TYPES OF LENSES: and magnetism.
1. CONVEX LENS – are thicker in the middle MAGNET – is a material that produces magnetic
and thus converge light rays (also known field. Magnetic field is strongest at the poles.
as converging lens).
MAGNETISM – refers to the ability of a material
to attract pieces of iron or steel.

ELECTROMAGNET – is a type of temporary

magnet which magnetic field is produced by
an electric current. (battery, wires, iron nails)

LAW OF MAGNETISM – like poles repel one

another and unlike poles attract each other.

Made by: Matthew A. Mendoza 10-LAPU5

MICHAEL FARADAY – discovered that current TRANSFORMER - A device consisting of two
can be induced in a coil. Changing magnetic coils placed side by side having a common
field in a coil of wire induces voltage (hence iron core and is used to raise or lower the
electric current). Magnetic field to electricity. voltage of an AC source

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION – a process in • STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER - lowers or

which electric current is generated in a reduces voltage thus increasing the
conductor by a moving or changing magnetic current. It has more turns on the primary
field (magnet). coil than on the secondary.

How to increase the amount of induced current

• STEP-UP TRANSFORMER - increases or
in a conductor by a changing magnetic field:
raises the voltage thus decreasing the
• By moving the magnet faster current. It has more turns on the
• By increasing the no. of turns/coils or secondary coil than on the primary.
maintaining the length of the coil
• By using a strong magnetic field
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
The magnetic field around a current-
carrying coil is made up of closed loop lines Where: 𝑉𝑝 - primary voltage
along the wire.
𝑉𝑝 – secondary voltage
ELECTRIC MOTOR – a device that converts
𝑁𝑝 − number of coils/turns
electrical energy to mechanical energy. A
motor uses magnets to create rational motion. 𝑁𝑠 – number of coils/turns
A current carrying conductor placed within
a magnetic field experience a magnetic
force. (explains the basic principle on how
an electric motor function)

GENERATOR – a device that converts

mechanical energy to electrical energy. It uses
motion to produce current. It is composed of
parts such as the following:

1. Commutator – reverses alternating

current to direct current of a simple
generator
2. Slip Rings – device that allows
transmission of power and electric signals
3. Brushes – used to conduct electrical
current between moving parts and
stationary wiring

FARADAY’S LAW – is the basic law of

electromagnetism which helps us predict how
a magnetic field interact with an electric field
to produce an electromotive force (EMF).
Through this the principle, transformer has been
based.

Made by: Matthew A. Mendoza 10-LAPU5