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Chapter 2 Basic Laws

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45 views28 pages

Chapter 2 Basic Laws

Uploaded by

amrfawzy951
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Laws

1
2.1 Ohms Law (1)
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage across
a resistor is directly proportional to the
current I flowing through the resistor.

• Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law


is as follows:
v  iR

2
• Two extreme possible values of R:
0 (zero) and  (infinite) are related
with two basic circuit concepts:
• short circuit and open circuit.
3
2.1 Ohms Law (2)
• Conductance is the ability of an element to
conduct electric current; it is the reciprocal
of resistance R and is measured in mhos or
siemens.
1 i
G 
R v

• The power dissipated by a resistor:


2
v
p  vi  i 2 R 
R
power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of either current or
voltage.

4
The i-v characteristic

(a) a linear resistor (b) a nonlinear resistor

5
2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (1)

• A branch represents a single element such as a


voltage source or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two
or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

• A network with b branches, n nodes, and l


independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:

b  l  n 1
6
2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (2)

Example 1

Original circuit

Equivalent
circuit
How many branches, nodes and loops are there?
7
Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively
share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.

Two or more elements are in parallel if they are


connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them.

8
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (1)

• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the


algebraic sum of currents entering a node
(or a closed boundary) is zero.

Mathematically, i
n 1
n 0
9
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (2)
Example 1

• Determine the current I for the circuit shown in


the figure below.

I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
I = -5A
This indicates that
the actual current
for I is flowing
We can consider the whole enclosed in the opposite
area as one “node”. 10direction.
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (3)

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the


algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.

M
Mathematically, v
m 1
n 0
11
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (4)
Example 2
• Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the
figure below.
We can start with any branch and go
around the loop either clockwise or
counterclockwise.

Suppose we start with the voltage


source and go clockwise around the
loop as shown;

12
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)

• Series: Two or more elements are in series if they


are cascaded or connected sequentially
and consequently carry the same current.

• The equivalent resistance of any number of


resistors connected in a series is the sum of the
individual resistances.
N
Req  R1  R2      RN   Rn
n 1
• The voltage divider can be expressed as
Rn
vn  v
R1  R2      RN
13
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)

Example 3

10V and 5W
are in series

14
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)

• Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if


they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.

• The equivalent resistance of a circuit with


N resistors in parallel is:
1 1 1 1
    
Req R1 R2 RN

• The total current i is shared by the resistors in


inverse proportion to their resistances. The
current divider can be expressed as: v iReq
in  
Rn Rn
15
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)

Example 4

2W, 3W and 2A
are in parallel
16
17
60+180=240

240//60 = 48

Req = 25 +48 = 73
19
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2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations

25
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations

Delta -> Star Star -> Delta

R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R1 
Rb Rc Ra 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R1

Rc Ra R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R2  Rb 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R2

Ra Rb R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R3  Rc 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R3
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