1. Coplanar force systems : Coplanar forces.

Resultant of concurrent and non-

concurrent forces. Operations with couples. Graphical methods.
1. Equilibrium of Forces: Free body diagram. Support reactions. Equations of
statics. Graphical methods. Forces in the members of simple trusses.
1. Properties of Lines, Areas, and Solids : Centroids of lines and plane figures.
Moment of inertia of plane figures. Transfer theorem. Product of inertia. C.G.
of rigid bodies.
1. Equilibrium on a rough inclined plane: The wedge-the screw-the screw jack.
Simple lifting machines. Power transmission in belt drives. Gearings. Train of
wheels. Epicyclic gearing.
1. Simple stresses and strains : Hooke's law, Elastic limit. Ultimate stress. Factor of
safety. Lateral strain. Poisson's ratio. Temperature stress. Simple shear. Proof
stress. Elastic-moduli-relation, Principal stresses. Strain energy.
1. Thin cylindrical and spherical shells : Analysis and design.
2. Riveted and welded joints : Analysis and design.
Determination of internal forces in beams and shafts. Bending/Twisting
moment diagrams.
TEXT BOOKS/REFERENCES :

 Elements of Applied Mechanics
by S.B.Junnarkar and H. J. Shah.
 Materials and Structures Vol. I by
S.B.Junnarkar and H. J. Shah.

 Applied Mechanics by R. S.
Khurmi.
 Strength of Materials by R. S.
Khurmi.
 Applied Mechanics by
Ramamrutham.



• Strength and stiffness of structures is function of size
and shape, certain physical properties of material.
•Properties of Material:-
• Elasticity
• Plasticity
• Ductility
• Malleability
• Brittleness
• Toughness
• Hardness
• Resistance offered by the material per unit cross-
sectional area is called STRESS.
 = P/A
Unit of Stress:
Pascal = 1 N/m2
kN/m2 , MN/m2 , GN/m2

1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
• Strain
•It is defined as deformation per unit length

• it is the ratio of change in length to original length

•Tensile strain = increase in length = 
(+ Ve) () Original length L L

Compressive strain = decrease in length =  

P
(- Ve) () Original length L

•Strain is dimensionless quantity.

Stress- Strain Curve for Mild Steel (Ductile Material)

Yield stress Ultimate stress point

Point
Breaking stress point

Plastic state
Of material
Stress

Elastic State
Of material
E = modulus of
elasticity
Strain
ELASTIC CONSTANTS:
Any direct stress produces a strain in its own
direction and opposite strain in every direction
at right angles to it.
Lateral strain /Longitudinal strain
= Constant
= 1/m = = Poisson’s ratio
Lateral strain = Poisson’s ratio x
Longitudinal strain
y =  x -------------(1)
YOUNG’S MODULUS (E):--

Young’s Modulus (E) is defined as the Ratio of

Stress () to strain ().

E=/ -------------(5)
  Modulus of Elasticity:
A

E
O 
• Hooke’s Law:-
Up to elastic limit, Stress is proportional to strain

 =E ; where E=Young’s modulus
=P/A and  =  / L
P/A = E ( / L)
 =PL /AE
BULK MODULUS (K):--  

 
K=  / v -------------(6) 


Where, v = V/V
Change in volume
=
Original volume
= Volumetric Strain
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (N): OR
MODULUS OF TRANSVERSE ELASTICITY OR
SHEARING MODULUS
Up to the elastic limit,
shear stress ()  shearing strain()
=N
Expresses relation between shear stress and shear strain.
/=N;
where
Modulus of Rigidity = N =  /  -------------(7)
 ELASTIC CONSTANTS

YOUNG’S MODULUS E=/ -------------(5)

BULK MODULUS K =  / v -------------(6)

MODULUS OF RIGIDITY N=/ -------------(7)

(C) Relation between E ,K and N:--

E = 2N(1+1/m)

E = 3K (1-2 /m)
E = 9KN / (N+3K)

(D) Relation between ,K and N:--

 =1/m=(3K-2N)/(6K+2N)
 Example: A bar 30 mm in diameter was
subjected to tensile load of 54 kN and
measured extension of 300 mm gauge length
was 0.112 mm and change in diameter was
0.00366 mm. Calculate Poisson’s Ratio and
the value of three moduli.

Solution:
Stress = 54 *103/(/4*d2) = 76.43 N/mm2
=Linear strain = L/L=0.112/300
=3.733*10-4
E=stress/strain =76.43/3.733* 10-4
=204741 N/mm2=204.7 kN/mm2
Lateral strain= d/d = 0.00366/30=1.22*10-4
But lateral strain =1/m* 
so 1.22*10-4=1/m *3.733*10-4
so 1/m=0.326

E=2N(1+1/m) or N=E/[2*(1+1/m)]
so N=204.7/[2*(1+0.326)]=77.2 kN/mm2
E = 3 K *(1-2 /m)
so K=E/[3*(1-2/m)]=204.7/[3*(1-2*0.326)]
K=196kN/mm2
Composite Sections:
Concrete
Steel
bars
• as both the materials deforms axially by same
value strain in both materials are same.
s = c = 
s /Es= c /E (=  = L /L) _____(1) & (2)
•Load is shared between the two materials.
Ps+Pc = P i.e. s *As + c *Ac = P ---(3)
(unknowns are s, c and L)
 Constraint
Bar Temperature stresses:-

L
Uniform temp. increased to tº
Expansion =L t
but =PL/AE=P/A *L/E = tp L/E
so tp = *E/L = L t *E / L =  tE
tp= compressive , if temp. increases
tp= tensile, if temp. decreases

Suppose the support yield by an amount 

tp=( - )*E/L =(L t - )*E/L
Example: 25 For a given material
E=110GN/m2 and N=42 GN/M2. Find the bulk
modulus and lateral contraction of a round bar
of 37.5 mm diameter and 2.4 m long when
stretched by 2.5 mm.

Solution:
E=2N(1+1/m)
110*109=2*42*109(1+1/m)
gives 1/m =0.32
Now E = 3K(1-2/m)
110 x 109=3K(1-2*0.31)
gives K=96.77 GN/m2

Longitudinal strain =
L/L=0.0025/2.4=0.00104

Lateral strain=.00104*1/m=0.00104*0.31
=0.000323
Lateral Contraction=0.000323*37.5=0.0121mm
Problem:
A vessel in the shape of a spherical shell of 1.20m internal diameter and 12mm shell
thickness is subjected to pressure of 1.6 N/mm2 , determine the stress induced in the
material of the vessel.

Solution:

Given.
Internal diameter , d = 1.2m = 1200mm
Shell thickness, t = 12mm and Fluid pressure, p = 1.6 N/mm2
The stress induced in the material of the spherical shell is given by,

σ = pd/4t = (1.6 x 1200) / (4x12) = 40 N/mm2

Problem:

A spherical vessel 1.5m diameter is subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 2 N/mm2 , find
the thickness of the plate required if maximum stress is not to exceed 150 N/mm2 and joint
efficiency is 75% .

Solution:

Given

Diameter of shell, d = 1.5m = 1500mm,

Fluid pressure, p = 2 N/mm2
Stress in the material,
σ = 150 N/mm2
Joint efficiency, ɳ = 75% = 0.75

Let t = thickness of the plate and

Stress induced is given by, σ = pd/4t. ɳ

t = (p x d) / (4 x ɳ x σ) = (2 x 1500) / (4 x 0.75 x 150) = 6.67mm

Problem:
A spherical shell of internal diameter 0.9m and of thickness 10mm is subjected to an internal
pressure of 1.4 N/mm2 , determine the increase in diameter and increase in volume, take E = 2 x 105
N/mm2 and µ = 0.33

Solution:
Internal diameter, d = 0.9m=900mm
Thickness of the shell, t=10mm
Fluid pressure, p = 1.4 N/mm2 and E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, µ = 0.33

Using the relation δd/d =pd/4tE (1- µ) = 1.4x900/4x10x2x105 (1-0.33) = 105 x 10-6

Increase in diameter,
δd = 105 x 10-6 x 900 = 94.5 x 10-3mm = 0.0945mm.

Now, Volumetric strain = δV/V = 3 x (δd/d) = 3 x 105 x 10-6

δV/V = 315 x 10-6

Increase in volume ,

δV = 315 x 10-6 x V = 315 x 10-6 x ( π/6 d3 )

δV = 315 x 10-6 x (π/6 x 9003 ) = 12028.5 mm3
Problem 1
Solution
1:
Solution
1:
Solution:
 CHAPTER-3:
Principle Stresses
and Strains
Content
Stresses on an Oblique plane under
uniaxial load
 Question:
For a given loading conditions the state of stress in the wall of a cylinder is
expressed as follows: 55 (a) 85 MN/m2 tensile (b) 25 MN/m2 tensile at right angles
to (a) (c) Shear stresses of 60 MN/m2 on the planes on which the stresses (a) and
(b) act; the sheer couple acting on planes carrying the 25 MN/m2 stress is
clockwise in effect. Calculate the principal stresses and the planes on which they
act. What would be the effect on these results if owing to a change of loading
(a) becomes compressive while stresses (b) and (c) remain unchanged.
Bolted Connection
The proportions of various shapes of rivet heads have been expressed in terms of
diameter ‘D’ of the shank of rivet.

RIVETHOLES
The rivet holes are made in the plates or structural members by punching or drilling.
When the holes are made by punching, the holes are not perfect, but taper. A punch
damages the material around the hole. The operation known as reaming is done in the
hole made by punching. When the hole are made by drilling, the holes are perfect and
provide good alignment for driving the rivets.

The diameter of a rivet hole is made larger than the nominal diameter of the rivet by 1.5
mm of rivets less than or equal to 25 mm diameter and by 2 mm for diameter exceeding
25 mm.

Nominal diameter of rivet (d):

The nominal diameter of a rivet means the diameter of the cold shank before driving.
Goss diameter of rivet (D):
The diameter of the hole is slightly greater than the diameter of the rivet shank. As the
rivet is heated and driven, the rivet fills the hole fully. The gross or effective diameter of a
rivet means the diameter of the hole or closed rivet. Strengths of rivet are based on gross
diameter.
Thickness more than 8mm
 =Strength of the rivet joints/
Strength of unriveted plate

RIVET VALUE
The strength of a rivet in shearing and in bearing is
computed and the lesser is called the rivet value (R).
Problem 1:
A single riveted lap joint is used to
connect plate 10 mm thick. If 20
mm diameter rivets are used at 55
mm pitch, determine the strength
of joint and its efficiency. Working
stress in shear in rivets=80
N/mm2 (MPa). Working stress in
bearing in rivets=250 N/mm2 (MPa).
Working stress in axial tension in
plates=156 N/mm2.
Problem 2:
A double riveted double cover butt joint is used to connect
plates 12 mm thick. Using Unwin’s formula, determine the
diameter of rivet, rivet value, pitch and efficiency of joint.
Adopt the following stresses;
Working stress in shear in power driven rivets=100
N/mm2 (MPa).
Working stress in bearing in power driven rivets=300
N/mm2 (MPa).
For plates working stress in axial tension =156 N/mm2.
(The hot driven rivets of 16 mm, 18 mm, 20 mm and 22 mm diameter
are used for the structural steel works.)