[25 –

Volumetric
strain]

[Mechanics of
Solid]

[civil engineering]
 V
Volumetr
ric strain
n:
 We know thaat whenever a body is su
W ubjected to a single forcee (or a system of force), it
undergoes so ome changess in its dimen nsions.
 A little consid
deration will show, that the change in dimension ns of a bodyy will cause
ch
hanges in itss vilume.
 The ratio of change
c in volume, to thee original vollume, is known as volummetric strain.
M
Mathematica ally volumetrric strain,

= Changge in Volumee, and

= Originaal Volume.
 Though there e are numero n which a forrce (or a systtem of forces) may act, yet
ous ways, in y
he followingg area importtant from th
th he subject pooint of view::
1. A rectanggular body su ubjected to an
a axial forcce.
2. A rectanggular body su ubjected to three
t mutuaally perpendicular forcess.

Volumetrric strain
V n of a Re
ectangullar body
y subjected to an
n
A
Axial Forrce:
 Consider a baar, rectangullar in section
n, subjected to an axial tensile
t forcee as shown in
n
figure. 25.1
Leet = Length of the bar,,
= Breaddth of the baar,
= Thickn
ness of the bar,
b
= Tensile force actinng on the baar,
= Modu ulus of elastiicity and
= Poisso
on’s ratio
Figure 25
5.1 Volumetric strain
We know
k that ch
hange in lenggth,

And linear stress,,

And Lateral
L stain,
1 1

2
Change in thickness,
1
…

Change in breadth,
1
…

As a result of this tensile force, let the final length

…
…

We know that original volume of the body,

∙ ∙

And final volume =

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 …

∴ Change in volume,

2
1

3
And volumetric strain,
2
1 2
1

2
1 … ∴

Example:
Example 25.1. A steel bar 2m long, 20 mm wide and 15 mm thick is subjected to a
tensile load of 30 kN. Find the increase in volume, if Poisson’s ratio is 0.25 and Young’s
modulus is 200 GPa.
Solution:
Given data:
Length ( ) = 2 m = 2 x 103 mm
Width (b) = 20 mm
Thickness (t) = 15 mm
Tensile load (P) = 30 kN = 30 x 103 N
Poisson’s ratio ( ) = 0.25.
Maximum of elasticity ( ) = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 N/mm²

Let = Increase in volume of the bar.

We know that original volume of the bar,
∙ ∙
2 10 20 15 600 10
2
1
30 10 2
1
600 10 20 15 200 10 4
0.00025
600 10
0.00025 600 10
150 .

Example 25.2. A copper bar 250 mm long and 50 mm x 50 mm in cross section is

subjected to an axial pull in the direction of its length. If the increase in volume of the
bar is 37.5 , find the magnitude of the pull. Take m = a and E = 100 GPa.
Solution:
Given data:
Length ( ) = 250 mm

4
 Width (b) = 50 mm
W
Thickness (t) = 50 mm
In olume ( ) = 37.5 mm
ncrease in vo
Poisson’s ratiio m = 4
M
Maximum of elasticity ( ) = 100 GPa = 100 x 103 N/mm²

Leet = magnitude of the pull in kN.

W know thaat original vo
We olume of thee copper bar,,
∙ ∙
250 200 15 62 25 10
2
1
37.5 2
1
625 10 50 10 100 10 4
37.5
625 10 500 10

37.5 500 10
625
5 10
30 10 30 .

Volumetrric strain
V n of a Re
ectangullar bodyy subjected to
T
Three Mu
utually perpend
p dicular fo
orces:
 Consider recttangular boddy subjected
d to direct teensile stressees along threee mutually
per[endicularr axes as sho
own in figuree. 25.2

Leet = Stress in x‐x direection,

= Stresss in y‐y direection,
= Stresss in z‐z direction and
= Modu ulus of elastiicity and

 ∴ Strain in x‐xx direction due

d to stress , Figure 25.2
2 Volume
etric strain

Siimilarly,

5
 The resulting strains in thhe three direections, mayy be found out by the principle of
suuperpositionn, i.e. by add
ding algebraiically the strrains in each direction duue to each
in
ndivdual streess.
 Foor the threee stresse shown in figuree. 25.2 (takinng tensile strrains as +ve and
a compressive
sttrain as –ve)) the resultant strain in x‐x
x direction,
1

Siimilarly
1

and
1

And
A
The volumetrric strain maay then found by the relaation;

E
Example:
Exxample 25.3 0 mm long and 100 mm x 50 mm in cross sectio
3. A rectangular bar 500 on is
su
ubjected to forces as sh
hown in figure.25.3.

Fiigure 25.3
W
What is the change
c in the volume off the bar? Taake moduluss of elasticitty for the baar
m
material as 200
2 GPa and poisson’s raatio as 0.25..
Soolution:
G
Given data:
Leength ( ) = 500
5 mm
W
Width (b) = 100 mm
Thickness (t) = 50 mm
Foorce in x‐direction (Px) = 100 kN = 10 00 x 103 N (TTension)
Foorce in y‐dirrection (Py) = 200 kN = 2000 x 103 N (TTension)
Foorce in z‐direction (Pz) = 300 kN = 30 00 x 103 N (C
Compression
n)

6
 Maximum of elasticity ( ) = 200 GPa = 200 x 103 N/mm²
Poisson’s ratio ( ) = 0.25 or m = 4

Let = Increase in volume of the bar.

We know that original volume of the bar,
∙ ∙
500 100 50 2.5 10

And stress in x‐x direction,

100 10
20 N/mm
100 50
Similarly
200 10
8 N/mm
500 50
And
300 10
6 N/mm
500 100

We also know that resultant strain in x‐x direction considering tension as positive and
compression as negative,
1 1 8 6 19.5
20
4 4
Similarly
1 1 20 6 4.5
8
4 4
and
1 1 20 8 13
6
4 4
We also know that volumetric strain,

19.5 4.5 13
2.5 10
11 11
2.5 10 200 10
11 2.5 10
200 10
137.5 . .

7
 Exxample 25.4 4. A steel cube block of 50 mm side e is subjecte
ed to a force
e of 6 kN
(TTension), 8 kN
k (Compression) and 4 kN (Tension) along x, y and z direcction
reespectively. Determine the change in volume of o the block.. Take E as 200
2 GPa and m
as 10/3.
Soolution:
G
Given data:
Siide of the cuube = 50 mm m
Fo 1 3 N (Tensio
orce in x‐direction (Px) = 6 kN = 6 x 10 on)
3
Foorce in y‐dirrection (Py) = 8 kN = 8 x 10
1 N
(C
Compression n)
Fo 1 3 N (Tensio
orce in z‐direction (Pz) = 4 kN = 4 x 10 on)
3
M
Maximum of elasticity ( ) = 200 GPa = 200 x 10
N
N/mm² Figure 25.4
2
Poisson’s ratiio, m = or( ) =

Leet = Incre
ease in volum
me of the baar.
W know thaat original vo
We olume of thee bar,
∙ ∙
50 50 50 125 5 10

And stress
s in x‐x direction,
6 10
2.4 N/mm
2500
Similaarly
8 10
3.2 N/mm
2500
And
4 10
1.66 N/mm
2500
2

We also know that resultant strain in x‐xx direction co

onsidering teension as po
ositive and
comppression as negative,
n
1 1 3..2 3 1.6 6 3 2.88
2.4
10 1
10
Siimilarly
1 1 2.4 3 1.6 3 4.4
3.2
10 10
and
1 1 2.4 3 3.2 3 1.84
1.6
10 1
10
8
We also know that volumetric strain,

2.88 4.4 1.84

125 10
0.32 0.32
125 10 200 10
0.32 125 10
200 10
0.2 . .

Thank you
9