Chapter 2

Basic Laws

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 Basic Laws - Chapter 2

2.1 Ohm’s Law.

2.2 Nodes, Branches, and Loops.
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws.
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division.
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations.

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 2.1 Resistor

l 
R=
A
A

• Simplest passive element

• Has current-resisting behavior
• Usually made from metallic alloys and
carbon compounds
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 2.2 Ohms Law (1)
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current I flowing
through the resistor.
vi
• Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law is as
follows: v
v = iR  R =
i
• Two extreme possible values of R:
R=0 (zero): short circuit
R=  (infinite) open circuit.
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 2.2 Ohms Law (2)
• Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric
current; it is the reciprocal of resistance R and is
measured in mhos or siemens.
1 i
G= =
R v
• The power dissipated by a resistor: 2
v
p = vi = i R =
2

R
2
i) Power is nonlinear i
ii) R>0, G>0 ➔ power >0 = vi = v G =
2

(resistor always absorbs power)

G
➔”passive” element
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Example 2.1
The electric iron draws 2 A at 120 V. Find the resistance.

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Example 2.2
Calculate the current i, conductance of the resistor G, and
power dissipated by the resistor p.

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Example 2.3
Calculate the current through the resistor and power
dissipated by the resistor.

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 2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (1)
• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source
or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A loop which contains at least one branch not sharing with any other
loop is said to be “independent”

• A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops

will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology:
b = l + n −1
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 2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (2)
• Series : elements are connected sequentially.
carry the same current

• Parallel : elements are connected at the same two nodes.

share the same voltage across them

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2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (3)

Original circuit

Equivalent circuit

How many branches, nodes and loops are there? b=5, n=3, l=3
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Example 2.4
Determine the number of branches, nodes, and loops.
Explain series or parallel connections.

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2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (4)
Should we consider it as one
branch or two branches?

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

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 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws (1)
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum
of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

N
Mathematically, i
n =1
n =0
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 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (2)
Example

• Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the figure

below.

I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
 I = -5A

This indicates that the

actual current for I is
flowing in the opposite
direction.
We can consider the whole enclosed
area as one “node”. ➔ super node 15
 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (3)
• Current sources in parallel

• Current sources in series

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 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (4)
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of
all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

M
Mathematically,
v
m =1
n =0
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 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (5)
• Voltage sources in parallel

• Voltage sources in series

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 2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (6)
Example

• Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the figure below.

va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0

V1 = IR1 v2 = IR2 v3 = IR3

 va-vb = I(R1 + R2 + R3)

va − vb
I=
R1 + R2 + R3
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Example 2.5
Find v1 and v2.

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Example 2.6
Find v0 and i.

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Example 2.7
Find v0 and i0.

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Example 2.8
Find voltages and currents.

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 2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)
• Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded
or connected sequentially and consequently carry the same
current.

• The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors

connected in a series is the sum of the individual resistances.
N
Req = R1 + R2 +    + R N =  Rn
n =1

• The voltage divider can be expressed as

Rn
vn = v
R1 + R2 +    + RN
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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (2)
N
Req = R1 + R2 +    + R N =  Rn
n =1

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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (3)

Rn
vn = v
R1 + R2 +    + RN

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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (4)

10V and 5W
are in series

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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)
• Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently have the
same voltage across them.

• The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in

parallel is:
1 1 1 1
= + +  +
Req R1 R2 RN
• The total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse
proportion to their resistances. The current divider can be
expressed as: v iReq
in = =
R n Rn
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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (2)
1 1 1 1
= + +  +
Req R1 R2 RN

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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (3)

v iReq
in = =
R n Rn

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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (4)

2W, 3W, and 2A are in

parallel

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Example 2.9
Find Req.

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Example 2.10
Find Rab.

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Example 2.11
Find Geq.

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Example 2.12
Find i0, v0, and power dissipated in 3W.

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Example 2.12
Find v0
Find power supplied by the source
Find power dissipated by each resistor.

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 2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations
• There are cases where resistors are neither parallel nor series.

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 2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations
• Two topologies can be interchanged
Wye (Y) or tee (T) networks
Delta () or pi () networks

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 2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations

➔Y Y➔

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R1 =
Rb Rc Ra =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R1

Rc Ra R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R2 = Rb =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R2

Ra Rb R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R3 = Rc =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R3
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 Example 2.15
Find Rab and i

12.5 10
5
120 30

15 20

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 DC Voltage/Current Meters

+ Current meter

Voltage Element
V Element
meter

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 DC Voltage/Current Meters
Voltage meter Current meter
Meter

I
+ Meter
I Rn Rm
Rn Rm
V

Rn
V = I ( Rn + Rm) Im = I fs
Rn + Rm

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 Ohm meters
R

OR
E E Rx

Rx V

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