KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
Tholurpatti (P.o), Thottiam (Tk), Trichy
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: EE8702 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
BRANCH: EEE
YEAR/SEM: IV/VII
UNIT-I – PRELIMINARIES ON POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
1. What is load curve?(NOV 2012)
The curve drawn between the variations of load on the power station with reference to time is
known as load curve. There are three types, Daily load curve, Monthly load curve, Yearly load
curve.
2. What is daily load curve?(AU SAMPLE)
The curve drawn between the variations of load with reference to various time period of day is
known as daily load curve.
3. What is monthly load curve? (AU SAMPLE)
It is obtained from daily load curve. Average value of the power at a month for a different time
periods are calculated and plotted in the graph which is known as monthly load curve.
4. What is yearly load curve?(AU MODEL)
It is obtained from monthly load curve which is used to find annual load factor.
5. What is connected load? (NOV 2011)
It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipments connected to supply systems.
6. What is Maximum demand? (NOV 2012)
It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period.
7. What is Demand factor?(APR 2008)
It is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load. Demand factor= (max demand)/
(connected load)
8. What is Average demand?(NOV 2007)
The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or month or year) is
known as average demand. Daily avg demand = (no of units generated per day)/ (24 hours) Monthly
avg demand = (no of units generated in month)/ (no of hours in a month) Yearly avg demand = (no of
units generated in a year)/ (no of hours in a year)
9. What is Load factor? (APR 2011)
The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is known as load factor.
Load factor = (average load)/ (maximum demand)
10. What is Diversity factor? (APR 2011)
The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor.
Diversity factor = (sum of individual maximum demand)/(maximum demand).
11. What is Capacity factor? (AU MODEL)
This is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could have been
produced during a given period.
Capacity factor= (actual energy produced)/ (maximum energy that have been produced)
12. What is Plant use factor? (AU MODEL)
It is the ratio of units generated to the product of plant capacity and the number of hours for which
the plant was in operation.
Units generated per annum= average load * hours in a year
13. What is Load duration curve?(NOV 2009)
When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending magnitudes the curve
then obtained is called load duration curve.
14.What is maximum demand?(NOV 2009)
The greatest of all short time interval averaged during a given period on the power station is called
the maximum demand. It is the maximum demand which determines the size and cost of installation.
15.What is Spinning Reserve?(NOV 2007)
The units that can be started within a short duration of time to meet the change in load when a
particular unit fails in the power system is called spinning reserve.
16.What is connected load?(NOV 2012)
The sum of the continuous ratings of all the electrical equipment connected to the supply system is
known as connected load.
17.Define Utilization factor.(APR 2009)
It is measure of the utility of the power plant capacity and is the ratio of maximum demand to the
rated capacity of the power plant.It is less than the unity.
Ulilization factor=(Max.demand on the power station)/(Rated capacity of the power station)
18.What is the objective of power system control?(NOV 2008)
To maintain a continuous balance between electrical generation and varying load demand while
system frequency and voltage levels are maintained constant
19.What is the purpose of primary ALFC?(APR 2008)
The circuit primarily controls the steam value leading to the turbine.A speed sensor senses the speed
of the turbine.The control of speed in turn controls the frequency.
20.What is system level control?(NOV 2009)
The purpose of system generation control is to balance the total system generation against system
load and losses so that the desired frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained.This comprises of
1.Load frequency control.
2.Economic dispatch control.
3.System voltage control.
21. What is the Need of load forecasting?
 To meet out the future demand
 Long-term forecasting is required for preparing the maintenance schedule
 For day-to-day operation, short term load forecasting is needed
 Very short term load forecasting are used for generation and distribution.
23. Classify the system load.
Residential Load (Domestic Load), Commercial Load, Industrial Load, Agricultural Load,
Municipal Load.
24. What is the significance of load forecasting?
25. List the various types of reserves used in power system.
Part-B
1. Explain plant level and system level controls in a power system.
2. Explain about important terms for deciding the type and rating of generating plant.
3. i) Explain various reserves in power system.
ii) Explain load furcating, necessity and its types.
4. i) Consider an inductive load of type Z=R+jX. By how many percent will the real load drop if
the voltage is reduced by 5%?
ii) Consider an inductive load of type Z=R+jX. How would a 2 percent drop in frequency affect the
real load, if the load is assumed to have a power factor of 0.8.
5. A generating station has the following daily load cycle:
Time (hours): 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
Load (MW): 20 25 30 25 35 20
Construct the load curve and evaluate 1.Max.demand, 2.Units generated/day, 3. Average load, 4.Load
factor.
6. The recorded peak loads from 2006 to 2012 of an area are shown below.
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Peak Load
570 590 740 750 810 890 990
(MW)
Estimate the load upto 2019 by using quadratic curve method.
7. A power station has to meet the following demand:
Group A: 200 kW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M
Group B: 100 kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group C: 50 kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
 Group D: 100 kW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and then between 6 P.M and 6 A.M.
Construct the daily load curve and determine: Diversity factor, (ii) Units generated per day, (iii) Load
factor.
UNIT-II – REAL POWER FREQUENCY CONTROL
1. What is the major control loops used in large generators?(NOV 2007) The major
control loops used in large generators are
1. Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
2. Automatic load frequency control (ALFC).
2. What is the use of secondary loop? (AU MODEL)
A slower secondary loop maintains the fine adjustment of the frequency, and also by reset action
maintains proper MW interchange with other pool members. This loop is insensitive to rapid load and
frequency changes but focuses instead on drift like changes which take place over periods of minutes.
3. What is the advantages of AVR loop over ALFC? (APR 2008)
AVR loop is much faster than the ALFC loop and therefore there is a tendency, for the VR
dynamics to settle down before they can make themselves felt in the slower load frequency control
channel.
4. What is the difference between large and small signal analysis?(AU MODEL) Large signal analysis
is used where voltage and power may undergo sudden changes of magnitude that may approach 100
percent of operating values. Usually this type of analysis leads to differential equations of non-linear
type. Small signal analysis is used when variable excursions are relatively small, typically at most a
few percent of normal operating values.
5. What is the exciter? (APR 2011)
The exciter is the main component in AVR loop. It delivers the DC power to the generator
field. It must have adequate power capacity and sufficient speed of response (rise time less than
0.1 sec).
6. What is the function of AVR? (APR 2008)
The basic role of the AVR is to provide constancy of the generator terminal voltage during
normal, small and slow changes in the load.
7. Explain about static AVR loop?(NOV 2007)
In a static AVR loop, the execution power is obtained directly from the generator terminals or from
the station service bus. The AC power is rectified by thyristor bridges and fed into the main generator
field via slip rings. Static exciters are very fast and contribute to proved transient stability.
8.Write the static performance of AVR loop?(AU MODEL)
The AVR loop must regulate the terminal |V| to within required static accuracy limit. Have
sufficient speed of response. Be stable.
9.What is the dis.adv of high loop gain? How is to be eliminated?(AU SAMPLE)
High loop gain is needed for static accuracy but this causes undesirable dynamic response, possibly
instability. By adding series AND/OR feedback stability compensation to the AVR loop, this
conflicting situation can be resolved.
10.What are the effects of generator loading in AVR loop?(NOV 2011)
Added load does not change the basic features of the AVR loop, it will however affect the values of
both gain factor Kf and the field constant. High loading will make the generator work at higher magnetic
saturation levels. This means smaller changes in |E| for incremental increases in if, translating into the
reduction of KF. The field time constant will likewise decreases as generator loading closing the armature
current paths. This circumstance permits the formation of transient stator currents the existence of which
yields a lower effective field induction.
11.What are the functions of ALFC? (APR 2011)
The basic role of ALFC‟s is to maintain desired MW output of a generator unit and assist in
controlling the frequency of large interconnection. The ALFC also helps to keep the net interchange of
power between pool members at predetermined values. Control should be applied in such a fashion that
highly differing response characteristics of units of various types are recognized. Also unnecessary power
output changes should be kept at a minimum in order to reduce wear of control valves.
12. Specify the dis. adv of ALFC loop? (AU MODEL)
The ALFC loop will main control only during normal changes in load and frequency. It is typically
unable to provide adequate control during emergency situations, when large MW imbalances
occur.
13. How is the real power in a power system controlled? (AU MODEL)
 The real power in a power system is being controlled by controlling the driving torque of the
individual turbines of the system.
14. What is the need for large mechanical forces in speed-governing system?(APR 2008) Very large
mechanical forces are needed to position the main valve against the high stream pressure and these
forces are obtained via several stages of hydraulic amplifiers.
15.Define per unit droop.(NOV 2008)
The per unit droop or speed regulation R of the generating unit is defined as the magnitude of the
change in steady state speed,expressed in p.u of rated speed,when the output of the unit gradually reduced
from 1.0p.u rated power to zero.
p.u regulation,Rp.u={[(f2-f1)/fr]/fr}/{Pgr/Pr} p.u
where,
f2=frequency at no-load,Hz
f1=frequency at rated megawatt output
16.What is Area control error?(NOV 2007)
ACE is the change in area frequency which when used in integral control loop forced the steady
state frequency error to zero.
ACE=Ptie+b.f p.u MW(for multiarea system)
ACE=f(for single area system)
17.What is the fuction of load frequency control?(NOV 2007)
The function of load frequency control on a power system is to change the control valve or gate
openings of the prime movers as a function of load variations in order to hold system frequency constant.
18.What is meant by fly ball speed governor?(AU MODEL)
This is a purely mechanical speed-sensitive device coupled directly to the hydraulic amplifier which
adjusts the control valve opening via link the linkage mechanism.
19.What is the purpose of speed changer?(NOV 2008)
The speed changer makes it possible to restore the frequency to the initial value after operation of the
speed governors having steady state characteristics.
20.What are the types of excitation system?(NOV 2012)
1.D.C Excitation system
2.A.C Excitation system
3.Static Excitation system.
16 Marks

1. Develop the model of single control area and obtain its block diagram representation. Explain the
salient features under static and dynamic conditions.(NOV 2012)
2. Explain the analysis of single area system under static and dynamic conditions.(NOV 2012)
3. Two synchronous generators operating in parallel. Their capacities are 700MW and 600MW. The
droop characteristics of their governor are 4% and 5% from no load to full load. Assuming that the
generators are operating at 60 Hz at no load, how would be a load of 800MW shared between them. What
will be the system frequency at this load? Assume free governor action.(NOV 2010)
4. Develop the state variable model of two area system and write the advantage of this model?(NOV
2007)
5. Draw the block diagram of uncontrolled two area load frequency control system and explain the salient
features under static conditions.(NOV 2011)
6. Draw the block diagram of uncontrolled two area load frequency control system and explain the salient
features under dinamic conditions.(NOV 2011)
7. How is speed governor mechanism modeled? Explain its operations with the speed load
characteristics?(NOV 2011)
8. Problem EX.No:2.11,

UNIT-III - REACTIVE POWER -VOLTAGE CONTROL

1. What are the sources of reactive power? How it is controlled? (AU MODEL) The sources of reactive
power are generators, capacitors, and reactors. These are controlled by field excitation.
2. Give some excitation system amplifier.
The excitation system amplifiers are,
a) Magnetic amplifier
b) Rotating amplifier
c) Modern electronic amplifier.
3. When is feedback stability compensation used? (AU MODEL)
High loop gain is needed for static accuracy but this causes undesirable dynamic response, possibly
instability. This conflicting situation is resolved by adding feedback stabling compensation to the AVR
loop.
3. Give the characteristics of line compensators? (NOV 2008) The
characteristics of line compensators are,
a. Ferranti effect is minimized.
b. Under excited operation of synchronous generator is not required.
4. What is known as bank of capacitors? How it is adjusted? (AU MODEL)
When a number of capacitors are connected in parallel to get the desired capacitance, it is known as bank
of capacitors. These can be adjusted in steps by switching (mechanical).
5. What is the disadvantage of switched capacitors are employed for compensation? (NOV 2009)
When switched capacitors are employed for compensation, these should be disconnected immediately
under light load conditions to avoid excessive voltage rise and Ferro resonance in presence of
transformers.
6. What are the effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit?(APR 2008)
The effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit are, Voltage drop in the line reduces. Prevents
voltage collapse. Steady state power transfer increases. Transient stability limit increases.
7. Give two kinds of capacitors used in shunt compensator?(NOV 2007)
The two kinds of capacitors used in shunt compensator are, a. Static Var Compensator (SVC) :These are
banks of capacitors ( sometimes inductors also for use under light load conditions).
8.What is synchronous condenser?(APR 2011)
It is a synchronous motor running at no-load and having excitation adjustable over a wide range. It feeds
positive VARs into the line under overexcited conditions and negative VARs when under excited.
9.Write about Static VAR Compensator (SVC).(NOV 2012)
These comprise capacitor bank fixed or switched or fixed capacitor bank and switched reactor bank in
parallel. These compensators draw reactive power from the line thereby regulating voltage, improve
stability (steady state and dynamic), control overvoltage and reduce voltage and current unbalances. In
HVDC application these compensators provide the required reactive power and damp out sub harmonic
oscillations.
10.What is Static VAR Switches or Systems? (NOV 2009)
Static VAR compensators use switching for var control. These are also called static VAR switches or
systems. It means that terminology wise SVC=SVS. And we will use these interchangeably.
11. Give some of the Static compensators schemes.(AU MODEL)
a. Saturated reactor b. Thyristor- Controlled Reactor (TCR) c. Thyristor Switched capacitor (TSC) d.
Combined TCR and TSC compensator.
12. What is tap changing transformers? (NOV 2012)
All power transformers and many distribution transformers have taps in one or more windings for
changing the turns ratio. It is called tap changing transformers.
13. Write the types of tape changing transformers.(APR 2008)
a. Off- load tap changing transformers. b. Tap changing under load transformers.
14. What is the use of off-load tap changer and TCUL ? (AU MODEL)
The off- load tap changers are used when it is expected that the ratio will need to be changed only
infrequently, because of load growth or some seasonal change. TCUL is used when changes in ratio may
be frequent or when it is undesirably to de-energize the transformer to change the tap.
15.What is meant by Regulating transformer?(or)Booster transformer?(NOV 2012)
A transformer which is designed for a small adjustment of voltage instead of voltage instead of changing
the voltage level is called Booster transformer for the control of voltage magnitude.
16.What are the methods of voltage control?(NOV 2012)
1.Excitation control
2.Static shunt capacitors
3.Static series capacitors
4.Static shunt reactors
5.Synchronous condensers.
17.What are the merits of synchronous compensators?(APR 2008)
1.Flexibility of operation for all load conditions.
 2.As the losses are considerable compared with static capacitors and the power factor is not zero.
18.What are the different types of static VAR compensators?(NOV 2009)
1.Reactors with direct current controlled saturation
2.Thyristor controlled shunt reactors
3.Thyristor controlled high impedance transformer
4.Thyristor controlled reactor compensator.
19.What are the parts of a regulating transformer?(AU SAMPLE)
It consists of two parts,
1.Three phase autotransformer called exciting transformer
2.Series transformers
20.What are the properties of static compensators?(APR 2008)
1.Maintain voltage at or near a constant level
2.Improve power system stability
3.Improve p.f
4.Correct phase unbalance
21. List two conditions for proper synchronizing of alternators.
(i). The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be exactly equal to that of the others, or the bus-
bars connecting them.
(ii). The phase sequence of the incoming machine is the same as that of the bus-bars.

13 and 16 Marks Questions

1. Explain the generators and consumers of reactive power in a power system.
2. Illustrate the following methods of voltage control.
I. Shunt capacitors
II. Series capacitors
3. Construct the diagram of a typical automatic voltage regulator and develop its block diagram
representation.
4. Explain the role of tap changing transformer in voltage control.
5. Discuss the static and dynamic analysis of AVR with relevant block diagrams.
6. Illustrate the operation of TSC-TCR of Static VAR compensator for voltage control with its VI
characteristics.
7. Develop the block diagram of AVR with feedback stability compensation.
8. Explain about reactive power compensation in Overhead Lines and Transformers of power
system.
9. Classify the various types of Excitation system and explain the operation of Brushless AVR with
suitable schematics.(only block diagram explanations, NO NEED OF MODELING)
10. Discuss various methods of voltage control and explain any two in detail.
11. Illustrate the operation of STATCOM for voltage control with its VI characteristics.
12. Develop the modeling of typical excitation system with its relevant block diagrams.
13. Discuss the static and dynamic analysis of AVR with relevant block diagrams.
14. A 414 KV line is fed through 132/415 KV transformer from a constant 132 KV supply. At the
load end of the line, the voltage is reduced by another transformer of 415/132 KV. The total
impedance of line is (20+j40) ohms. Both transformers are equipped with tap-changing. The
product of the two off-nominal setting is unity. The load on the system is 250 MW at 0.8 p.f.
lagging. Calculate the settings of the tap changer required to maintain the voltage at
132KV.(8)(NOV 2010)

UNIT-IV – ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM

1. Define economic dispatch problem? (NOV 2007)
The objective of economic dispatch problem is to minimize the operating cost of active power
generation.
2. Define incremental cost? (NOV 2007)
The rate of change of fuel cost with active power generation is called incremental cost. Write the load
balance equation? Pg-pd-pl=0.
3. Define base point? (AU MODEL)
The present operating point of the system is called base point.
4. Define participation factor?(AU MODEL)
The change in generation required to meet power demand is called as participation factor.
5. Define hydrothermal scheduling problem? (AU SAMPLE)
The objective is to minimize the thermal generation cost with the constraints of water
availability.
6. Define Unit commitment? (NOV 2008)
Commitment of minmum generator to meet the required demand.
7. Define spinning reserve?(NOV 2011)
It is the term describe the total amount of generation availability from all units synchronized on the
system.
8. What is meant by scheduled reserve? (AU MODEL)
These include quick start diesel turbine units as well as most hydro units and pumped storage hydro units
that can be broug ht online, synchronized and brought up to full capacity quickly.
9. What are the thermal unit constraint? NOV 2012) Minimum
up time, minimum down time crew constraints.
10. Define minimum up time? (APR 2011)
Once the unit is running, it should not be turned off immediately.
11.Define min.down time? (APR 2011)
Once the unit is decommited, there is a minimum time before it can be recommended.
12.Define crew constraints? (AU MODEL)
If a plant consist of two (or) more units, all the units cannot be turned on at the same time since there are
not enough crew members to attend both units while starting up.
13.What are the two approaches to treat a thermal unit to operating temperature?(AU MODEL)
The first allow the unit boiler to cool down and then heat backup to operating temperature in time for a
scheduled turn on. The second requires that sufficient energy be input to the boiler to just maintain
operating temperature.
14.What are the techniques for the solution of the unit commitment problem?(AU MODEL)
Priority list method ,dynamic programming, Lagrange relation
15.What are the assumptions made in dynamic programming problem? (AU SAMPLE)
A state consists of an array of units with specified units operating and the rest of the time. The startup
cost of a unit is independent of the time it has been offline. There are no costs for shutting down the
units.
16.Define long range hydro scheduling problem? (APR 2008)
The problem involves the long range of water availability and scheduling of reservoir water
releases. For an interval of time that depends on the reservoir capacities.
17.What are the optimization technique for long range hydro scheduling problem?(NOV 2007)
Dynamic programming composite hydraulic simulation methods statistical production cost.
18.Define short range hydro scheduling problem? (AU MODEL)
It involves the hour by hour scheduling of all generators on a system to achieve minimum production
condition for the given time period.
19.Define system blackout problem?(AU MODEL)
If any event occurs on a system that leaves it operating with limits violated, the event may be followed
by a series of further actions that switch other equipment out of service. If the process of cascading
failures continues, the entire system of it may completely collapse. This is referred as system blackout.
20.What is meant by cascading outages?(APR 2008)
If one of the remaining lines is now too heavily loaded, it may open due to relay action, thereby causing
even more load on the remaining lines. This type of process is often termed as cascading outage.
13 and 16 Marks Questions
1. Construct a neat flow chart of lambda iteration method for solving the economic dispatch
problem without loss.
2. Develop the algorithm for iterative solution of economic dispatch with losses co-ordinated.
3. Discuss the various constraints in unit commitment.
4. Explain priority list method using full load average production cost. State the merits and demerits.
5. Construct a flowchart; explain forward dynamic programming solution method of unit
commitment problem.
6. Problem model (EX 5.9) page no 5.34
 7. Problem model (EX 6.2) page no 6.10
8. Problem model (EX 6.4) page no 6.12
9. Two synchronous machines are in parallel feed with a common load of 350MW M/c- 1 has 4%
speed droop with speed changer set to give 70% rated load at rated speed. M/c- 2 has 3% speed
droop with speed changer set to give 50% rated load at rated speed. f = 50 Hz. Find i) load taken
by each M/c& frequency of operation ii) What adjustment should be made for M/cs share the load
as in (i) with f =50 Hz(NOV 2010)
10. Explain briefly brute-force technique.(AU MODEL)

UNIT-V – COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

1. What are the functions of control center? (NOV 2012)
System monitoring contingency analysis security constrained optimal power flow.
2. What is the function of system monitoring?( AU MODEL)
System monitoring provides upto date information about the power system.
3. Define scada system? (NOV 2012)
It stands for supervisory control and data acquisition system, allows a few operators to monitor the
generation and high voltage transmission systems and to take action to correct overloads.
4. What are the states of power system?(APRIL 2011)
Normal state alert mode contingency mode emergency mode. Define normal mode? The system is in
secure even the occurrence of all possible outages has been simulated the system remain secure is called
normal mode.
5. Define alert mode? (AU MODEL)
The occurrence of all possible outages the system does not remain in the secure is called alert mode.
6. What are the distribution factors?(APRIL 2010)
Line outage distribution factor, generation outage distribution factor.
7. Define state estimation? (APRIL 2011)
State estimation is the process of assigning a value to an unknown system state variable based on
measurements from that system according to some criteria.
8. Define max. likelihood criterion? (NOV 2012)
The objective is to maximize the probability that estimate the state variable x, is the true value of the
state variable vector (i.e, to maximize the P(x)=x).
9. Define weighted least-squares criterion? (AU MODEL)
The objective is to minimize the sum of the squares of the weighted deviations of the estimated
measurements z, from the actual measurement.
10.Define minimum variance criterion? (NOV 2007)
The objective is to minimize the expected value of the squares of the deviations of the estimated
components of the state variable vector from the corresponding components of the true state variable
vector.
11.Define must run constraint? (AU MODEL)
Some units are given a must run status during certain times of the year for reason of voltage support
on the transmission network.
12. Define fuel constraints? (NOV 2012)
A system in which some units have limited fuel or else have constraints that require them to burn
aspecified amount of fuel in a given time.
13. What are the assumptions made in priority list method?(AU SAMPLE)
No load cost are zero unit input-output characteristics are linear between zero output and full load
there are no other restrictions startup cost are affixed amount.
14. State the adv of forward DP approach?(APRIL 2011)
If the start up cost of a unit is a function of the unit is a function of the time it has been offline, then a
forward dynamic program approach is more suitable since the previous history of the unit can be
computed at each stage.
15. State the dis.adv of dynamic programming method?(AU MODEL)
It has the necessity of forcing the dynamic programming solution to search over a small number of
commitment states to reduce the number of combinations that must be tested in each period.
16. What are the known values in short term hydro scheduling problem?(AU MODEL)
The load, hydraulic inflows & unit availabilities are assumed known.
17. What is meant by telemetry system?
 The states of the system were measured and transmitted to a control center by means of telemetry
system.
18. What are the functions of security constraints optimal power flow?(APRIL 2008)
In this function, contingency analysis is combined with an optimal power flow which seeks to make
changes to the optimal dispatch of generation. As well as other adjustments, so that when a security
analysis is run, no contingency result in violations.
19. Define the state of optimal dispatch?(NOV 2012)
This is the state that the power system is in prior to any contingency. It is optimal with respect to
economic operation but may not be secure.
20. Define post contingency? (AU SAMPLE)
This is the state of the power system after a contingency has occurred. Define secure dispatch? This is
state of the power system with no contingency outages, but with correction to the operating parameters to
account for security violations.
21. What are the priorities for operation of modern power system?(AU MODEL)
Operate the system in such a way that power is delivered reliably. Within the constraints placed on the
system operation by reliability considerations, the system will be operated most economically.
22. What is meant by linear sensitivity factor? (APR 2008)
Many outages become very difficult to solve if it is desired to present the results quickly. Easiest way to
provide quick calculation of possible overloads is linear sensitivity factors.
23. What are linear sensitivity factors?(AU SAMPLE)
Generation shift factors, line outage distribution factors.
24. What is the uses of line distribution factor? (AU MODEL)
It is used to apply to the testing for overloads when transmission circuits are lost.
25. What is meant by external equvalencing? (NOV 2008)
In order to simplify the calculations and memory storage the system is sub divided into 3 sub systems
called as external equvalencing.
26. Define energy control centre.
27. List the functions of SCADA.
13 and 16 Marks Questions
1. With a suitable block diagram describe the functions of Energy Control Centre (ECC) and
explain its operation.
2. With a neat flow chart, explain about State Estimation by using Weighted Least
Square Estimate (WLSE) method.
3. What is EMS? What are its major functions in power system operation and control?
Also discuss about Load management and list its functions.
4. Discuss about the typical Energy Control Centre functions. Also tabulate the different
ECC levels.
5. Draw the state transition diagram of a power system and explain the different control strategies.

FACULTY INCHARGE HoD