UNIT-I

1. Give the basic differential equation for the deflected shape of the beam ?
Ans. EI=d2y/dx2
Where; EI is flexural rigidity of beam.
d2y/dx2=1/R
Where; R is Radius of curvature and M is bending movement.

2. List the various methods for computing deflection of beams ?

Ans. The various types are as follows;
● Double integration method
● Moment area method
● Macaulay’s method
● Conjugate beam method
● Castigliano method

3. What are the limitations of Macaulay’s method ?

Ans. i) In B.M expression, if the term within the bracket becomes negative, then this term can be neglected.
Example:MX=40(X-5)-20(X-2)
(Here the term within the bracket can be neglected if Negative )
ii) If an U.D.L is acted partially then the U.D.L has to be extended to its nearest end and then deducted.

iii) Integration of (x-a) should be taken as a whole and not as individual terms.
iv) It is not suitable in cases of beam having different I ( Moment of inertia )

4. Define Conjugate beam ?

Ans. It is an imaginary beam for which the load diagram is in the form M/E.I diagram. This is known
as a conjugate beam.
When flexural rigidity(E.I) is not uniform throughout the span of the beam, the conjugate beam
method offers a very easy approach.

5. State and explain Mohr’s theorem under moment area method ?

Ans. Theorem: 1 :- The angle in radians between the tangents to the elastic curve at two points on
a straight member under bending is equal to the area of bending moment diagram (B.M.D) between
those points and divided by flexural rigidity (E.I)

Slope

Theorem: 2 :- The deflection at any point relative to another point on the beam subjected to
bending is equal to the first moment of area of the B.M.D between those points divided by flexural
rigidity.

Deflection
 6. Draw the shape of the conjugate beam for a Simple Supported double side
overhanging beam ?
Ans.

7. What is the relation between the given beam and the conjugate beam ?
Ans. The relation between the given beam and its corresponding conjugate beam for different
conditions are shown in the table below

8. In a S.S beam carrying a point load at its centre, if the flexural rigidity is doubled, what is the
effect on deflection ?

Ans. , when EI is doubled;

, here deflection is halved.

9. What is the ratio of Max.Deflection of a cantilever beam subjected to a concentrated load at its
free end and that of the cantilever with U.D.L throughout its length? If the total load in both cases
are the same.

Ans.

Ratio is 8:3
10. Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever beam subjected to a point load at
the free end using conjugate beam method ?

11. What is the bending Stiffness of a cantilever beam of

2m span made of steel, take E =

210Gpa and I = 0.06m 4

UNIT-II
12) Mention the limitations of Euler’s theory of columns

P=(π²EI)/L² = (π²EAK²)/L² = (π²E)/(L/K)² = P/A

STRESS AT FAILURE = = (π²E)/(L/K)² = Fc

(L/K)² = (π²E)/ Fc = (π²*2*105)/300

l/k≥80

here when slenderness ratio is less than 80 ,Euler’s formula is not valid .
 13) Write the equivalent lengths for the four standard cases for columns

A)

14) Define slenderness ratio

A) it is the ratio of effective length to the least radius of gyration

λ= leff/rmin
15) what are difference between Euler’s theory and Rankine's theory of columns

A) i)Euler’s formula is valid only for long columns, Rankine formula is valid for very short to very long
columns.

ii) Euler’s is not taken into account the direct compressive stress.

iii) Euler’s formula

PE= (π²EI)/L²eff

Rankine's formula

P=(PEPc)/PE+Pc =(fc.A)/1+a(leff/k)²

Pc= . Ultimate load for structure

PE= Eulerian crippling load

UNIT-III
15. Explain Clapeyron’s theorem of three moments with the suitable equation

Where:

MA, MB, MC are fixed end moments at A, B C respectively.

A1, A2 are the Areas of free BMD of span AB and BC.

l1, l2 are span length of AB and BC.

E1I1, E2I2 are the flexural rigidity of AB and BC.

δ, δ2 are sinking at supports

x1 is the centroidal distance of the free BMD on AB from ‘A’

x2 is the centroidal distance of the free BMD on BC from ‘C’

Clapeyron’s theorem is generally known as the theorem of three moments. This equation was
originally developed by the French Engineers B.P.E Clapeyron and H.Bertot in 1857 and later
modified in 186- by Mohr to include the effects of uneven settlements. This equation relates the
three consecutive bending moments in the beam and hence is called the three moment theorem

16. What are the Fixing moments of a fixed beam where one of the support sinks down from its
original level.
Ans. The fixed end moment will change by=
 UNIT-IV
17) State and explain Castigliano's theorem-I

A) In any beam or truss subjected to any load system ,the deflection at any point 'r' is given by the partial
differential coefficient of the total Strain energy stored w.r.t a force pr acting at the point 'r' in the direction in
which the deflection is desired.

y=𝛿 = ∂u/∂ Pr U=∫(M²dx)/2EI

Pr= dummy load p1 p2 pr pn

A B

18.What is the significance of unit load method?

Ans:The external load is removed and the unit load is applied at the point, where the deflection or rotation is to
found.

19.State the difference between strain energy method and unit load method in the determination of deflection of
structures?
Ans: In the unit load method, one has to analyze the frame twice to find the load and deflection. While in the
strain energy method, only one analysis is needed to find the load and deflection

20. State and prove Maxwell's reciprocal theorem of deflections ?

Ans. In any beam or truss, the deflection at any point ‘D’ due to a load ‘W’ at any other point ‘C’ is
the same as the deflection at ‘C’ due to the same load W' applied at’D’

UNIT-V
21.Write the types of arches based on the number of hinges.
Ans:
Two hinged arch
Three hinged arch
Fixed arch
Four hinged
One hinged
Support reactions

22. Write the difference between circular arch and parabolic arch

S.No Circular arch Parabolic arch

1 The calculation part is difficult in The calculation part is easier in this parabolic type of arches.
this circular type of arches
2 The equation to find the height ‘y’ The equation to find the height ‘y’ under the section is R2 = x2 + (R – yC + y)2
under the section is y = (L – 2x) 2 Here R can be determined by (2RC - yC) yC = 2 2L
4LyC
23. Which theorem is utilized in solving the two hinged arch? State the theorem.

Ans: Eddy’s theorem is utilized in solving the two hinged arch. Eddy’s theorem states that “The bending
moment at any section of an arch is proportional to the vertical intercept between the linear arch (or theoretical
arch) and the centre line of the actual arch”.

24.Give the applications of two hinged arches.

Ans:Two hinged arches are more practical. They are statically indeterminate structures. We have to invoke
Castigliano’s II theorem to sort out the support reactions. This is applicable to all shapes of arches.

25.What is a three hinged arch and two hinged arch?

Sl.No Two hinged arches Three hinged arches

1 Statically indeterminate to first degree Statically determinate
2 Might develop temperature stresses Increase in temperature causes increase in central rise. No
stresses.
3 Structurally more efficient Easy to analyze. But in construction, the central hinge may
involve additional expenditure.
4 Will develop stresses due to sinking of supports Since this is determinate, no stresses due to support sinking.

26. State Eddy’s Theorem ?

Ans. The ordinate between the linear arch and the actual arch gives the bending moment. This is
known as Eddy’s theorem and is stated as below:

“The bending moment at any section of an arch is equal to the vertical intercept between the linear
arch and the central line of the actual arch.”

27. What is the degree of static indeterminacy for two hinged arches, three hinged arches and
three hinged stiffend girders ?

Ans. For two hinged arch -----> 1

For 3 - hinged arch / 3 - hinged stiffend girders -----> 0

28. What is the effect of temperature on three hinged and two hinged arches ? Ans. In
three hinged arches, there will be rise in crown and is given by

In two hinged arches, there will be increase in horizontal thrust and given by

29. How to find out the length of the cable supported at different levels ?

Ans.
 30. Determine the length of a cable supported by 20m apart at the same level with a dip of 5m ?

Ans.

31. A two hinged semicircular arch is subjected to a load of 100kN at a section where the radius vector
makes an inclination of 30 degrees with the level of springin. Find the horizontal thrust ?

Ans.

32. A suspension cable of span of 80m and a central dip of 4m is subjected to a UDL

of 20kN/m. Determine the maximum deflection in the cable ?

Ans.

33. Calculate the length of a suspension cable of span 16m and the central dip 3m with supports
at the same level ?

Ans.

Length of the cable

34. How does the length of the cable under suspension get affected by change in temperature ?

Ans. New length of the cable

Where:‘L’ is the length of cable.

‘a’ is Coefficient of thermal expansion.

‘t’ is the change in temperature

35. How does the tension in a suspension cable get affected due to increase in temperature

Where:

dH is the change in horizontal reaction.

dh is the change in rise.