I

U20EE603-POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONAL AND CONTROL

QUESTION BANK prepared by Mrs. M.Bhuvaneswari, AP/EEE,DSEC(A)
UNIT I (PRELIMINARIES ON POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL)

PART A
1. What are the roles of RLDC? (A/M-17)
It is responsible to monitor and ensure round the clock integrated operation of Indian Power System in a
reliable, efficient and secure manner thus serving a mission critical activity. It consists of 5 Regional Load
Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC).

2. What are the main components of power system? (A/M-18)

The most basic power system components are generators, transformers, transmission lines, busses, and loads.
3. What are the functions of NLDC? (A/M-17)
NLDC shall be responsible for integration of the Communication system at NLDC end for monitoring,
supervision and control of Power System and adequate data availability in real-time within 60 days of the
issue of the guidelines.
4. Classify the system load. (M/J-16)
Load is a device that taps energy from network.
Types:
1. Lighting and heating loads.
2. Induction motors.
3. Electronic devices.
5. What is spinning reserve? (M/J-16)
Spinning reserve is that generating capacity which is connected to the bus and is ready to take load.
(or)
The units that can be started within a short duration of time to meet the change in load when a particular unit
fails in the power system is called spinning reserve.
Ex : Gas turbine, diesel power plant.
6. What is the need for frequency regulation in power system? (N/D-16)
1. In any power system, if the frequency changes, there won’t be required voltage at the receiving end. If we
connected two systems in parallel, it will spoil the system.
2. The receiving turbines are designed to operate at very precise speed that can be maintained by regulating
frequency.
3. Constant turbine speed is an important requirement.
4. Unusual deviation in frequency can be detected earlier.

7. Define load duration curve. (N/D-16)

Load duration curve is the curve between time and loads arranged in descending order.

8. What is the need for load forecasting in a power system?(A/M-15) (N/D-16) (A/M-17)
Need for the load forecasting are,
1) To meet out the future demand
2) long term forecasting is required for preparing maintenance schedule of the generating units, planning
future expansion of the system.
3) Very short term load forecasting are used for generation and distribution.
1
I
4) Medium term load forecasting is needed for predicted monsoon acting and hydro availability and
allocating spinning reserves.

9. What are brownouts? (A/M-17)

A brownout is an intentional or unintentional drop in voltage in an electrical power supply system.
Intentional brownouts are used for load reduction in an emergency. The reduction lasts for minutes or hours,
as opposed to short-term voltage sag (or dip).

10. Define the term load curve and load duration curve. (N/D-17)
A load curve is a chart showing the amount of electrical energy customers use over the course of time.

Load duration curve is the plot between time and loads arranged in ascending order.

11. What is load forecasting in power system? (N/D-17)

The load on their power systems should be estimated in advance. This estimation in advance is known as load
forecasting. (or)
Forecasting is a systematic procedure for quantitatively defining future loads.
Forecasting techniques are classified as extrapolation, correlation, or combination of both.

Classifications
i) Very short term
ii) Short term
iii) Medium term
iv) Long term

12. What is demand factor? (N/D-16)

The ratio of actual maximum demand on the system to the total rated load connected to the system is called
the demand factor.

13. What are the advantages of computer control in power system? What are the types of computer
control? (A/M-15)
1. Computer systems respond more quickly than humans. A computer system can take readings from sensors and
turn devices on and off many thousands of times a second.
2. Once the initial purchase cost has been paid, control systems are usually reasonably cheap to run. Most
computer control systems have lower operating costs than similar systems which are manned by humans.
3. Computer control systems are very reliable. Unlike a human a control system will not lose concentration.
Computer systems can continue to operate reliably twenty four hours a day.
14. Define load factor. (N/D-2016)
2
I
It is defined as ratio of average load to maximum load. It is always less than unity

15. Define connected load. (A/M-21)

Connected load is the sum of the continuous ratings of all the electrical equipment connected to supply system
is known as connected load.
16. Define the term diversity factor. (N/D-2016)
Diversity factor is defined as the sum of individual maximum demands on the consumers, divided by the
maximum load on the system

17. What is maximum demand? (A/M-21)

The greatest of all “short time interval averaged” during a given period on the power station is called the
maximum demand. It is the maximum demand which determines the size and cost of the installation.
18. Define plant use factor. (A/M-17)

19. Define plant capacity factor. (N/D-17)

20. What is governing mechanism of turbine? (A/M-21)

Steam turbine governing is the procedure of controlling the flow rate of steam to a steam turbine so as to
maintain its speed of rotation as constant.
PART B
1. Explain the following (N/D-18)
Explain role of NLDC & RLDC in power system (6)
List out the current power scenario in India (7)

2. A generating station has the following daily loads. (A/M-18) (N/D-19)

0-6 hrs - 4500 KW;
6-8 hrs - 3500 KW;
8-12 hrs - 7500 KW;
12-14 hrs - 2000 KW;
14-18 Hrs - 8000 KW;
18-20 Hrs – 2500 KW;
20-24 hrs - 5000 KW.
Sketch the load duration curve and determine the load factor and plant capacity factor, if the capacity of the
plant is 12 MW.
3. A generating station has the following daily loads. (N/D-18)
Time (Hrs) 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
Load (MW) 20 25 30 25 35 20
Draw the load curve and calculate 1) Maximum demand, 2) Units generated per day 3) Average Load & 4)
Load factor.
4. A generating station has the following daily loads. (A/M-17)
Time (Hrs) 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-24

Load (MW) 40 50 60 50 70 40

Draw the load curve and calculate 1) Maximum demand, 2) Units generated per day 3) Average
Load & 4) Load factor.
5. A diesel station supplies the following loads to various consumers: (N/D-16)
Industrial load – 1000KW
Commercial load – 750KW
Domestic load – 500KW
3
I
Domestic light – 500KW
If the maximum demand on the station is 2500KW and the number of KWhrs generated per year is 45x10 5,
determine the diversity factor and annual load factor.

6. A power station has to meet the following demand: (N/D-19)

Group A: 200KW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M
Group B: 100KW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group C: 50KW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group D: 100KW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and then between 6 P.M and 6 A.M.
Plot the daily load curve and calculate a) diversity factor, b) units generated per day, c) load factor.
7. A power supply is having the following loads. (A/M-16)
Type of load Maximum Demand Diversity Factor Demand Factor
Domestic 10000 1.2 0.8
Commercial 30000 1.3 0.9
Industrial 50000 1.35 0.95
If the overall system diversity factor is 1.5, determine; a) maximum demand and b) connected load of each
type.

8. A generating station has a maximum demand of 20MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 48%
& a plant use factor of 80%. Find the (N/D-17)
i) Daily energy produced
ii) Reserve capacity of the plant
iii) Maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant were running all the time and
iv) Maximum energy that could be produced if the plant when running (according to operating
schedule) were fully loaded.

9. What are the components of speed governor system of an alternator? Derive its transfer function with an aid
of a block diagram. (N/D-14) (M/J-19) (N/D-18)
10. i) Describe briefly about plant level and system level control. (N/D-16)
ii) What is meant by load forecasting? Explain its purpose and techniques.

UNIT II (REAL POWER-FREQUENCY CONTROL)

PART A
1. What is meant by tie line with bias control? (A/M-16)
Tie line bias control is based upon the principle that all operating pool members must contribute their
share to frequency control in addition to taking care of their own interchange.

2. What is area control error? (A/M-16)

Area Control error is the change in area frequency which when used in integral control loop
forced the steady state frequency error to zero.

3. Explain the term ‘Control Area’ (N/D-16) (A/M-17) (N/D-15)

It is possible to divide an extended power system into sub-areas in which the generators are
tightly coupled together so as to form a coherent group. Such a coherent group is called a
control area in which the frequency is assumed to be the same throughout in static as well as dynamic
conditions.
4. Specify the use of static and dynamic response of the ALFC loop (N/D-16)
The static response of the ALFC loop yielded important information about frequency accuracy. The
dynamic response of the loop will inform about ‘tracking’ ability and stability of the loop

5. What is the need for integral controller in ALFC? (A/M-17)

(i) For integral controller gain in the subcritical range i.e.,K1< Ki critical, system is over damped and zero
steady state error is achieved , after long time.

(ii) From the response characteristics, observe that initial response with integral controller is just the same
as without integral controller. After a small period only the controller becomes effective and depending on

4
I
the value of integral controller gain frequency error is minimized. Higher the gain, quicker the actions
after initial drop in frequency.
6. What are the types of ALFC for interconnected power system? (N/D-17)
i) Flat frequency control
ii) Flat tie-line control
iii) Frequency bias tie-line control
7. What is the advantage of AVR loop over ALFC loop? (N/D-15)

AVR loop is much faster than the ALFD loop and therefore there is a tendency, for the
AVR dynamics to settle down before they can make themselves felt in the slower load –
frequency control channel.
8. What is AGC? (N/D-11)
Abbreviated as AGC, automatic gain control is a circuit found on some electronic devices that
automatically controls the gain of a signal. Using AGC means that weaker signals receive more
gain and stronger signals receive less gain or none at all.
9. What are the assumptions made in dynamic response of uncontrolled case (M/J-14)
1) Neglect turbine and governor dynamics

2) The speed changer action is instantaneous.

3) The speed governor response is instantaneous

10. What is the need of parallel operation of alternators? (N/D-11)

1) Local or regional power use may exceed the power of a single available generation.
2) The speed of the incoming allows one or more units to be shut down for scheduled or emergency
maintenance while the load is being supplied with power.
11. What are the functions of ALFC? (M/J-13)
The basic role of ALFC is to maintain desired megawatt output of a generator unit and assist in
controlling the frequency of the larger interconnection. The ALFC also helps to keep the net interchange
of power between pool members at predetermined values. Control should be applied in such a fashion
that highly differing response characteristics of units of various type (hydro, nuclear, fossil, etc.) are
recognized. Also, unnecessary power output changes should be kept to a minimum in order to reduce
wear of control values.
12. What is coherent group of generators? M/J-15)
A coherent group of generating units, for a. given disturbance, is a group of generators oscillating with
the. same angular speed, and generator terminal busbar voltages in. a constant complex ratio.

13. What is meant by single area power system? (M/J-17)

Single Area Power System In two area power system, each single area has number of generators which
are closely coupled together so as to form a coherent group, i.e. all the generators in power system should
respond in unison to change in load. Initially the changes in load are managed by the speed governing
system
14. What is the need of integral control single area load frequency control? (M/J-18)
Load frequency control (LFC) technique is used to maintain the balance between load and generation in a
power system. ... Hence, LFC is necessary to keep the frequency within a specific tolerance limit, to
maintain a constant tie line power (in multiple area systems), to stabilize the grid power.
15. State advantages of state variable model. (M/J-19)
It can be applied to non linear system. It can be applied to tile invariant systems. It can be applied to
multiple input multiple output systems. Its gives idea about the internal state of the system.
16. What is the basic principle of pool operation? (M/J-18)
Power pooling is used to balance electrical load over a larger network (electrical grid) than a single utility.
The formation of power pools provide the following potential advantages: Decrease in operating
costs. Saving in reserve capacity requirements.

17. Explain the principle of tie line bias control.(N/D-14)

5
I
A mode of Automatic Generation Control that allows the Balancing Authority to maintain its Interchange
Schedule and respond to Interconnection frequency error. Related Terms Balancing Authority, Automatic
Generation Control, frequency error, smart grid.

18. What is the main difference of load frequency and economic dispatch controls. (N/D-18)
Load frequency Control and Economic Dispatch Control – Load frequency control with integral
controller achieves zero steady state frequency error and a fast dynamic response, but it exercises no
control over the relative loadings of various generating stations (i.e. economic dispatch) of the control
area.

19. Describe the advantages of multi area operation. (N/D-17)

List the advantages of Multi area operation. 1. Under normal operating condition each control area should
have the capacity to meet its own load from its own spinning Generator, plus the scheduled interchange
between the neighboring areas.

20. Define speed droop. (M/J-2013)

In electrical power generation, droop speed control is a speed control mode of a prime mover driving a
synchronous generator connected to an electrical grid. This mode allows synchronous generators to run in
parallel, so that loads are shared among generators in proportion to their power rating.

PART B

1. Develop the block diagram model of a two area LFC system and obtain its static response. (M/J-15)

2. Obtain the state variable model of LFC of the single area system (N/D-14)

3. Explain the tie-line bias control of two area system. (M/J-18)

4. Two generators rated 400MW & 700 MW are operating in parallel. The droop characteristics of their
governors are 3 % & 4 % respectively from no-load to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at
50 Hz at no load, how would a load of 1000MW be shared between them? What will be the system frequency
at this load? Assume linear governor operation. Determine the full load speed for each machine.

5. Two synchronous generators operating in parallel. Their capacities are 300 MW and 400 MW. The droop
characteristics of their governor are 4% and 5% from no load to full load. Assuming that the generators are
operating at 50Hz no load, how would be a load of 600MW shared between them. What will be the system
frequency at this load? Assume free governor action. (A/M-16)
6. Draw the block diagram of uncontrolled two area load frequency control system and describe the salient
features under static condition.
7. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters with base MVA for each area with the
frequency of 50Hz and synchronising power coefficient T12 = 2p.u.A load change of 400MW occurs in area
1.Determine the steady state frequency deviation and the change in tie line flow (A/M-16)
Area 1 2
Turbine output power 2000MVA 1000MVA

Inertia constant 3% 4%
Generator gain constant 50Hz/pu MW 40
Governor time constant 0.3 0.2
Turbine time constant 0.6 0.4
6
I
8. Explain with neat block diagram integration of economic dispatch with load frequency control (A/M-18)

9. Develop the state variable model of a two area system and state the advantages of the model. (A/M-17)
10. Explain the load frequency control of a single area system.

UNIT III (REACTIVE POWER-VOLTAGE CONTROL)

PART A
1. What is a static VAR compensator (SVC) (May. 2012) (M/J-16)

Static VAR Compensators are located in receiving substations and distribution systems for smooth and stepless
variation of compensation of reactive power injected into line, by shunt capacitors and shunt reactorsThese
comprise capacitor bank fixed or switched or fixed capacitor bank and switched reactor bank in parallel. These
compensators draw reactive (loading or lagging) power from the line thereby regulating voltage, improve stability
(steady-state and dynamic), control over voltage and reduce voltage and current unbalances. In HVDC application
these compensators provide the required reactive power and damp out sub harmonic oscillation.

2. What are the various functions of an excitation system?(N/D-15) (N/D-16)

The basic function of an excitation system is to provide direct current to the synchronous machine. In addition, the
excitation system performs control and protective functions essentially to the satisfactory performance of the power
system by cooling the field voltage, thereby the field current.
(or)
The function of AVR excitation control is to regulate generator voltage and relative power output. As the terminal
voltage varies the excitation control, it maintains the terminal voltage to the required standard and the demand of
the reactive power is also met by the excitation control unit.
3. Mention the purposes of series compensation (N/D-16)

The effective reactance is given by,

XL = X - Xc; Where, XL = Line reactance; XC = Capacitor reactance

The purposes of series compensation are.

a. Increase of maximum power transfer.

b. Reduction in power angle for a given amount of power transfer.
c. Increased loading
4. Comment the use of series capacitors in transmission lines. (A/M-17)
To improve voltage regulation
To reduce light flicker problems
To improve system stability
5. What is exciter ceiling voltage? (A/M-17)
It is defined as the maximum voltage that may be attained by an exciter with specified conditions of load.
(OR)Consider a Generator operating in three different conditions
When operating at rated load, the AVR applies rated DC excitation to the field. But consider a condition when
there is a sudden load throw off, the terminal voltage at the stator will be increased. To compensate for the sudden
increase in voltage level, the DC Exc is reduced drastically. This is called as 'Negative Ceiling Voltage'.
But when there is a sudden increase in load the terminal stator voltage drops due to external reaction effect. Hence
the drop in terminal voltage is compensated by sudden increase in DC Exc. This is called as 'Positive Ceiling
Voltage'.
For this the response time of the AVR has to be quick. The minimum and maximum ceiling voltages may range
upto 1.5 times the DC Exc voltage at No-Load and Full Load respectively.
6. What is synchronous condenser?(A/M-11) (N/D-17)

It is synchronous motor running without load. By controlling the field excitation, it can be made to generate or
absorb reactive power. It feeds positive VARs into line under overexcited conditions and it feeds negative VARs
when under excited conditions.
7. What is booster transformer? (Nov, 2012)

7
I
Booster transformer is a compensating device which gives as in – phase boost similar to tap changing transformer.
To increase the voltage at an intermediate point in a line, the booster can be brought into the circuit by the closer
relay B and opening of A or vice versa.

8. Distinguish between on-load and off-load tap changing. (Nov, 2014)

off-load tap changing
The off-load tap changing transformer which requires the disconnection of transformer
when the tap settings is to be changed.
on-load tap changing
In this type, the voltage is a maximum value and since the current are divided equally and
flow in opposition through the coils, the resultant flux is zero and hence the minimum
I mpedance.

9. State the main objectives of Reactive power and Voltage control in power systems

(Nov, 2015)

System operation has three objectives when managing reactive power and voltages. First, it must
maintain adequate voltages throughout the transmission and distribution system for both current
and contingency conditions. Third, it seeks to minimize real-power losses

10. Formulate the need of reactive power control in electrical power transmission lines?

(M/J-18)

In order to control the power flow in the system, it is necessary to control the reactive power in the
transmission line. Hence, FACTS devices can develop the power transfer capability, facilitate the power
flow control, reduces the generation cost and improve the stability and security of the system.

11. What is meant by load compensation? (M/J-18)

Load compensation is the management of reactive power to improve power quality i.e. V profile and
pf. Here the reactive power flow is controlled by installing shunt compensating devices
(capacitors/reactors) at the load end bringing about proper balance between generated and consumed
reactive power.
12. Summarize the common advantages of STATCOM?(N/D-2017)

The main advantages and features of the next generation STATCOM technology include wider
operating voltage range, quicker response time and stronger mitigation ability for voltage
fluctuation, smaller footprint, eliminating the need for expensive filters, modular solution, and many
more.
13. Explain booster transformer? Where is it used? (N/D-2017)
Booster transformer is one which is often used towards the end of a power line to raise the voltage to
the desired value. It is used for controlling the voltage of a feeder at a point far away from the main
transformer. ... Booster transformer is used in railways for eliminating the flow of stray current.

14. Develop the V-I characteristics of the SVC. (M/J-18)

When the SVC is operated in voltage regulation mode, it implements the following V-I characteristic

8
I
However, a voltage droop is normally used (usually between 1% and 4% at maximum reactive power
output)

PART B
1. Draw the diagram for a typical excitation system and develop the transfer function model of the excitation
system. (M/J-15) (A/M-19) (N/D-19)

2. Explain the static and dynamic response characteristics of the AVR loop (or) excitation system. (N/D-18)
3. Describe various methods of voltage control and explain in detail. (or) (M/J-15) (N/D-(A/M-16)
What are the various methods of reactive power compensation techniques? Explain
4. i) Discuss the relation between voltage, power and reactive power at a node. (N/D-17)
ii) Discuss in detail about the generation and absorption of reactive power.
5. What is Static VAR compensator? Where it is used? Explain its operation. Also state the merits of static VAR
compensator over the other methods of voltage control.(N/D-15)
6. Describe the different methods of FACTS control? Examine any two methods in detail.
7. Explain with neat diagram and V-I characteristics , the basic operating of TCR and TSC. (13)
8. Explain in detail, the stability compensation and effects of generator loading. (13)
9. Explain the operation of tap changing transformer and discuss its application. (13)
10.Find the rating of synchronous compensator connected to the tertiary winding of 60kV star
connected,33kV star connected,11kV delta connected three winding transformer to supply a load of
60MW at 0.8p.f lagging at 33kV across the secondary. Equivalent primary and tertiary winding
reactances are 18Ω and 0.12Ω respectively. While the secondary winding reactance is negligible.
Assume that V1 is 66kV and maximum off nominal setting between transformer primary and
Secondary is 1:1.1
UNIT IV (ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM)
PART A
1. What is meant by priority list method? (M/J-16)
Priority list method is the simplest unit commitment solution method which consists of creating a priority list
of units
The priority list can be obtained by noting the full load average production cost of each unit.
2. Define incremental transmission loss. (M/J-16)
Incremental transmission loss (ITL) = dPL / dPG
3. Write the coordination equation with losses (May, 2012) (N/D-16)
Coordination equation is an equation with an incremental cost for fuel and power line loss losses. In the
coordination equation, the cost of generation is economical and is achieved when the incremental cost for the
total fuel is equal to the value of the penalty for all generating units.

4. What are the constraints in unit commitment? (A/M-17)

1.Spinning reserve:
2.Thermal Constraints = Minimum up time, Minimum down time, Crew Constraint
3.Other Constraints = Hydro Constraint, Must run constraint, Fuel constraint.

5. Define incremental operating cost in power system. (A/M-17)

Gi

Incremental operating cost = dCi / dP

6. What is meant by FLAPC? (N/D-17)

FLAPC = Ci (PGi)/ PGi

7. What is the objective of the economic dispatch problem?(N/D-
18)
Given a network of power generators, the economic dispatch problem is concerned with finding how much
power each unit should generate for a given demand, while minimizing the total operational costs, which are
generally expressed in nonlinear form

9
I
8. Write the equality and inequality constraints considered in the economic dispatch problem. (Nov. 2011)
Equality constraint

Inequality constraint

9. What is incremental criterion? (Nov, 2012)

The incremental costs of all the thermal plants are equal for the optimal operation without considering the
losses

The condition for optimal dispatch including loss is give below,

10. Name some thermal constraints in unit commitment problem. (Nov, 2012)

Minimum up time, minimum down time constraint, must run, hot start, cold start, & crew constraint.
11. What is unit commitment problem? (M/J-15)
Optimization problem demonstrates the complexity involved when we must commit (turn on) generating units, a
well as dispatch them economically. This problem is known as the unit commitment problem.
12. Define economic dispatch problem? (M/J-16)
The objective of economic dispatch problem is to minimize the operating cost of active power generation.
13. Define spinning reserve? (M/J-17)
It is the term describes the total amount of generation availability from all units synchronized on the system.
14. Define crew constraints? (N/D-15)
If a plant consists of two or more units, they cannot both be turned on at the same time since there are not
enough crew members to attend both units while starting up.
15. What are the assumptions made in priority list method?
No load cost is zero;
Unit input-output characteristics are linear between zero output and full load.
Start up cost are a fixed amount.
Ignore minimum up time and minimum down time.
16. Define penalty factor(N/D-19)
The penalty factor in the power system is a factor by which the incremental cost of power production
of the plant must be multiplied to accommodate for the transmission losses. It is also defined as the
ratio of power generated by the plant to the actual power demand of the load being met after transmission
loss.
17. What is priority list method? (N/D-17)
Priority List Method: Priority list method is the simplest unit commitment solution which consists of
creating a priority list of units.
18. What is the need of hydro thermal scheduling? (N/D-18)
The main task of the problem is to calculate power output of both thermal plants and hydro plants so that
only total fuel cost of thermal plants is minimized while satisfying power balance constraint, power
generation limits on thermal and hydro units, water discharge limits and water volume limits.
19. What is optimal dispatch in power system? (N/D-18)
Optimal dispatch is the operation of generation facilities to produce energy at the lowest cost to
reliability serve consumer, recognizing any operational limit of generation and transmission facilities
20. What is the need for economic dispatch? (N/D-17)
Economic dispatch is the short-term determination of the optimal output of a number of electricity
generation facilities, to meet the system load, at the lowest possible cost, subject to transmission and
operational constraints
10
I
PART B
1. Derive the co-ordination equation with and without losses. (N/D-15)

2. With the help of flow chart and algorithm explain economic dispatch by λ iteration method without loss. (M/J-
18)
3. Explain the ƛ iteration method for finding the solution of economic dispatch including transmission losses
with a neat flow chart. (N/D-17)
4. The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as
F1= 0.2P12+40P1+120 Rs/hr
F2=0.25P22+30P2+150 Rs/hr
Determine the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of generation. The maximum and the
minimum loading on each unit are 100MW and 25MW. Assume the transmission losses are ignored and the
total demand is 180MW. Also determine the saving obtained if the load is equally shared by both the units.
(N/D-18)

5. The fuel cost functions for the three thermal plants in Rs/hr are given by
Rs / hr
Rs / hr
Rs / hr
Where P1, P2 & P3 are in MW. The total load is 800 MW. Find the optimal dispatch & the total cost in Rs/hr.
(N/D-16)

6. i) Explain various constraints in unit commitment (A/M-18)

ii) Explain the solution of the unit commitment with neat flow chart by using forward dynamic programming
method.

7. Explain priority list method using full load average production cost. & (A/M-16)
Obtain the priority list of unit commitment using full load average production cost for the given data
Heat rate for unit 1,
Heat rate for unit 2,
Heat rate for unit 3,
Unit Min (MW) Max (MW) Cost (K)
1 150 600 1.1
2 100 400 1.0
3 50 200 1.2
Demand = 550MW.
8. What is meant by unit commitment and explain briefly the constrains on unit commitment (13)
9. The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
2
F1=0.0045Pg1 +5.2Pg1+580
2
F2=0.0056Pg2 +4.5Pg2+640
2
F3=0.0079Pg3 +5.8Pg3+820
where Pg1,Pg2,Pg3 are in MW. Estimate the optimal dispatch and the total cost when the total load is 925
MW with the following generator limits. 250MW≤Pg1≤450MW, 200MW≤Pg2≤350MW,
125MW≤Pg3≤250MW
10. What is short term hydro-thermal scheduling? What is the objective function and constraints of short term
hydrothermal scheduling? Explain in detail
UNIT V (COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS)
PART A

1. What are the advantages of computer control? (A/M-17)

The advantages of computer control are,

11
I
 Increase in capacity utilization in generation.
 Savings in energy and so in raw materials due to increased operational efficiency.
 Flexibility and modifiability.
 Reduction in human drudgery.
 Improved operator effectiveness.

2. Draw the state the transition diagram. (N/D-16)

3. What are the different states of power system? (N/D-17)

1. Normal state, 2. Emergency State, 3. Restorative state, 4.Insecure state, 5. Secure State

4. Distinguish between reliability and security of a power system. (N/D-17)

Reliability is a probabilistic index defined as the long term average number of days on which daily peak load exceeds the
available generating capacity.

Security depends upon the reserve capacity available in a given situation and the contingency probability of disturbances.

5. What are the various functions of security monitoring functions? (May. 2012)

Data acquisition, Alarm processor, Status processor, Reserve monitor, State estimator
6. Define EMS (Nov. 2011)

Energy management system is the process of monitoring, coordinating and controlling the
generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy.

Energy management system is interactive energy management tools that helps track energy usage
and reduce the losses. it includes all the control loops.
7. What is the function of load dispatch center? (Nov. 2011) (N/D-16)

Load forecasting, Power system planning, Unit commitment, Maintenance scheduling, Real time control
8. Define network topology in power system? (Nov, 2012)
Network topology is defined by interconnections among power system components such as
generators, transformers, busbars, transmission line and loads.
Network topology is a analysis to find the optimal path to transmit the electrical power
without any disturbances like, congestion and discontinuity of the networks.
a.
9. Define system security. (N/D-15)
System security involves practice designed to keep the system operating when component fails, System security
can be broken down into three major functions
1. System monitoring
2. Contingency analysis
3. Security – constrained optimal power flow.
18. What are the advantages of computer control? (N/D-17)
Computers do not need breaks. Computers can repeat actions in an identical way indefinitely. Computers can
work in environments that are dangerous for people.
19. What is meant by PMU? (N/D-19)
A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device used to estimate the magnitude and phase angle of an electrical
phasor quantity (such as voltage or current) in the electricity grid using a common time source for synchronization.
20. What are the applications of state estimation? (M/J-18)
The State estimation application fetches data values from SCADA operations model, processes topology,
estimates a new state, detects bad measurements and returns estimated states to SCADA operations model. It
also makes a copy of the network state available for other network analysis applications.

12
I

PART B
1. Explain need of computer control of power system. (N/D-16)

2. What is EMS? What are its major functions in power system operation and control? (A/M-19)

3. Discuss the various functions of energy control centre. (N/D-15)

4. Draw the block diagram to show the hardware configuration of a SCADA for a power system operation &
explain the applications of SCADA in monitoring and control of power system. (N/D-15)

5. Explain various state transitions and control strategies using state transition diagram. (N/D-17) (A/M-19)
(N/D-19)
(OR)
Enumerate the various operating states and the control strategies of a power system. (16)
(OR)
Draw the state transistion diagram of a power system. Explain the state transistion that may occur due to
system disturbance and also different control actions that can be taken to improve the security level of the
system. (16)

6. Explain the security monitoring using state estimation with necessary diagrams.
7. Explain the power system security and control with neat flow chart.
8. Explain in detail the state estimation of power system using WLSE method.
9. Discuss briefly how the system states are continuously monitored and controlled.
10. Explain in detail, the system hardware employed to control the power system operation.

13