MATH 124

CALCULUS 1: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
FUNCTION VALUES

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RELATIVE MAXIMUM VALUE
Definition:
The function 𝑓 has a RELATIVE
MAXIMUM VALUE at the number 𝑐
if there exist an open interval
containing 𝑐, on which 𝑓 is defined,
such that 𝑓 𝑐 ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in
this interval.
Prepared by: JIMREY C. TOMORIC, REE, RME
RELATIVE MINIMUM VALUE
Definition:
The function 𝑓 has a RELATIVE
MINIMUM VALUE at the number 𝑐
if there exist an open interval
containing 𝑐, on which 𝑓 is defined,
such that 𝑓 𝑐 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in
this interval.
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THEOREM
If 𝑓(𝑥) exists for all values of 𝑥 in
the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏), and if
𝑓 has a RELATIVE EXTREMUM at 𝑐,
where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏 , and if 𝑓′(𝑐)
′
exist, then 𝑓 𝑐 = 0.
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ILLUSTRATION
Let 𝑓 be the function defined by
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑓′ 2 = 0
𝑓 2 =1
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ILLUSTRATION
Consider the function 𝑓 defined by
3
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 1) +2
′ 𝑥 2
𝑓 =3 𝑥−1
𝑓′ 1 = 0
𝑓 1 =2
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 CRITICAL NUMBER
Definition:
If 𝑐 is a number in the domain of
the function 𝑓, and if either
𝑓′ 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑓′ 𝑐 does not exist,
then 𝑐 is a CRITICAL NUMBER of 𝑓.
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 EXAMPLE
Given
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
Find the critical numbers of 𝑓.
SOLUTION:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12
4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥1 = −3 ; 𝑥2 = 1 ; 𝑥3 = −1
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EXAMPLE
Given
4/3 1/3
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 + 4𝑥
Find the critical numbers of 𝑓.

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM VALUE
ON AN INTERVAL
Definition:
The function 𝑓 has an ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
VALUE ON AN INTERVAL if there is some
number 𝑐 in the interval such that 𝑓 𝑐 ≥ 𝑓(𝑥)
for all 𝑥 in the interval. The number 𝑓 𝑐 is then
the absolute maximum value of 𝑓 on the
interval.
Prepared by: JIMREY C. TOMORIC, REE, RME
ABSOLUTE MINIMUM VALUE
ON AN INTERVAL
Definition:
The function 𝑓 has an ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
VALUE ON AN INTERVAL if there is some
number 𝑐 in the interval such that 𝑓 𝑐 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥)
for all 𝑥 in the interval. The number 𝑓 𝑐 is then
the absolute minimum value of 𝑓 on the
interval.
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ILLUSTRATION
Let 𝑓 be the
function defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥

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ILLUSTRATION
Let 𝑓 be the
function defined by
2
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥

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ILLUSTRATION
Let 𝑓 be the function
defined by
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥<1
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 7, 1≤𝑥

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THE EXTREME-VALUE THEOREM
If function 𝑓 is continuous on
the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then
𝑓 has an absolute maximum
value and an absolute minimum
value on [𝑎, 𝑏].
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EXAMPLE
Find the absolute extrema of 𝑓 on [-2,3] if
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 1
SOLUTION:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 6
0 = 3𝑥 2 − 6
𝑥1 = 2 ; 𝑥2 = − 2
𝑓 2 = −6.66 𝑓 − 2 = 4.66
𝑓 −2 = 3 𝑓 3 =8
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APPLICATIONS INVOLVING
ABSOLUTE EXTREMUM
ON A CLOSE INTERVAL

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 MAXIMA AND MINIMA
STEPS IN SOLVING MAXIMA-MINIMA PROBLEM:
1. Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized.
2. Express this variable in terms of the other relevant variable(s).
3. If the function shall consist of more than one variable, express it
in terms of one variable (if possible) using other conditions in the
problem.
4. Differentiate and equate to zero.

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 EXAMPLE
The sum of the two numbers is 120. Determine the numbers if
the product of the first number and the square of the second
number is to be maximized.
SOLUTION:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 120 0 = 240𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
let: 𝑃=product 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦 2 2
____ = 240𝑦
3𝑦 ______
𝑃 = (120 − 𝑦)𝑦 2 3𝑦 3𝑦
𝑥=first number
𝑃 = 120𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 𝑦 = 80
𝑦=second number 𝑑𝑃
= 240𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 120
𝑥 = 120 − 𝑦
𝑥 = 40
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EXAMPLE
A food manufacturer packages his
r
product in 1-liter cans that are right
circular cylinders. If the material for
h the top cost five times as much per

square centimeter as that used for the

bottom and side, find the dimension
of the can if the cost of the material is
to be minimum.
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EXAMPLE
SOLUTION: 0 2
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝜋𝑟 2 2000
let: 𝑟=radius of the can 12𝜋𝑟 − 2 =0 𝑟
𝑟 0
𝐴𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2 3
r ℎ= height of the can 12𝜋𝑟 − 2000 = 0
𝐴𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝐶= cost of the can 12𝜋𝑟 3 = 2000
𝐶 = 5𝐴 𝑇 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝑆
h
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 1000𝑐𝑚3 3 2000
1000
𝐶= 5𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑟 = 12𝜋
ℎ=
𝜋𝑟 2 1000
𝐶 = 6𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 𝑟 = 3.7575𝑐𝑚
Surface Area of Cylinder: 𝜋𝑟 2
2000 1000
2
𝐶 = 6𝜋𝑟 + ℎ=
𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑇 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝑆 𝑟 𝜋(3.7575)2
𝑑𝐶 2000
= 12𝜋𝑟 − 2 ℎ = 22.5450𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑟 𝑟

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EXAMPLE
A cardboard box manufacturer wishes
to make open boxes from rectangular
pieces of cardboard with dimensions
10 in. by 17 in. by cutting equal squares
from the four corners and turning up
the sides. Find the length of the side of
the cut-out square so that the box has
the largest possible volume.
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