CHAPTER

DRAWING INSTRUMENTY
AND THEIR USES

1-0. Introduction:
Drawing instruments are used to prepare drawings easily and
accurately. The accuracy of the drawings depend_ largely on the quality
desirable accuracy
of instråments. With instruments of good quality, procure instruments
can be attained with ease. It is, therefore, essential to
of as superior quality as possible.
and other drawing
Below is the list of minimum drawing instruments
materials which every student must possess: Quality
. Drawing board
Tsquare
B .Set-squares 45 and 30°- 60°
ADrawing instrument box, containing
inter-changeable pencil and pen legs
() Large-size compass with
(ii)_Lengthening bar
ii) Small bow compass
(iv) Large-size divider
(v) Small bew divider
(viL Small bew ink-pen
(vii) Inking pen
5. Scales
6. Protractor
7. French curves
8. Drawing papers
9. Drawing pencils Ta-tlateg
10. Sand-paper block
11. Eraser (Rubber),
12. Drawing pins
13. Duster
14, Drafting machine.
shall now describe each of the above in details with their uses:
We
1-1, Drawing board tfig. 1-1): of
25
m m
board is. reçtangular in shape and is made of strips by
Drawing It is cdeated at the back
well-seasoned soft wood about-25 mm thick.edges of the board is used as
One of the
two batens to prevent warping. the T-square is made to slide. It should,
the working edge, on which
be perfecthy. straight. nsome boards, this edge is grooved throughout
therefore, ebony edge is fitted inside thisslidegroove.
its length and a perfectly straight guide for the T-square to on.
This provides a true and more durable
 IWAHC
TABLE 1-t
SIZESOF ORAWING BOARDS
Dasignation Size fmm
BAITENS 1000 1500
wORKING EDGE EBONY R)
00 x 1000
300 700
FIG 1-1
500
Drawing board is made in various si|es Its
.he sire of the drawing paper to selertion depends up
be used. The sizes
rerommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards of drawing boar
tabulated in table 1-1. (IS:14441989)
For use in schools and
boards are more convenient. colleges, the last two sizes of the draw
o engineers and engineering Large-size
firms.
boards are used in drawing offi.
table in front of the student, with itsThe drawing board is placed on
working edge on his left side
more convenient if the table-top is sloping
If such a table is not
available, downwards towards the stude
the necessary slope can
placing a suitable block of wood under the distant be obtained
1-2. longer edge of the boa
T-square (fig. 1-2):
The T-square should be of
the stock and the blade hard-quality. wood. It consists of two pe
by means of screws and pins. joined together at right angles to each otr
edge of the board and is made to The stock is placed adjoining the work.
slide on it as and when required.
blade lies on the surface of the board.
bevelled, is used as the working edge Its distant edge which is gener.
straight. The nearer edge of the blade and is
hence, it shoutd be perte
blade is selected so as to suit the size never used. The length oi
of
T-square is also available of celluloid or the drawing board. Nowà-d.
plastic with engraved scaie

WORKING EDGE
-BLADE

STOCK
FIG. 1-2
 H6H SH 4H 3H 2H HE HB P.
HSH
ModA Drawing Instrunents and Their Uses
is used in sketch work and for lrtng etc, With
The conical point thin lines of unitom thickness can be asily drawn
the chisel edge, long for drawing work
and hence, it is suitable lead for drawing work, the wood around the
the pencil than that on whch the grade is marked, is
To prepare end, other
lead from the pen-knife, leaving about 10 mm of lead projecting ot,
removed with a is prepared by
The chisel edge tig 1-31(b))
as shown in fig. 1-31(a).sand-paper one
block, making it flat, first oncircle.
rubbing the lead on a turning the pencil through a half rotated
side and then on the other by 1-31(c)] the pencil should be
For making the conical end [fig. while rubbing the lead.
between the thumb and fingers,
be rubbed on the sand-paperofblock
The pencil lead should occasionallymaintain the same thickness the
(while doing the drawing work) to
chisel edge or the pointed end.
1-10. Eraser (Rubber):
kind of eraser for pencil drawings.
Soft India-rubber is the most suitablesurface of the paper. Frequent use
lt should be such as not to spoil the planning.
of rubber should be avoided by careful
1-11. Drawing pins:
on the drawing board. The
These are used to fix the drawing paper head may
needle part of the pin is generally made of steel, while the
of about 15 mm to 20 mm
be of plated mild steel or brass. Pins made of brass are quite
diameter and about 1 mm thick flat heads so inserted that the
convenient, as they do not rust. Pins should beadhesive tapes are also
heads sit on the surface of the paper. Clips or
often used instead of the pins.
1-12. Sand-paper block:
This cor.sists of a wooden block
about 150 mm X 50 mm x 12 mm
thick with a piece of sand-paper
pasted or nailed on, about half of
its length, as shown in fig. 1-32.
The sand-paper, should be
replaced by another, when it
becomes dirty or worn out. This
block should always be kept
within easy reach for sharpening
the pencil lead every few minutes. FIG. 1-32
1-13. Duster:
Duster should preferably be of towel cloth of convenient size. Before
starting work, all the instruments and materials should be thoroughly
cleaned with the duster. The rubber crumbs formed after the use of the
rubber should be swept away by the duster and not by hand. The underside
of the T-square and the set-squares or the drafting machine which
continuously rub against the paper should be frequently cleaned.
 CHAPTER SHEET LAYOUT AND
SKETCHING
2
2-1. Sheet layout: the drawing sheets
recommended
preferred sizes of
Sheet sires: The (B.I.S.) are given below as per SP:46 (1988)
Standards
by the Bureau of Indian
Refer fig. 1-30: TABLE 2.1
Untrimmed size
Sheet Trimmed size
(mm)
designation (mm)
880 × 1230
841 X 1189
625 X 880
594 X 841
A1 420 x 594 450 X 625
A 297 X420 330 X 450
240 × 330
210 x 297
Aq 147 x 210
165 X 240
a
drawing on a drawing sheet should be done in such
The layout of the easy and speedy. Fig. 2-1(a) and fig. 2-1(b)
make its reading
manner as to
layout. All dimensions are in millimetres. A full size
show an A, size sheet of 565 mm x 765 mm size.
drawing paper is available approximately sheet by drawing margin
Margin: Margin is provided in the drawing lines. After trimming, the
trimmed along these
lines [fig. 2-1(a)]. Prints are sizes of the trimmed sheets.
prints would be of the recommended
20 5 UNTRIMMED
BORDER LINE SHEET

FOLDING
MARK

MARGIN

TITLE BLOCK MARGIN

LINE

TRIMMED
SIZE

FIG. 2-1(a)
Border lines:Clear working space is obtained by drawing borderlines as
shown in (fig. 2-1(a)]. More space is kept on the left-hand side for the purpose
of filing or binding if necessary. When prints are to be preserved or stored
in acabinet without filing, equal space may be provided on allsides (fig. 2-3).
22 Engineertng Drawing
Borders and hamnes: SP: 46 (1988) recommends the borders
width for the sheet sizes A and A and 10 mm for the sizes A
and As frame shows
the dear space available for the
drawing
orientation mark: for centring marks are drawn as shown n rig
to facilitate positioning of the drawing for the reproduction fig
orientation mark will coincide with one of centring marke whek purno
used for the orientation of drawing sheet on the drawing hoar she
MINIMUM WIDTH lea
(20 mm FOR Ao AND A1
10 mm FOR A2, A3 AND AL)

EDGE

DRAWING SPACE
Cor
\ORIEN TATION MARK the
C tab

FRAME ane
TITLE BLOCK
D
reg
per
2 3 6 in
GRID REFERENCE BORDER
FIG. 2-1(b) pur
she
Grid reference system (zones system): The grid reference syste
drawn on the sheet to permit easy location on the drawing such as de
alterations or additions. The rectangle of grid along the length shou
referred by numerals 1, 2, 3... etc. and along the width by the c
letters A, B, C, D etc. as shown in fig. 2-1(b).
20 2510 77lz7]1o
20
NAME OF THE FIRM NAME DATE

DESIGNED
DRAWN
CHECKED

STANDARD
APPROVED

SCALE TITLE DRAWING NO.

SHEET 3 OF 12

25
3
185
FIG, 2-2 alo
 Lines, Lettering and Dimensioning 33

AN Lines
TABLE 3-3
Pencil

Initial work and construction lines H

Outlines, dotted lines, section-plane lines, dimension
lines, arrowheads 2H
Centre lines, section lines 3H or 4H

nensiony Line Description eneralapplications

Continuous thick Visible outlines
re sho Visible outlines
Continuous thin Imaginarylines of intersection
ng to (straight or curved) Dimension lines
Projection lines
Leader lines
re sho Hatching
ess of t Outlines of revolved sectíons in place
Short centre lines
accordigo
hat C Continuous thin freehandt Limits of partial or interrupted views and
sections, if the limit is not a chain thin line

D Continuous thin. Long-break line

(straight) with zigzags
E Dashed thick Hidden outlines ie
.4 Hidden edges
.3 F Dashed thin Hidden outlines
.2
Hidden edges
.1 Centrel i n e .
G. Chain thin
S Can
Lines of symmetry
t to n
hould Trajectories
very t H Chain thin, thick at ends Cutting planes
and changes of direction

Chain thick Indication of lines or surfaces to

J
which a specialrequirement applies
xtensio K. Chain thin double-dashed Outlines of adjacent parts
eak line Alternative and extreme
positions of movable parts
Centroidal ines
hardne Initial outlines prior tp forming
Parts situated in front of the cutting plane
6H
3-3,
Ypes of ines g 2.
finet Al: iee Arawn to represent yisible edges and
hundarire of obirc t at ated "hntinet nr pelneipal lines
cantiesrt fhick inee fig ))
Margin ines (A): They are continuow thiek lines along w
printe are trimmed (fig 3 1)
Dimenion lines (B): These lines are continuous thin line
are terminated at the outer ends by pointed arrowheads toueh
outlines, etension linee or centre lines (fig. 3-2).
Etension or projection lines (B): These lines also are contin
linrs They extend by about 3 mm beyond the dimension lines (fig
Construction lines (B): These lines are drawn for cons!
figure They are shown in geometrical drawings ónly. They are corn
thin light lines.
Hatching or section lines (B): These lines are drawn to m.
section evident. They are continuous thin lines and are drawn g
at an angle of 45 to the main outline of the section. They are un
spaced about 1 mm to 2 mm apart (fig. 3-2).
Leader or pointer lines (B): Leader line is drawn to connect
with the feature to which it applies. It is a continuous thin line (fig
Border lines (B): Perfectly rectangular working space is determin.
drawing the border lines (fig. 2-1). They are continuous thin lines.
Short-break lines (C): These lines are continuous, thin and
They are drawn freehand and are used to show a short brea
irregular boundaries (fig. 3-3).
Long-break lines (D): These lines are thin ruled lines with
zigzags within them. They are drawn to show long breaks (fig. 3-3).
Hidden or dotted lines (E or F): Interior or hidden edges and sur
are shown by hidden lines. They are also called dashed lines or dotted
They are of medium thickness and made up of short dashes of approxim.
equal lengths of about 2mm spaced at equal distances of about 1
When a hidden line meets or intersects another hidden line or an ou
their point of intersection or meeting should be clèarly shown (fig. 3-:
Centre lines (G): Centre lines are drawn to indicate the axes of cylinc
conical or spherical objects or details, and also to show the centre
circles and arcs. They are thin, long, ch¡in lines composed of altern.
long and short dashes spaced approximately 1 mm apart. The longer da
are about 6 to 8 times the short dashes which are about 1.5 mm
Centre lines should extend for a short distance beyond the outlines to w
they refer. For the purpose of dimensioning or to correlate the views
may be extended as required. The point of intersection between two
lines must always be indicated. Locus lines, extreme positions of mo
parts and pitch circles are also shown by this type of line (fig, 3-2 and tig
Cutting-plane lines (H): The location of a cutting plane is show
this line. It is a long, thin, chain line, thick at ends only (fig. 3-2).
 Lines, Lettering
And Dimensioning 35
Chain thick (): These lines are used to indicate
the surface. speial treatrnent on
Chain thick double-dáshed (K): This chain thin double-dashed line
CENTRE LINE CUTTING-PLANE LINE,
()

HIDDEN LINE
)

OUTLINE
90

DIMENSION. LINE EXTENSION LINE

SECTION LINE LEADER LINE Ø10

D) )

FIG. 3-2

LOCUS LINE

60

SHORT BREAK CHAIN

LINE THICK

AoNG BREAK
(D)
LINE

FIG. 3-3
 40 Engineering Drawing
Types of dimensions (fig 3-10): wo types of dimensions
a drawing are: () $ize or functional dimensions and (i)location
2 Tyku sizes, ví
dimensione (shown by lettersT and L respectively) The forme
length, breadth, height, depth, diameter ete. The La
locations of exact positions of various constructional detail
obiet The letter F represents functional dimensions, while NE hot
non-functional dimensions.

fea

() (ii)
FIG. 3-10
3-4. Dimensioning terms and notations:
Dimension line (fig. 3-11): Dimension line is a thin continuous line
terminated by arrowheads touching the outlines, extension lines or 5. Placin
lines.
Extension line (fig. 3-11): An extension line is also a thin contin
line drawn in extension of an outline. (Formerly, the B.l.S. had recomme
that a gap of about 1 mm should be kept between the extension line
an outline.) It extends by about 3 mm beyond the dimension line.
Arrowhead (fig. 3-11): An afrowhead is placed at each end of a dime
line. Its pointed end touches an outline, an extension line or a centre
The size of an arrowhead should be proportional to the thickness o
outines. The length of the arrowhead should be about three time
maximum width, It is drawn freehand with. two strokes made in the dire
of its pointed end, The space between them is: neatly filled up.
Note (fig. 3-11): A note gives information regarding specific oper:
relating to a feature. It is placed outside aview but adjacent to the fe
concerned. It is so written that it may be read when the drawin
viewed from the bottom edge.
Leader (fig. 3-11): A leader or a pointer is a thin continuous
connecting ånote or a dimension figure with the feature to whic
applies. One end of the leader terminates either in an arrowhead or a
The arrowhead touches the outline, while the dot is placed within
outline of the object (fig, 2-1).
 Lines, tettering and
Dimensioning
The other end of the leader is terminated In a
heoruzontal line at
bottom level of the first or the last letter of the note. Ihe leader is the
neverf
drawn vertical or horizontal or curved It is drawn at a tonvenent angle
not less than 30° to the line to which it touches. WheD pointing to arii
or an arc it is drawn radially. Use of common leaders for more than one
feature should never be made.

EXTENSION
LINE
96

DIMENSION LINE ARROWHEAD

NOTE
LEADER 2HOLES,O12

FIG. 3-11

3-5. Placing of dimensions:

The two systems of placing dimensions are:
() aligned system and
(ii) unidirectional system.
(i) Aligned system (fig. 3-12): In the aligned system the dimension is
placed perpendicular to the dimension ine in such a way that it
may be read from the \bottom edge or the right-hand edge of the
drawing sheet, The dimensions should be placed near the middle
and above, but clear of the dimension lines.
6

L16
28

30
30

20 10 -20--4
50 50
FIG. 3-12 FIG. 3-13
 42 Engineering Drawing

(ii) Unidirectional system (fig. 3-13): In unidirectional

are so
placed that they can be read from the system all
bottom
drawing sheet. The dimension lines are broken near
inserting the dimensions. This system is mainly the
drawings - as of aircrafts, automobiles etc. where it Use
to read dimensions from the right-hand sde. is n

3-6. Unit of dimensioning:

As far as possible all dimensions should be given in millimeth,
the abbreviation mm. Even when it is not convenient to give
in millimetres and another unit is used, only the dimension
written. But a foot note such as 'all dimensions are in cent
inserted in a prominent place near the title block. The height of the
figures (as stated earlier) should be from 3 mm to 5 mm. The
point in a dimension should be quite distinct and written in lins
bottom line of the figure (fig. 3-27)._A zero must always_ pror
decimal point when the dimension is tess than unity.
3-7. General rules for dimensioning:
(0 Dimensioning should be done so completely that further ca
or assumption of any dimension, or direct measurement fr
drawing is not necessary.
(i) Every dimension must be given, but none should be giver
than once.
(iii) A dimension should be placed on theview where its use is
more clearly.
(iv) Dimensions should be placed outside the views, unless the
clearer and more easily read inside.
(v) Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between
lines should be avoided. Dimension lines should not crog
other line of the drawing.
(vi) An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dime
line. Acentre line may be extended to serve as an extensior
fig. 3-13).
vi) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
3-8. Practical hints on dimensioning:
Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away tror
outlines and from each other.
() Dimensions in a series may be placed in any one of the tolil
two ways:
fa) Continuous or chain dimensioning (fig. 3-14): Dimensior:
arranged in a straight line. An overall dimension is p
outside the smaller dimensions. One of the smaller dimer
(the least important) is generally omitted.
 Line

dmeninns
dimensioning (fig is etded
o paallel Comtativ
th) Progressive
are shownfren A (ommn haté line.
i preferable
method Thie method
by this

I6.
30
60
FIG. 3-15
FiG. 3-14 larger
be placed nearer the view and the lines
(ii)Smaller dimensions should not cross dimension
extension lines do outlines
further away so that cross each other (fig. 3-16) or the
Extension lines may
(fig. 3-13).
dimension lines are to be shown near
of parallel
(iv) When a number dimensions should be staggered (fig 3-16).
each other, the

80
48
30 54'
P60
38

50

FIG. 3-17
FIG. 3-16
shape is easily identified.
(v) Dimensions should be shown where the
within the limits of the
(vi) Arrowheads should ordinarily be drawn
dimensioned feature. But when the space is too narrow, they may
be placed outside (fig. 3-17). A dot may also be used to replace
figure may
an arrowhead. Due to lack of space, the dimension
dimension line, but
be written above the extended portion of the
preferably on the right-hand side (fig. 3-17).
be placed
(vii) Dimensions of cylindrical parts should as far as possible 3-18).
in the views in which they are seen as rectangles (tig. The
dimension indicating a diameter should always be preçedd byy the
symbol Ø, Dimension of a cylinder (shoulc_nobe given as a radius.
Fig. 3-19 shows various methods of dimensioning different sizes of
circles. Dimensions should be shown in one view only, the same
dimension must not be repeated in other view.
 Lines, Lettering and Dimensioning
Holes on pitch circles when equally spaced should he dimensioned
as shown in fig. 3-21. When holes are not equally or uniformly
spaced on the pitch circle, they should be located by angles with
one of the two main centre lines (fig. 3-22).
Arcs of circles should be dimensioned by their respective
radi. Dimension line for the radius should pass through the
centre of the arc. The dimension figure must be preceded by
the letter R. Fig. 3-23 shows different methods of showing the
radii of arcs.
(vil) Letters SQ should precede the dimension for a rod of square
cross-sectión (fig. 3-24). The word SPHERE should be placed
before the dimension (radius Ror diameter Ø) of a spherical part
(fig. 3-25).
SQ 24 SPHERE R20

FIG. 3-24 FIG. 3-25

(ix) Angular dimensions may be given by any one of the methods
shown in fig. 3-26.
90 2.5
L2x45°

FIG. 3-26 Fic. 3-27 FIG. 3-28

Fig. 3-27 shows a method of dimensioning a countersunk hole.

The maximum diameter is also sometimes given. Method of
dimensioning a chamfer is shown in fig. 3-28.
(xi) Study carefully fig. 3-29 for correct way of dimensioning.
Incorrect dimensioning is shown by cross (X) in the figure.
(xii) Designation and size, along with the useful length must be given
while dimensioning an external screw thread (fig. 3-30). In case of
internal screw thread, in addition to the size and type, the depth
of the drilled hole before tapping must also be given (fig. 3-31).
Left-hand thread and multiple-start thread should be dimensioned
as shown in fig. 3-32 and fig. 3-33 respectively.
46 Engineering Drawing

INCORREcT
cORRECT
12 REASONS
1
Arrow headFORnot INCOn MI2
2Hole dirmensionprop
figure Leader lirne
20 3
horizontally
20 80 Dimensiondimensir
Placing
40 In
40 mix. Dimension A
Dnensions should be nlaced outside view rding to aligned mn
30 %
1.A key-way is shon
dotted line Whor
dimensions are plar,a
2 Leader FiG 3
line for the
25 25| diameter is drawn hr,
Din, should be marked from visible outlines touching the boundar
2010 20
1.
Dimensions are giver fr
O16 mid-line of the object
2. Dimensions of hole
9 Ao16 shown inside the figura
(in) o3. Dimensions are show:
vertical line.
L10 40 15
4:Smaller dimencions (2
50 30x
25
precedes the larger dirner
Dimensions should be given from the outlines (30 mm).
Ifinished surtaces) or a centre line of a hole 5. Fillet radius is not shown
15 20 15. L1. Dimension lines are use
extension.
(IV)
2Dimensions are placed ins
27|x the vieW.
X
13. Dimension 27 and 50
written according to aligr
system.
sercises I
Section-lines Overlap
fy dimension 21.
1.

90° |The outlines of the object a

used as the extension lines. 2
90

3.
20 25
10 200x, 250| 1. Smaller circle is designa!:
KRS with radius.
(vi) 4
2. Convention 'o' for diameter
placed after dimension.
5
3. Leader has arrow and i
drawn horizontal.
FIG. 3-29

(xii) A slope or taper is defined as unit alteration in a specified leng

The specified length is measured along the base line in cast
flat pieces and along the axis in case of shafts.
 Lines, Lettering and
LMI2
LMI2
Dimensioning 47

15
SQ 20 x 4
M20 LH
DOUBLE START

FIG. 3-30 FIG. 3-31 FIG. 3-32 FIG. 3-33

Fig. 3-34 shows the method of indicating slope on a flat piece. It

is written parallel to the sloping ine.
H- h 1
Flat taper = 20
The taper on a shaft is indicated along the centre line and is
accompanied by one or both the diameters (fig. 3-35).
D- d 1
Taper on diameter = L 10

P50 36
D
SLOPE |: 20 TAPER 1:0
T

80 60
L
FIG. 3-34 FIG. 3-35
Exercises IlI

1. Write freehand, in single-stroke (i) vertical capital letters and (i) inclined
capital letters of 3 mm height, the following paragraph from page 39.
'All letters should intensely black.
2. Write freehand, in single-stroke vertical lower-case letters of 3 mm
height, the following two paragraphs from page 36.
Writing of practice'.
3. Write freehand, the paragraphs stated in Ex. 2 above, in single-stroke
inclined lower-case letters of 3 mm height.
4. Print in gothic letters of 12 mm, height, the titles of Chapters 1, 2 and 3.
Fill-in the blanks with appropriate words selected from the list given
below:

(a) Writing of titles, notes etc. on a drawing is called

(b) Eficiency in the art of lettering is achieved by continuous
(c) Lettering should be in plain and simple style so that it could be
done and
 CHAPTER

SCALES
4
4-0. Introduction:
Drawings of small objects can be prepared of the samebysize as the
objects they represent. A150 mm longof pencil may be shown a drawing
of 150 mm length. Drawings drawn full-sizethe same size as the objects, are
scales are used for such
called full-size drawings. The ordinary of the linear
drawings. A scale is defined as the ratio dimensions of element
of the object as represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the
same element of the object itself.
-1. Scales:
The scales generally used for general engineering drawings are shown
in table 4-1 (SP: 46(1988)). TABLE 4-1

Reducing scales 1:2 1:5 1: 10

1: 20 1: 50 1:100
1: 200 1: 500 1: 1000
1: 2000 1: 5000 1: 10000
(i)Enlarging scales 50: 1 20: 1 10:1
5:1 2:1
(üi) Full size scales 1:1

All these scales are usually 300 mm long and sub-divided throughout
their lengths. The scale is indicated, on the drawing at a suitable place
near the tite. The complete designation of a scale consists of word scale
followed by the ratio, i.e. scale 1:1 or scale, full size.
It may not be always possibl to prepare full-size drawings. They are,
therefore, drawn pròportionately smaller or larger. When drawings are
drawn smaller than the actual size of the objects (as in case of buildings,
bridges, large machínes etc.) the scale used is said to be areducing scale
(1:5). Drawings of small machine parts, mathematical instruments, watches
etc. are made larger than their real síze. These are said to be drawn on
an enlarging scale (5:1).
The scales can be expressed in the following three ways:
(i) Engineer's scale: In this case, the relatfon between the dimension
on the drawing and the actual dimension of the object is mentioned numericaly
in the style as 10 mm = 5 m etc.
(ii) Graphical scale: The scale is drawn on the drawing itself. As the
drawing becomes old, the engineer's scale may shrink and may not give
accurate results.