STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Stress Thin-walled pressure vessels Stress and strain diagram

- Strength of material per unit ࡰ
൒ ૚૙
area ࢚

 ܲ
࣌ൌ  1.Tangential/Circumferential /
‫ܣ‬ Stress in Longitudinal Joint
Normal stress
‫ ܨ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ݌‬ൌ ‫ܮܦ݌‬
- either tensile or
compressive acting ܶ ൌ ߪ் ‫ܣ‬௪௔௟௟ ൌ ߪ் ‫ܮݐ‬
‫ܦ݌‬
perpendicular ߪ் ൌ
ʹ‫ݐ‬
Strain
Shearing stress - Unit deformation
- whenever forces cause 2.Longitudinal / Stress in Girth
Joint ߜ
sliding to the sections; ߝൌ
parallel ߨ ‫ܮ‬

‫ ܨ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ݌‬ൌ ‫ ܦ ݌‬ଶ
Ͷ ࢿࢌ࢘ࢇࢉ࢚࢛࢘ࢋ ൑ ૙Ǥ ૙૙૞ | Brittle
Bearing stress ܲ௧ ൌ ߪ௅ ߨ‫ݐܦ‬ ࢿࢌ࢘ࢇࢉ࢚࢛࢘ࢋ ൐ ૙Ǥ ૙૙૞ | Ductile
- contact pressure ‫ܦ݌‬
ߪ௅ ൌ 
Ͷ‫ݐ‬

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Elastic and plastic recovery Plastic Range Rupture Strength

- the region from P to R - strength at rupture
- breaking strength
Elastic Limit
- the material will no longer go Modulus of resilience
back to its original shape - Work done on a unit volume
when the load is removed. of material (area under stress-
Maximum stress that may be strain curve from origin up to
developed such that there is the proportional limit)
no permanent deformation Resilience is the ability
when load is removed to absorb energy
without creating a
Hooke’s law Yield Point permanent distortion
- Within proportional limit, the - the material will have an
stress-strain diagram is a appreciable elongation or Modulus of toughness
straight line yielding without increase in - Work done on a unit volume
ߪ‫ߝן‬ load of material (area under entire
ߪ ൌ ‫ߝܧ‬ stress-strain curve)
Ultimate Strength Toughness is the ability
Elastic Range - maximum ordinate in the to absorb energy
- region from O to P stress-strain diagram without causing it to
break

Lyka Jane Pesigan

Dynamic Impact Loading Strain Energy Density Axial deformation
ͳ ଶ Within proportional limit:
ܹሺ݄ ൅ ߜ௠௔௫ ሻ ൌ ݇ߜ௠௔௫ ܷ ൌ න ߪ݀ߝ
ʹ ܲ‫ܮ‬
 ߜൌ
‫ݕ݃ݎ݁݊݁݊݅ܽݎݐݏ‬ ‫ܧܣ‬
 ܷൌ
Impact Factor ‫݁݉ݑ݈݋ݒݐ݅݊ݑ‬
ܲଶ
‫ ܨܫ‬ൌ
ఋ೘ೌೣ
ܷൌ ଶ Due to own weight
ఋ ʹ‫ܧ ܣ‬
ߩ݃‫ܮ‬ଶ ‫ܮ݃ܯ‬
ߜൌ ൌ
 ʹ‫ܧ‬ ʹ‫ܧܣ‬
Strain Energy Stiffness
ఋ
ܲ
݇ൌ Non-uniform cross-
݁‫ ݇ݎ݋ݓ݈ܽ݊ݎ݁ݐݔ‬ൌ න ܲ݀ߜ ߜ
଴
sectional area
ܲ ௅ ݀‫ݔ‬
Strain Energy ߜൌ න
‫ ܣ‬଴ ‫ܣ‬
݇ߜ ଶ 
‫ݑ‬ൌ 
ʹ
ܲଶ ܲଶ ‫ܮ‬ 
‫ݑ‬ൌ ൌ 
ʹ݇ ʹ‫ܧܣ‬
‫ܧܣ‬ 
݇ൌ
‫ܮ‬ 



Lyka Jane Pesigan

Poisson’s ratio Shearing deformation

ͲǤͷ ൏ ߥ ൏ ͳǤͲ
-
- Ratio of side wise
deformation to longitudinal
deformation

Shear Strain Relationship between E, G & ࣇ

ߜ௦ ࡱ
ߛൌ ‫ܩ‬ൌ
‫ ܮ‬ ૛ሺ૚ ൅ ߥሻ

 
Modulus of Rigidity Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or
Triaxial deformation ߬ Modulus of Volume Expansion
‫ܩ‬ൌ
ͳ ߛ ‫ܧ‬ ߪ
ߝ௫ ൌ ൣߪ െ ߥ൫ߪ௬ ൅ ߪ௭ ൯൧  ‫ܭ‬ൌ ൌ
‫ ܧ‬௫  ሺͳ െ ʹߥሻሺ͵ሻ ߂ܸ
ͳ ܸ
ߝ௬ ൌ ൣߪ௬ െ ߥሺߪ௫ ൅ ߪ௭ ሻ൧ Shear Deformation
‫ܧ‬ ܸ‫ܮ‬
ͳ ߜ௦ ൌ Volumetric Strain / Dilatation
ߝ௭ ൌ ൣߪ௭ െ ߥ൫ߪ௫ ൅ ߪ௬ ൯൧ ‫ܩܣ‬
‫ܧ‬  ࢤࢂ ߪ
 ൌ ൌ ߝ௫ ൅ ߝ௬ ൅ ߝ௭ 
ࢂ ‫ܭ‬



Lyka Jane Pesigan

Thermal stress Torsion
- Twisting due to applied For a solid circular shaft:
torque Ɏ
‫ܬ‬ൌ ሺ‫ ܦ‬ସ െ ݀ ସ ሻ
͵ʹ
ͳ͸ܶ‫ܦ‬
߬௠௔௫ ൌ 
Ɏሺସ െ ݀ ସ ሻ

Angle of Twist
ܶ‫ܮ‬
ߜ் ൌ ߙ‫ܮ‬ȟܶ ൌ ߙ‫ܮ‬൫ܶ௙ െ ܶ௜ ൯ ߠൌ 
‫ܩܬ‬
 
 
Thermal stress is the Shear Stress For non-uniform cross-section
internal stress caused when ܶ ௅ ݀‫ݔ‬
ܶߩ ߠൌ න
thermal deformation is not ߬ൌ ‫ ܩ‬଴ ‫ܬ‬
‫ܬ‬
permitted
For a solid circular shaft:
Ɏ ସ Power transmitted by the
‫ܬ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬
͵ʹ Shaft
ͳ͸ܶ
߬௠௔௫ ൌ ܲ ൌ ܶ߱ ൌ ʹߨ݂ܶ
Ɏଷ

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Torsion of thin-walled tubes Flanged-Bolt Helical Spring

‫ݍ‬ ܶ
߬ൌ ൌ 
‫ݐܣʹ ݐ‬
ܶ ൌ ʹ‫߬ݐܣ‬

Angle of Twist

For constant thickness: ܶ ൌ ܴܲ݊ 

ܶ‫ܮ‬ ܲ݁‫ݎ݁ݐ݁݉݅ݎ‬ ߨ 
ߠ ൌ ଶ ൬෍ ൰ ܶ ൌ ݀ ଶ ܴ߬݊ Shear Stress
Ͷ‫ܣ‬௠ ‫ܩ‬ ‫ݏݏ݄݁݊݇ܿ݅ݐ‬ Ͷ
ͳ͸ܴܲ ͲǤͷ
߬ൌ ଷ
൬ͳ ൅ ൰
For concentric ߨ݀ ݉
For varying thickness:
௦ ܶ ൌ ܲଵ ܴଵ ݊ଵ ൅ ܲଶ ܴଶ ݊ଶ ‫ܦ‬
ܶ‫ܮ‬ ݀‫ݏ‬ ݉ െ ‫ ݔ݁݀݊݅݃݊݅ݎ݌ݏ‬ൌ
ߠ ൌ ଶ ቆන ቇ ݀
Ͷ‫ܣ‬௠ ‫ ܩ‬଴ ‫ݐ‬
 Relationship AM Wahl

ܲଵ ܲଶ ͳ͸ܴܲ Ͷ݉ െ ͳ ͲǤ͸ͳͷ
 ൌ ߬ൌ ൬ ൅ ൰
‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ܩ‬ଵ ܴଵ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ܩ‬ଶ ܴଶ ߨ݀ ଷ Ͷ݉ െ Ͷ ݉
 
 
 Polar Moment of Inertia Elongation
 ‫ ܬ‬ൌ ‫ߩܣ‬ଶ ͸Ͷܴܲଷ ݊
ߜൌ
 ‫ ݀ܩ‬ସ
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Spring Constant Moving loads Pick-up points of piles
ܲ
݇ൌ x Single Moving Load When picked at two ends
ߜ
- Maximum moment - Least maximum shear
occurs when the load is ‫ܮ‬
૚
ൌ
૚
൅
૚
ǥ at the midspan ‫ݔ‬ൌ
࢑ ࢑૚ ࢑૛ Ͷ
Series: - Maximum shear occurs - Least maximum moment
݇ ൌ ݇ଵ ൅ ݇ଶ … when the load is very
Parallel: െͳ ൅ ξʹ
near the support ‫ݔ‬ൌ ‫ܮ‬
ʹ
ܲ‫ܮ‬ ൎ ͲǤʹͲ͹ͳ‫ܮ‬
‫ܯ‬௠௔௫ ൌ 
Ͷ
Shear and moments in beams ܸ௠௔௫ ൌ ܲ 
Internal forces in beam  Distance “x” from
N
both ends
x Two Moving Loads
1 Divide 0.7071
ሺܲ‫ ܮ‬െ ܲ௦ ݀ሻଶ
‫ܯ‬௠௔௫ ൌ 2
Ͷܲ‫ܮ‬
3 Multiply 0.7071

4 Multiply ͲǤ͹Ͳ͹ͳଶ
Note: Maximum moment occurs
at the point of zero shear
ି૚ାξ૛
for 0.2071
૛
ξ૛
for 0.7071
૛

Lyka Jane Pesigan

Flexural/Bending Stress in Horizontal Shearing Stress Shear Flow

Beams ܸܳ - Longitudinal force per unit
݂ൌ length transmitted across the
‫ܾܫ‬
section at a level y from the
Maximum Shearing Stress: neutral axis
Rectangle: ܸܳ
‫ ݍ‬ൌ ݂௩ ܾ ൌ
͵ܸ ‫ ܫ‬
߬௠௔௫ ൌ 
ʹ‫ ܣ‬
‫ܯ ܿܯ‬ ܽ‫݀݅݋ݎݐ݊݁ܿݐ‬ Spacing of Fasteners
݂௕௠௔௫ ൌ ൌ
‫ܫ‬ ܵ
Circle:
Ͷܸ
The bending stress due to ߬௠௔௫ ൌ
͵‫ ܣ‬
beams curvature
ܽ‫݀݅݋ݎݐ݊݁ܿݐ‬
‫ܿܧ‬
݂௕ ൌ 
ߩ
 Triangle: ܴ‫ܫ‬
 ܵൌ
͵ܸ ܸܳ
Section Modulus ߬௠௔௫ ൌ ܴ ൌ ߬௔௟௟ ‫݊ܣ‬
ʹ‫ܣ‬ 
‫ܫ‬ ݄
ܵൌ ܽ‫ݐ‬

ܿ ʹ 

Lyka Jane Pesigan

Composite beams Combined stresses
Combined Axial and Bending
Stress

ܲ ‫ݕܯ‬
Modular ratio, n ߪൌ േ
‫ܣ‬ ‫ܫ‬

‫ܧ‬ଶ
݊ൌ
‫ܧ‬ଵ
‫ݕܯ‬
ߪଵ ൌ
‫்ܫ‬ோ
‫ݕܯ‬
ߪଶ ൌ ݊ 
‫்ܫ‬ோ

Lyka Jane Pesigan